Geography Revision Term 2

Why people trade

Why Do People Trade?

People trade because not everyone has everything they need or want. Trade helps people
get goods or services they don’t have, in exchange for something they do have.

Main Reasons People Trade:

1. Different Resources
o Some countries or areas have things that others don’t.
o Example: Saudi Arabia has oil, but not much farmland. Canada has a lot of
wood and wheat. They can trade to get what they each need.
2. Specialization
o People or countries often focus on making what they’re best at.
o Then they trade for other things. This is called specialization.
o Example: Japan makes high-quality electronics. They might trade those for
food from another country.
3. To Make Life Better
o Trade helps people get better products or cheaper prices.
o It also gives more choices in stores.
4. To Build Relationships
o Trading with other countries or groups helps them become friends and work
together peacefully.

Types of Trade:

 Local Trade – Between people or businesses in the same area.

 International Trade – Between different countries.

Simple Example:

Imagine you grow apples and your friend grows bananas.

You like bananas, and your friend likes apples.
So, you trade some apples for some bananas — now you both have both fruits!
Questions: Why People Trade

1. What is trade?
2. Why do people trade with each other?
3. What does it mean to specialize in making something?
4. How does specialization help with trade?
5. Why might one country need to trade with another?
6. What is the difference between local trade and international trade?
7. How can trade make life better for people?
8. How can trade help countries build good relationships?
9. Give an example of two countries that might trade with each other and what they
might trade.
10. What might happen if people or countries didn’t trade?

Import and Export

What Are Import and Export?

Import and export are two important words when we talk about trade between countries.

 Export: When a country sells goods or services to another country, it is called an

export.
Example: Canada exports wheat to other countries.
 Import: When a country buys goods or services from another country, it is called
an import.
Example: Canada imports bananas from tropical countries.

Countries export what they have a lot of or make well, and import what they don’t have or
can’t make easily.

Activity

1. What is an export?
2. What is an import?
3. Why do countries import goods?
4. Why do countries export goods?
5. Give an example of something your country might export.
6. Give an example of something your country might import.
7. How do exports help a country’s economy?
 8. What might happen if a country stopped importing goods?
9. What might happen if a country stopped exporting goods?
10. Why is it important for countries to both import and export?

What people trade

What Do People Trade?

People and countries trade goods and services to get what they need or want.

1. Goods

Goods are things you can touch or use.

Examples:

 Food (like rice, bananas, or fish)

 Clothes and shoes
 Cars and bikes
 Electronics (phones, TVs)
 Raw materials (oil, gold, wood)

2. Services

Services are jobs or help people provide to others.

Examples:

 Teaching
 Medical care
 Haircuts
 Construction work
 Banking

Why Trade Goods and Services?

 Not all countries have the same resources.

 Some countries or people can make things better or cheaper.
 People trade to get what they don’t have and give what they have extra of.
Activity 2

1. What are goods?

2. What are services?
3. Give three examples of goods that people trade.
4. Give three examples of services that people trade.
5. Why do people trade goods?
6. Why do people trade services?
7. What is the difference between goods and services?
8. Can you think of something your family uses that is traded from another country?
9. What might happen if a country couldn’t trade for food?
10. How does trading help people in different countries?

Resources

What Are Resources?

Resources are things we use to make goods and services. They help people and countries
survive, grow, and trade.

Types of Resources:

1. Natural Resources
o Come from nature.
o Examples: water, oil, trees, coal, fish, sunlight.
2. Human Resources
o People who work and use their skills.
o Examples: teachers, doctors, builders, farmers.
3. Capital Resources
o Tools, machines, and buildings used to make things.
o Examples: tractors, computers, factories, hammers.

What Makes a Resource Valuable?

A resource is valuable if:

 It is useful to people.
  It is rare or hard to find.
 People need it to live or work.
 It can be traded or sold to others.

Example:
Water is very valuable because people need it to live.
Gold is valuable because it’s rare and people want it.

Questions: Resources and Their Value

1. What is a resource?
2. What are natural resources? Give two examples.
3. What are human resources? Give two examples.
4. What are capital resources? Give two examples.
5. Why is water an important resource?
6. What makes a resource valuable?
7. How do people use natural resources in everyday life?
8. What would happen if a country ran out of an important resource?
9. How can people take care of natural resources?
10. Why do people trade resources?

Chocolate

How Chocolate Is Made

Chocolate starts as a bean on a tree and ends up as a sweet treat in your hands! Here's how:

1. Cacao Trees

 Chocolate comes from cacao trees, which grow in warm places like Africa, South
America, and Asia.
 The trees grow cacao pods, which are big and colorful.

