Chapter 12
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES`
Mohammad Al-Mana College of Health Sciences
Learning outcomes
Identify the electromagnetic waves.
Explain the characteristics of different waves by
the electromagnetic spectrum.
Explain electromagnetic radiation in medicine.
Identify the light, lens and mirror.
Calculate the refraction and reflection.
Solve problems by using lens equation.
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves are formed by the vibrations of electric and magnetic
fields. These fields are perpendicular to one another in the direction the wave is
traveling.
Electromagnetic waves carry energy and travels at the speed of light.
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves can be described by their wavelengths (λ), and
frequency (ν)
Where, c is the speed of light
Electromagnetic Waves
The energy of the electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the
frequency.
Hence,
This equation is known as a Plank equation.
Where, h is a Plank’s constant,
The amount of energy in the wave increases
as the frequency increases and the
wavelengths get smaller and tighter
Electromagnetic Radiation Types
There are seven types of electromagnetic radiation
Radio Microwave Infrared Visible Ultra Violet X-ray Gamma
light ray
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Look at the Electromagnetic Spectrum
and answer the questions:
1. Which ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE has the most
energy? The least?
2. Which ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE has the longest
wavelength? The shortest?
3. As frequency increases, what happens to energy?
4. As frequency increases, what happens to wavelength?
5. As the wavelength increases, what happens to the
frequency of the waves?
Electromagnetic radiation in medicine
(1) X-ray
X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation and have a wavelength in the
range of 0.01 to 10 nm.
X-rays are used for medical diagnosis. when a small amount of x-ray radiation
passes through the body, an X-ray image is produced.
X-rays pass through the skin, but are resistant to bones because of its high density
X-ray
The most common methods of X-ray in
medical imaging are:
◦ X-ray radiography
◦ Computed tomography (CT)
◦ Mammography
◦ Angiography
◦ Fluoroscopy
Electromagnetic radiation in medicine
(2) Gamma wave
Gamma-rays have the smallest wavelengths and the most energy of any other wave
in the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are generated by radioactive atoms
and in nuclear explosions.
In medicine:
(1) gamma rays are used to treat some
types of cancer.
(2) they are used for diagnostic
purposes in nuclear medicine in
imaging techniques such as PET scan.
Electromagnetic radiation in medicine
(3) Ultraviolet wave
Ultraviolet waves are effective in killing
bacteria and viruses.
Hospitals use germicidal lamps that
produce these waves to sterilize
equipment, water and air in operating
rooms. It is also used to treat acne and
psoriasis.
(2)
Light
What is light ?
Light is a transverse, electromagnetic wave that is visible to the human eye, and is
responsible for the sense of sight
Light exist as both radiation (electromagnetic) and particles (photons)
simultaneously
Properties of Light
(1) Light can carry energy and information
E ═ h.v
Where,
h: is Planck constant (joule/sec)
v: is the frequency (Hz)
(2) Visible light has different
color and each color has different
frequency and wavelength
Properties of Light
(3) Light always travels in a straight line through transparent media such as air or
water.
When a light ray encounters a surface, one or more of the following three things
occur, the light ray:
1- Reflects off the surface and travels off in a different direction.
2- Passes from one medium into the other and continue on a new, straight
line path.
3- Is absorbed.
Travelling Between Media
•When light encounters a boundary
between two media, some of the
light is reflected and some is
transmitted into the new medium.
•If the light strikes the boundary at
an angle, the transmitted light is
refracted.
Total internal reflection
Total internal reflection occurs only when
n1 > n2
sinθc =n2/n1
The critical angle of incidence results in a transmitted ray that is parallel
to the boundary surface
Reflection and Refraction
What is reflection??
The law of reflection says that when a ray of light hits a surface, it bounces
in a certain way
The incoming angle, called the angle of incidence, is always equal to the
angle leaving the surface, or the angle of reflection
Reflection and Refraction
What is refraction??
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes between material of different optical
density. The direction and magnitude of refraction depends on the relative densities
of the two media and the angle of incidence.
The greater the difference in density between the two media, the greater the
refraction.
The greater the incident angle, the greater the refraction
EXAMPLE INDICES OF REFRACTION
Index of refraction is unitless
Substance n
vacuum 1
air 1.0003
water 1.3
glass 1.5
THREE RULES FOR CALCULATING REFLECTION
AND REFRACTION.
1- All angles are measured
from the normal. The normal
is the line perpendicular to
the surface at the point of
reflection.
THREE RULES FOR CALCULATING REFLECTION
AND REFRACTION.
2-The reflected angle is equal to
the incident angle.
r i
Three rules for calculating reflection
and refraction.
3- Snell’s Law for refraction
ni sin i n f sin f
Examples:
A ray of light strikes the surface of a
beaker of hydrogen peroxide (n =
1.414) making a 30º angle with the
surface normal.
What angle does the reflected ray
make with the normal?
