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Thermal Behavior of Buildings

The document discusses the thermal dynamics of buildings as thermal systems, detailing various heat gains and losses, including internal heat gain, conduction, solar, ventilation, and evaporative losses. It emphasizes the importance of shading devices for managing solar heat input and outlines methods for calculating solar heat gain based on different types of surfaces. Additionally, it covers ventilation strategies for maintaining indoor air quality and thermal comfort, providing formulas for calculating ventilation rates and their impact on heat flow.

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samuelmeresa19
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2 views

Thermal Behavior of Buildings

The document discusses the thermal dynamics of buildings as thermal systems, detailing various heat gains and losses, including internal heat gain, conduction, solar, ventilation, and evaporative losses. It emphasizes the importance of shading devices for managing solar heat input and outlines methods for calculating solar heat gain based on different types of surfaces. Additionally, it covers ventilation strategies for maintaining indoor air quality and thermal comfort, providing formulas for calculating ventilation rates and their impact on heat flow.

Uploaded by

samuelmeresa19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 A building can be considered as a thermal system,

with a series of input and output;


Qi – internal heat gain
Qc – conduction heat gain or loss
Qs – solar heat gain
Qv – ventilation heat gain or loss
Qe – evaporative heat loss.

 The system can be depicted by the following


equation:

Qi + Qc + Qs + Qv + Qe = S (1.10)
ΔS = 0 , thermal Balance
ΔS = +ve , inside Temp. is increasing
ΔS = -ve , inside Temp. is decreasing
 This system can be analyzed assuming steady-state
conditions, i.e. both the indoor and the outdoor
conditions are taken as steady, non-changing, or we
can consider the building’s dynamic response.

 The former may be valid when the diurnal changes


are small compared with the indoor–outdoor
temperature difference, or as the basis of finding the
required heating or cooling capacity, under assumed
‘design’ conditions, or – indeed – as a first approach
to fabric design.
 To determine when solar radiation would be a
welcome input (solar heating for the under heated
period) or when it should be excluded (the
overheated period) and how to do it

 In order to do this we have to understand the sun


path in relation to the earth movement
Heliocentric view - for understanding the real system
Lococentric view – to get the necessary answers for building problems
 Exclusion of solar input; it’s a geometrical task

 External devices are more effective than internal


shading Device

 There are three basic Categories of shading devices:

1. Vertical Devices
2. Horizontal Devices
3. Egg create Devices
 Vertical louvers or fins

 Characterized by horizontal shadow angles(SHA)

 Measured from the direction of orientation i.e.


from the surface normal; clockwise +ve and SOLAR CONTROL
anticlockwise -ve
SHADING DESIGN:
VERTICAL DEVICES
 HAS can not be greater than 900 to less than 900

 Elements can be symmetrical or asymmetrical

 Effective when the sun is coming from the side of


the window
SOLAR CONTROL
SHADING DESIGN:
VERTICAL DEVICES
 projecting eaves, a horizontal canopy, or horizontal
louvres and slats

 Characterized by vertical shadow angel(VSA) SOLAR CONTROL


SHADING DESIGN:
 Effective when the sun is near opposite to the HORIZONTAL DEVICES
window considered
SOLAR CONTROL
SHADING DESIGN:
HORIZONTAL DEVICES
 Concrete grille blocks , Metal grills , etc.

 Produce a complex shading masks as a result of the


combination of the vertical and horizontal devices

SOLAR CONTROL
SHADING DESIGN:
EGG-CRATE DEVICES
 Shading mask procedure is a basic three step
procedure

1. Draw a line across the center of the sun-path


diagram, representing the plan of the wall face
considered(i.e. the surface normal being the
orientation)
SOLAR CONTROL
SHADING DESIGN:
MASKING PROCEDURE
2. Mark on the sun-path diagram the period
when shading is desirable

3. Select a shading mask, or a combination of


shading masks which would cover this shading
period, with the closest possible match
SOLAR CONTROL
SHADING DESIGN:
MASKING PROCEDURE
SOLAR CONTROL
SHADING DESIGN:
MASKING PROCEDURE
 Global irradiance has two basic components to be
considered,