2. Harvesting

 Farmers cut the pods off the trees and open them.
 Inside are cacao beans covered in a sticky pulp.
3. Fermentation

 The beans are placed in boxes or banana leaves to ferment for a few days.
 This helps develop the flavor of the beans.

4. Drying

 After fermentation, the beans are laid out in the sun to dry.
 Dry beans are packed and sent to chocolate factories around the world.

5. Roasting

 At the factory, the beans are roasted to bring out the chocolate smell and taste.

6. Cracking and Grinding

 The outer shell is removed.

 The inside part, called the nib, is ground into a thick paste called chocolate liquor
(even though it’s not alcohol!).

7. Mixing

 Chocolate liquor is mixed with ingredients like sugar, milk, and cocoa butter,
depending on the type of chocolate (milk, dark, or white).

8. Conching and Tempering

 The mixture is refined and stirred for hours (this is called conching) to make it
smooth.
 Then it's tempered, which means it’s cooled and warmed carefully so it doesn’t melt
too easily later.

9. Pouring and Cooling

 The chocolate is poured into molds (like for bars or shapes) and cooled until solid.
10. Packaging

 Finally, the chocolate is wrapped and sent to stores for people to enjoy!

Questions: How Chocolate Is Made

1. What tree does chocolate come from?

2. What part of the cacao pod is used to make chocolate?
3. Why are cacao beans fermented?
4. What happens to the beans after they are dried?
5. What is roasting and why is it important?
6. What is a chocolate nib?
7. What is chocolate liquor?
8. What are some ingredients added to chocolate?
9. What is the purpose of couching and tempering?
10. What is the final step before chocolate goes to stores?

Fair and Unfair Trade

Fair and Unfair Trade

What Is Trade?

Trade is when people or countries buy, sell, or exchange goods and services.

But not all trade is equal or fair. That’s where the idea of fair trade comes in.

Fair Trade

Fair trade means:

 Workers are paid fairly for their work.

 Workers have safe working conditions.
 Children are not forced to work.
 Farmers or workers are treated with respect.
 The environment is protected (no harm to nature).

Fair trade helps small farmers and workers earn a better living.
Example:
A farmer who grows cocoa (for chocolate) gets a fair price and is not forced to work in bad
conditions.

Unfair Trade

Unfair trade means:

 Workers are paid very little or not paid at all.

 They may work in unsafe or dangerous places.
 Sometimes, even children are forced to work.
 Big companies take most of the money, leaving farmers and workers poor.

Unfair trade can hurt people and the environment.

Why Is Fair Trade Important?

 It helps people live better lives.

 It supports equal rights and justice.
 It makes sure we respect people and the planet.

Look for the Fair Trade logo on products like chocolate, coffee, or bananas to know it's fair!

Questions: Fair and Unfair Trade

1. What is fair trade?

2. What is unfair trade?
3. Why is it important to pay workers fairly?
4. What are some signs of unfair trade?
5. How can we help support fair trade?
6. Why is child labor a problem in unfair trade?
7. How does fair trade help the environment?
8. What types of products often have fair trade labels?
9. Who benefits from fair trade?
10. How does unfair trade affect farmers?

What Is a Fair Trade Organization?

A Fair Trade Organization is a group that helps make sure trade is fair for workers and
farmers, especially in poorer countries.

They make sure that:

  People are paid fairly for their work.
 No child labor is used.
 Workers have safe conditions.
 The environment is protected.
 Women and men are treated equally.

These organizations help small farmers, craftspeople, and workers have better lives.

What Do Fair Trade Organizations Do?

1. Set Fair Trade Rules

o They create rules to make sure trade is fair, safe, and respectful.
2. Give Certifications
o If a product follows all the fair trade rules, it gets a Fair Trade label or logo.
o This helps shoppers know they are buying something made fairly.
3. Support Farmers and Workers
o They offer training and help people improve their farming or business skills.
4. Teach Consumers
o They teach people (like you!) to choose fair trade products to help others.

Examples of Fair Trade Organizations:

 Fairtrade International
 World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO)
 Fair Trade USA

These groups work around the world to make trade fair and equal for everyone.

Questions: Fair Trade Organization

1. What is a fair trade organization?

2. Why are fair trade organizations important?
3. What do fair trade organizations do for farmers and workers?
4. What does a fair trade label mean?
5. How do fair trade organizations protect the environment?
6. Name one fair trade organization.
7. How do fair trade organizations help stop child labor?
8. What can shoppers do to support fair trade?
9. How do fair trade organizations promote equality?
10. How do fair trade rules help small farmers?

Mrs Bhojraj
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