Here are the answers to the C programming questions you provided, designed for you to

elaborate on further:
Unit II: Operators and Expressions
9. What are operators in C? Enlist types of operators with its symbols and meaning.
●​ Operators in C: Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values.
They are the building blocks of any program as they instruct the compiler to perform
specific mathematical, relational, or logical computations.
●​ Types of Operators:
○​ Arithmetic Operators: Used to perform mathematical calculations.
■​ + (Addition)
■​ - (Subtraction)
■​ * (Multiplication)
■​ / (Division)
■​ % (Modulo - remainder of division)
○​ Relational Operators: Used to compare two values.
■​ == (Equal to)
■​ != (Not equal to)
■​ > (Greater than)
■​ < (Less than)
■​ >= (Greater than or equal to)
■​ <= (Less than or equal to)
○​ Logical Operators: Used to combine or negate conditional statements.
■​ && (Logical AND)
■​ || (Logical OR)
■​ ! (Logical NOT)
○​ Assignment Operators: Used to assign values to variables.
■​ = (Simple assignment)
■​ += (Add and assign)
■​ -= (Subtract and assign)
■​ *= (Multiply and assign)
■​ /= (Divide and assign)
■​ %= (Modulo and assign)
○​ Increment/Decrement Operators: Used to increase or decrease the value of a
variable by 1.
■​ ++ (Increment - x++ or ++x)
■​ -- (Decrement - x-- or --x)
○​ Bitwise Operators: Used to perform operations at the bit level. (You can list a few
like &, |, ^, ~, <<, >> if you want to go in depth, otherwise stick to the common ones
above).
○​ Special Operators: Includes sizeof(), & (address of), * (pointer to), ?:
(ternary/conditional), , (comma operator), etc.
10. Write a C program to implement all arithmetic operations on two numbers.
#include <stdio.h>​
​
int main() {​
int num1, num2;​
int sum, difference, product, quotient, remainder;​
​
 printf("Enter first number: ");​
scanf("%d", &num1);​
printf("Enter second number: ");​
scanf("%d", &num2);​
​
// Addition​
sum = num1 + num2;​
printf("Sum: %d + %d = %d\n", num1, num2, sum);​
​
// Subtraction​
difference = num1 - num2;​
printf("Difference: %d - %d = %d\n", num1, num2, difference);​
​
// Multiplication​
product = num1 * num2;​
printf("Product: %d * %d = %d\n", num1, num2, product);​
​
// Division (integer division)​
if (num2 != 0) { // Avoid division by zero​
quotient = num1 / num2;​
printf("Quotient: %d / %d = %d\n", num1, num2, quotient);​
} else {​
printf("Cannot perform division by zero.\n");​
}​
​
// Modulo (remainder)​
if (num2 != 0) { // Avoid modulo by zero​
remainder = num1 % num2;​
printf("Remainder: %d %% %d = %d\n", num1, num2, remainder);​
} else {​
printf("Cannot perform modulo by zero.\n");​
}​
​
return 0;​
}​

●​ Explanation for elaboration: Discuss how the program takes two integer inputs from the
user. Explain each arithmetic operation and its corresponding operator. Emphasize the
importance of checking for division by zero to prevent runtime errors. You can also
mention type casting for floating-point division if needed.
11. What are the relational operators? Explain with examples.
●​ Relational Operators: These operators are used to compare two operands (values or
variables) and return a boolean result (true or false, represented as 1 or 0 in C). They are
crucial for making decisions in programs using conditional statements.
●​ Examples:
○​ == (Equal to): Checks if two operands are equal.​
int a = 5, b = 5;​
if (a == b) { // This condition is true​
 printf("a is equal to b\n");​
}​

○​ != (Not equal to): Checks if two operands are not equal.​

int x = 10, y = 7;​
if (x != y) { // This condition is true​
printf("x is not equal to y\n");​
}​

○​ > (Greater than): Checks if the left operand is greater than the right operand.​
int p = 20, q = 15;​
if (p > q) { // This condition is true​
printf("p is greater than q\n");​
}​

○​ < (Less than): Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand.​
int m = 8, n = 12;​
if (m < n) { // This condition is true​
printf("m is less than n\n");​
}​

○​ >= (Greater than or equal to): Checks if the left operand is greater than or equal to
the right operand.​
int val1 = 10, val2 = 10;​
if (val1 >= val2) { // This condition is true​
printf("val1 is greater than or equal to val2\n");​
}​

