BASIC MATHS

Work Sheet for 11th and 12th Science

Index
1. Number System
2. Divisibility and Identity
3. fraction
4. Power of numbers
5. Decimals
6. Perimeter and Area of 2D shapes
7. Quadratic Equation
8. Trigonometric Ratios
9. Algebra of Trigonometry

Number System:
(i) Natural numbers: The counting
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, …. Are called Natural
Numbers. The set of natural numbers is
denoted by N. Thus N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ….}.

(ii) Whole numbers: Natural numbers

including zero are called whole numbers.
The set of whole numbers, is denoted by W.
Thus W = {0, 1, 2 ………}

(iii) Integers: The numbers … -3, -2, -1, 0,

1, 2, 3 …. Are called integers and the set is
denoted by I or Z. Thus I (or Z) = -3, -2, -1,
0, 1, 2, 3 …}
 +¿−¿¿
Note: (a) Positive integers I [1, 2, 3 Note: Number between twin prime
….}. numbers is divisible by 6.
−¿−¿ ¿
(b) Negative integers I ……., -3, -2, -1}.
(c) Non-negative integers (whole numbers) (x) Rational numbers: All the numbers
– { 0 ,1 , 2 , … } . that can be represented in the form p/q,
(d) Non-positive integers where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0, are
{ … … . ,−3 ,−2 ,−1 , 0 } . called rational numbers and their set is

(iv) Even integers: Integers which are

denoted by Q. Thus Q= { pq : p , q ϵ I ∧q ≠ 0}. It

divisible by 2 are called even integers. E.g. may be noted that every integer is a
± 2 ,± 4 , … … . rational number since it can be written as
p/1. It may be noted that all recurring
(v) Odd integers : Integers, which are not decimals are rational numbers.
divisible by 2 are called as odd integers. Note: Maximum number of decimal digits in
E.g. ± 1.± 3 , ±5 , ± 7 … . p 11
is equal to q, i.e. will have maximum
q 9
(vi) Prime number: Natural number which of 9 decimal digits.
are divisible by 1 and itself only are prime (xi) Irrational numbers: Real numbers
numbers. E.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, which can not be expressed in p/q form, i.e.
29, 31, …… real numbers which are not rational are
called irrational numbers and their set is
Note: (i) 1 is neither a prime number nor denoted by Q 0 . (i.e. complementary set of
composite number. Q) e.g. √ 2.1+ √ 3 etc. Irrational numbers can
(ii) 2 is the only even prime number. not be expressed as recurring decimals.
Note: e ≈2.71 is called Napier’s constant
(vii) Composite number: Let ‘a’ be a and π ≈ 3. 14 are irrational numbers.
natural number, ‘a’ is said to be composite (xii) Real numbers: Numbers which can be
if. It has at least three distinct factors. expressed on number line are called real
numbers. The complete set of rational and
Note: (i) 1 is neither a prime number nor irrational number is the set of real numbers
composite number. and is denoted by R. Thus R=Q∪ Q 0 .
(ii) Number which are not prime are
composite numbers (except 1).
(iii) ‘4’ is the smallest composite number.

(viii) Co-prime number: Two natural

numbers (not necessarily prime) are
coprime, if there H.C.F. (Highest common
factor) is one.
e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (3, 10), (3, 8), (5,
All the numbers defined so far follow the
6), (7, 8), 915, 16) etc.
order property i.e. If there are two distinct
These numbers are also called as relatively
numbers a and b then either a < b or a > b.
prime numbers.
Note: (a) Integers are rational numbers.
Note : (a) Two prime number(s) are always
But converse need not be true.
co-prime but converse need not be true.
(b) negative of an irrational number is an
(b) Consecutive numbers are always co-
irrational number.
prime numbers.
(c) Sum of a rational number and an
(ix) Twin prime numbers: If the
irrational number is always an irrational
difference between two prime numbes is
number e.g. 2+ √ 3
two. Then the numbers are twin prime
numbes. (d) The product of a non zero rational
e.g. {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13}, {17, 19}, number & an irrational number will always
{29, 31}. be an irrational number.
(e) If a ϵ Q and b ∉ Q, then ab = rational
number. Only if a = 0.
(f) Sum, difference, product and quotient of
two irrational numbers need not be a
irrational number or we can say, result may
be a rational number also.