Gb – Beam or direct component from the sun


Gd – Diffused component from the sky

Possibly, RADIATION
CALCULATION
Gr – reflected components from the ground or
other reflective surfaces

So,

G = Gb + Gd + (Gr)
 Different for transparent and opaque surface

 But in both cases the global irradiance on the


surface (G,in w/m2) must be known

Transparent Elements:(windows)

 Solar gain is the product of Global irradiance , Area


of window considered and solar gain factor (θ / sgf
or SHGC)- refer to data sheet D.1.6
SOLAR HEAT GAIN
 Incident radiation is transmitted (τ), some
reflected (ρ) and the remainder is absorbed (α)
within the body of the glass, i.e τ + ρ + α = 1

 So, the solar gain factor (θ / sgf or SHGC) is then


the sum of the inward re-emitted heat and the
direct transmission

Therefore, Qs= A x G x Q
Opaque Elements:(windows)

 Solar gain basically depends in its absorptance (α,


see data sheet D.1.2)

Qinput= G x A x α

 When there is Qinput , then there will be an elevated


surface temperature which will cause dissipation SOLAR HEAT GAIN
to the environment which is Qloss

Qloss = A X h x (Ts – To)

Where h - surface conductance

At equilibrium, Qinput = Qloss

i.e G x A x α = A X h x (Ts – To)


 Used for there totally different process and it serves
three different purpose

1. Supply of fresh air, to remove smell, CO2 and


other contaminants
2. remove some internal heat when To < Ti,
3. to promote heat dissipation from the skin, i.e.
physiological cooling
VENTILATION

 purpose 1 & 2 require small air exchange rate


(volume flow, Vr , in m3/s or l/s)

 Purpose 3 require air velocity at the body surface


critical (in m/s)
 Infiltration of air can be incidental or deliberate
(ventilation)

 So, if the ventilation rate (Vr) is known then


conductance ( or specific ventilation heat flow rate) of
the building can be found as;

qv = 1200 × vr
VENTILATION

Where 1200 J/m3K is the volumetric heat capacity of


moist air
 Often the number of air changes per hour(N) is
known, but from this the ventilation rat can be found:

Vr = N × V/3600 (m3/s)
 Infiltration of air can be incidental or deliberate
(ventilation)

 So, if the ventilation rate (Vr) is known then


conductance ( or specific ventilation heat flow rate) of
the building can be found as;

qv = 1200 × vr
Where 1200 J/m3K is the volumetric heat capacity of
moist air
VENTILATION
 Often the number of air changes per hour(N) is
known, but from this the ventilation rat can be found:

Vr = N × V/3600 (m3/s)
Where V is the volume of the room or building (m3)
Substituting :
qv = 0.33 x N × V

Where 0.33 is 1200/3600


 For poorly built house N=3 while with careful detailing
and construction N=0.5

 Usually deliberate ventilation requirement is N=1 for


habitable rooms , N=10 for a kitchen and can go up to
N=20 for some industrial situation or restaurant
kitchen(see data sheet D.1.9)

 The ventilation heat flow rate itself which may serve VENTILATION
for the removal of internal heat will be

q = q c + qv

And then multiplied by ΔT to get heat flow rate,

Q = q x ΔT = (qc + qv) x ΔT
 For the purpose of heat dissipation from the skin or
physiological cooling, the apparent cooling of air
movement (dT) can be estimated as:
VENTILATION
dT = 6 x ve − 1.6 x ve2

where the effective air velocity is ve = v −0.2 and v is


air velocity(m/s) at the body surface and the
expression is valid up to 2 m/s.
 Introduction to architectural science: The basis for sustainable
design
 Read the topic of Steady-state heat flow and Dynamic response of buildings and
the subtopics within each title in chapter one under subtitle 1.4.3 and 1.4.4 from
page 41 to 50.

 You are expected to have a clear understanding of the topics given as reading
assignements.

Reference:
1. Steven V. Szokolay, Introduction to architectural science: the basis of sustainable
design
2. Lechner,Norbert. Heating ,cooling ,lighting : sustainable design methods for/3rd
ed.

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