○​ <= (Less than or equal to): Checks if the left operand is less than or equal to the
right operand.​
int height1 = 180, height2 = 185;​
if (height1 <= height2) { // This condition is true​
printf("height1 is less than or equal to height2\n");​
}​

●​ Explanation for elaboration: Discuss how relational operators are fundamental for
control flow (if-else, while, for loops). Explain that the result of a relational operation is an
integer (1 for true, 0 for false).
12. Write a C program to implement logical operators.
#include <stdio.h>​
​
int main() {​
int age = 25;​
int hasLicense = 1; // 1 for true, 0 for false​
int isStudent = 0;​
​
// Logical AND (&&) - True if both conditions are true​
printf("--- Logical AND (&&) ---\n");​
 if (age >= 18 && hasLicense == 1) {​
printf("Person is an adult and has a license.\n");​
} else {​
printf("Person is either not an adult or does not have a
license.\n");​
}​
​
// Logical OR (||) - True if at least one condition is true​
printf("\n--- Logical OR (||) ---\n");​
if (age < 18 || isStudent == 1) {​
printf("Person is either a minor or a student.\n");​
} else {​
printf("Person is neither a minor nor a student.\n");​
}​
​
// Logical NOT (!) - Inverts the truth value of a condition​
printf("\n--- Logical NOT (!) ---\n");​
if (!(hasLicense == 1)) { // Same as hasLicense == 0​
printf("Person does NOT have a license.\n");​
} else {​
printf("Person HAS a license.\n");​
}​
​
// Combining operators​
printf("\n--- Combining Operators ---\n");​
int score = 85;​
char grade = 'A';​
if ((score >= 90 && grade == 'A') || (score >= 80 && score < 90 &&
grade == 'B')) {​
printf("Excellent or Very Good Performance.\n");​
} else {​
printf("Average or Below Average Performance.\n");​
}​
​
return 0;​
}​

●​ Explanation for elaboration: Explain that logical operators are used to combine multiple
conditions. Describe the truth table for each operator (&&, ||, !). Provide real-world
scenarios where these operators would be useful (e.g., checking user input validation,
complex decision-making).
13. What are the increment and decrement Operators? Explain with examples.
●​ Increment (++) and Decrement (--) Operators: These are unary operators that increase
or decrease the value of a variable by 1, respectively. They provide a concise way to
modify a variable's value.
●​ Types:
○​ Prefix: The operator is placed before the variable (e.g., ++x, --y). The operation is
performed before the value is used in the expression.
 ○​ Postfix: The operator is placed after the variable (e.g., x++, y--). The operation is
performed after the value is used in the expression.
●​ Examples:
○​ Increment (Prefix):​
int a = 5;​
int b = ++a; // 'a' becomes 6, then 'b' is assigned 6​
printf("Prefix Increment: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); //
Output: a = 6, b = 6​

○​ Increment (Postfix):​
int x = 10;​
int y = x++; // 'y' is assigned 10, then 'x' becomes 11​
printf("Postfix Increment: x = %d, y = %d\n", x, y); //
Output: x = 11, y = 10​

○​ Decrement (Prefix):​
int p = 7;​
int q = --p; // 'p' becomes 6, then 'q' is assigned 6​
printf("Prefix Decrement: p = %d, q = %d\n", p, q); //
Output: p = 6, q = 6​

○​ Decrement (Postfix):​
int m = 15;​
int n = m--; // 'n' is assigned 15, then 'm' becomes 14​
printf("Postfix Decrement: m = %d, n = %d\n", m, n); //
Output: m = 14, n = 15​