What angle does the transmitted ray
make with the normal?
Solution:
a) The angle of the reflected ray is the same as the incident ray,
30º
b) nair sin i n peroxide sin f
1 sin 30 1.414 sin f
sin f 0.354
f 20.7
Examples:
2-A ray of light inside a diamond
encounters a boundary between the
stone and air.
The ray makes a 24.2º angle with the
normal. What is the angles of the
refracted beam?
Index of refraction of diamond =
2.42
Solution:
Consider a ray of light inside the diamond with an
angle of incidence of 24.4º.
What is the angle of the transmitted ray?
nair sin f ndiamond sin i
1sin f 2.42 sin 24.2
sin f 1
f 90
Optical fiber
Optical fiber
Optical fiber is a transparent dielectric material, which has the ability to
transmit the light along its axis and guide this light from one end to the other
Optical fiber
The typical optical fiber consists of a central core surrounded by a concentric
cladding. The fiber coats by the buffer coating for a mechanical protection and
hence it does not paly any role in the light guiding prosperity
Optical fiber
Each of core and cladding have refractive index (n). Where, the refractive index of
the cladding is smaller than that of the core.
Why ??
That is in order to keep the total internal reflection of the optical signal
inside the core.
OPTICAL FIBER APPLICATION:
1. Endoscopes, for example, use optical
fibers to let physicians inspect the
insides of hollow organs in the body
2. Physicians also can measure body
temperature and blood chemistry using
optical fiber.
3. Optical fibers are used in a number of
instruments that enable doctors to view
internal body parts without having to
perform surgery.
Mirrors
Types of mirrors
There are different forms of reflection mirrors
Convex mirrors Concave mirrors
TYPES OF MIRRORS
(1) CONCAVE MIRRORS
In concave mirrors, light is directed into an focal point within the curve of the
mirror.
When parallel light rays hit a concave mirror they reflect inwards towards a focal point
(F). Each individual ray is still reflecting at the same angle as it hits that small part of
the surface.
Types of mirrors
(2) convex mirrors
Convex mirrors disperse the rays of light. When parallel light rays hit a convex
mirror they reflect outwards and travel directly away from an imaginary focal point
(F). Each individual ray is still reflecting at the same angle as it hits that small part
of the surface
Lenses
Lenses
What are lenses?
Lenses are systems made of a transparent material such as glass which
purpose to manipulate light rays by refraction in order to form an image
Types of lenses
There are different forms of simple lenses including,
Convex lenses Concave lenses
Types of lenses
(1) Convex lens
Convex lens (or positive lens) : is a lens that thicker in the center
than at the edges and converges rays of light that are traveling parallel to
its principal axis as shown in figure below.
Types of lenses
(1) Convex lens
Convex lens has three different shapes
(1) Biconvex lens. (2) Plano-Convex lens. (3) Convex-Concave lens
Types of lenses
(2) Concave lenses
Concave lenses (or negative lens) is a lens that thinner in the center
than at the edges and diverges rays of light that are traveling parallel to
its principal axis as shown in figure
Types of lenses
(2) Concave lens
Concave lens has three different shapes
(1) biconcave lens. (2) Plano-Concave lens. (3) Concave -Convex lens
Some definitions
(1) Principle axis :the line passing through the optical centre and centre of curvature
of the faces of a lens.
(2) Focal length :The distance between the optical center of the lens and the principle
focus .
(3) principal focus : A focal point which is the point where light rays parallel to the
axis are brought to a point
(4) Lens axis: An imaginary line drawn from the geometric center of a film to the
center of a lens
Lens laws:
(1) The thin Lens Equation
The Lens Equation describes the relationship between the focal length
(f), the object distance (u) and the image distance (v).
Lens laws:
(2) Optical Power of a Lens
The power of the lens (P) is defined as the inverse of its focal length. As follows
Where,
f: focal length expressed in meters (m)
P: optical power expressed dioptres (d) or m-1
Therefore, the shorter the focal length of a lens, the more powerful it is.
Lens laws:
(3) Magnification (M)
The magnification (M) is a process of making the image appear larger then
the object by using the lenses. It can be found by the following equations
(1)
Or
(2)
Image Formation by Converging Lens
Case 1: The object placed at a distance greater than 2f from the lens (U > 2f).
The characteristics of the image:
1- Inverted.
2- Real image because it is on the opposite side of the lens to the object.
3- Smaller than the object and is located closer to the lens than the object.
Image Formation by Converging Lens
Case 2: The object placed at a distance equal to 2f from the lens (U = 2f).
The characteristics of the image:
1- Inverted.
2- Real image.
3- Same size as the object and is located at a distance 2f away from the lens.
Image Formation by Converging Lens
Case 3: The object placed at a distance less than f from the lens (U < f).
The characteristics of the image:
1- Erect or upright.
2- Virtual image because it is on the same side of the lens as the object.
3- Larger than the object and located behind the object on the same side of the lens.