●​ Explanation for elaboration: Clearly differentiate between prefix and postfix behavior,
especially when used within expressions. Explain how they are commonly used in loops
(e.g., for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)).
14. Describe the concept of Precedence and Associativity of operators.
●​ Operator Precedence:
○​ Concept: Precedence determines the order in which operators are evaluated in an
expression. Just like in mathematics where multiplication and division are
performed before addition and subtraction, C operators also have a predefined
hierarchy.
○​ Elaboration: Explain that operators with higher precedence are evaluated first.
Provide examples: 2 + 3 * 4 evaluates to 14 (3 * 4 is done first) because * has
higher precedence than +. You can mention a few common precedence levels (e.g.,
unary operators highest, then multiplicative, then additive, then relational, then
logical, then assignment).
○​ Use of Parentheses: Emphasize that parentheses () can be used to explicitly
override the default precedence order, ensuring that a specific part of an expression
is evaluated first. For example, (2 + 3) * 4 evaluates to 20.
●​ Operator Associativity:
○​ Concept: Associativity determines the order in which operators with the same
precedence are evaluated in an expression. When multiple operators of the same
precedence appear, associativity dictates whether the evaluation occurs from
 left-to-right or right-to-left.
○​ Elaboration:
■​ Left-to-Right Associativity: Most binary operators (e.g., +, -, *, /, %, &&, ||)
are left-to-right associative.
■​ Example: a - b + c is evaluated as (a - b) + c.
■​ Right-to-Left Associativity: Some operators, particularly unary operators
(e.g., ++, --, !), assignment operators (=, +=), and the ternary operator (?:),
are right-to-left associative.
■​ Example: a = b = c; is evaluated as a = (b = c);.
○​ Importance: Explain that understanding both precedence and associativity is
crucial for writing correct and predictable C programs, as incorrect assumptions can
lead to unexpected results.
15. Explain any three mathematical functions in C.
●​ In C, mathematical functions are typically found in the <math.h> header file. You need to
include this header and often link with the math library (e.g., using -lm flag during
compilation with GCC).
●​ 1. sqrt() (Square Root):
○​ Description: This function calculates the non-negative square root of a given
number.
○​ Syntax: double sqrt(double x); (It takes a double and returns a double).
○​ Example:​
#include <stdio.h>​
#include <math.h>​
​
int main() {​
double num = 25.0;​
double result = sqrt(num);​
printf("Square root of %.2f is %.2f\n", num, result); //
Output: 5.00​
return 0;​
}​

○​ Elaboration: Mention that it returns NaN (Not a Number) if the input is negative.
Explain its use in geometry, physics, etc.
●​ 2. pow() (Power):
○​ Description: This function calculates the value of a base raised to an exponent
(base^exponent).
○​ Syntax: double pow(double base, double exponent);
○​ Example:​
#include <stdio.h>​
#include <math.h>​
​
int main() {​
double base = 2.0;​
double exponent = 3.0;​
double result = pow(base, exponent); // 2 to the power of
3​
printf("%.2f raised to the power of %.2f is %.2f\n",
 base, exponent, result); // Output: 8.00​
return 0;​
}​

○​ Elaboration: Discuss its use in calculations involving exponential growth, scientific

formulas, etc. Note that both base and exponent are doubles.
●​ 3. fabs() (Absolute Value for Floating-Point):
○​ Description: This function returns the absolute value of a floating-point number.
The absolute value of a number is its distance from zero, always non-negative. For
integers, abs() or llabs() from <stdlib.h> are used.
○​ Syntax: double fabs(double x);
○​ Example:​
#include <stdio.h>​
#include <math.h>​
​
int main() {​
double num1 = -10.5;​
double num2 = 7.2;​
double result1 = fabs(num1);​
double result2 = fabs(num2);​
printf("Absolute value of %.2f is %.2f\n", num1,
result1); // Output: 10.50​
printf("Absolute value of %.2f is %.2f\n", num2,
result2); // Output: 7.20​
return 0;​
}​

○​ Elaboration: Explain its utility in scenarios where only the magnitude of a number
is important, regardless of its sign (e.g., error calculations, distance). Differentiate it
from abs() for integers.
(Other good options to explain if you prefer: ceil(), floor(), sin(), cos(), log())
16. Evaluate the expression:
(i) x = (a*b)+(c/2)-(b%a) where a=10, b=12, c=20
Let's break it down step-by-step following operator precedence (multiplication, division, modulo
first, then addition/subtraction from left to right):
1.​ a*b = 10 * 12 = 120
2.​ c/2 = 20 / 2 = 10 (integer division)
3.​ b%a = 12 % 10 = 2 (remainder of 12 divided by 10)
Now substitute these results back into the expression:
x = 120 + 10 - 2
Perform addition:
x = 130 - 2
Perform subtraction:
x = 128
Therefore, x = 128
(ii) y = (a/b)*c-a+b where a=8, b=9, c=7
Let's break it down step-by-step:
1.​ a/b = 8 / 9 = 0 (integer division, as 8 divided by 9 results in 0 with a remainder)
 2.​ Now substitute this into the expression: y = (0)*c - a + b
3.​ 0 * c = 0 * 7 = 0
4.​ Now substitute this into the expression: y = 0 - a + b
5.​ y = 0 - 8 + 9
6.​ y = -8 + 9
7.​ y = 1
Therefore, y = 1
Remember to elaborate on each point, provide more context, and discuss the practical
implications of these concepts when you present your answers. Good luck!