(xiii) Complex number: A number of the

form a + ib is called complex number,
where a, b ϵ R and I = √ −1. Complex
number is usually denoted by z and the set
of complex number is represented by C.
Note: It may be noted that
N ⊂ W ⊂ I ⊂Q ⊂ R⊂ C .
Example 1: Express the following rational
p FRACTION
numbers in the form of , (where q, q ϵ 1)
q
Self practice problem
p Fractions
(1) Express the following in form of , a
q Fractions are generally in form of , where
where p, q ϵ I and q ≠ 0 b
(i) 0. 18 (ii) 0.1 6 (iii) 0.4 23 a is called numerator & b is called
denominator.
If
a
(1) a > b then >1
b
a
(2) a < b then < 1
b
a
(3) a = b then = 1
b
a
(4) if a = 0 then = 0
b
a
(5) if a = ∞ then = ∞
b
a
(6) if b = 0 then =∞
b
a
(7) if b = ∞ then =0
b

Fill the blanks using any one of <,>

Or =
(1) ¾ ……. 1
(2) 6/6 … 1
(3) 5/12 ……. 1
(4) 9/8 ………1
(5) 2¾=…..1
(6) 11/7 ……..1
(7) 1/8 ……1
(8) 5/ ∞ = ……..
(9) 7.23/∞ = ……….
(10) 12.34 / 0 = ………
∞
(11) = ………..
999
 221 17 8
(12) =¿ (8) 6 … ..2
0 ¿ 34 33
∞ 1 1
(13) = ……….. (9) ….
123 27 7
0 93
(14) = ___ (10) ….. 4
123 17

Compare two fractions Arrange the following fractions in ascending

If same term is multiplied to both Order
denominator and numerator the fraction 5 7 9 11
(1) , , ,
remains unchanged 7 9 11 13
a a×c 5 5 5 5
= (2) , , ,
b b×c 17 27 37 47
15 25 35 45
If there are two fractions (3) , , ,
7 7 7 7
a 2 12 22 32
∧c (4) , , ,
b 7 17 27 37
( same denominator )
b 8 7 9 11
Then (5) 2 , 3 , 4 ,5
7 8 11 9
a c 31 32 33 34
If a > b then > (6) , , ,
b b 32 33 34 35
a c
If a < b then <
b b Addition of fractions
a
a ∧c
∧c Let b are two fractions then
Let b d
there are two fractions then
d a c ad +bc
a a ×d c c ×b + =
= and = b d bd
b b ×d d d×b
Now ADD the following Fraction
a c 5 7
If ad > bc then > (1) + = ____
b d 7 9
a c 9 11
ad < bc then < (2) + = ___
b d 11 13
a c 5 5
ad = bc then = (3) + =¿
b d 37 47 ¿
15 25
Compare the two fraction (4) + = ___
7 7
2 7 12 22
(1) …. (5) + =___
9 8 45 27
11 9 22 32
(2) …. (6) + = ___
7 13 27 72
9 7 8 7
(3) …. (7) 2 +3 = ___
14 14 28 8
1 1 9 11
(4) … .. (8) 4 +5 =___
13 23 11 9
9 9 1 1
(5) … .. (9) + = ____
13 23 27 7
9 23 1 1
(6) …. (10) + = ____
23 9 13 26
11 9 1
(7) 3 … .. 2 (11) +5=¿ ¿
23 13 13
 1 1 1 1
(12) + 9 = ____ (12) + + = ____
24 24 48 36
4 4 9
(13) 2 +3 = ____ (13) 2 +3+3 = ____
7 7 14
9 23 19 23 11
(14) + = ____ (14) + + = ____
23 9 72 9 27
43 24 43 24 13
(15) + =¿ (15) + + =¿
57 49 ¿ 56 49 28 ¿
26 17 26 17
(16) + =¿ (16) + +6=¿ ¿
33 19 ¿ 38 19
119 230 119 230 211
(17) + = _____ (17) + + = _____
213 297 213 297 516
11 212 11 212 23
(18) + =¿ (18) + + =¿
299 564 ¿ 299 564 89 ¿
814 217 814 217 986
(19) + =¿ (19) + + =¿
1123 3223 ¿ 1123 3223 3232 ¿
25 27 25 27
(20) +3 =¿ (20) +3 +1=¿ ¿
184 196 ¿ 184 196

In case there are more than two fractions Subtraction of fraction

c a
∧e ∧c
a d then Let b are two fractions then
,
b f d
Find L.C.M. of b,d,f, a c ad−bc
− =
Let it be g b d bd
a c e a × ( g ÷ b ) +c ( g ÷ d )+ e ×(g ÷ f )
+ + =
b d f g Subtract the following Fraction
5 7
(1) − = ____
ADD the following Fraction 7 9
5 7 3 9 11
(1) + + = ____ (2) − = ___
7 9 8 11 13
9 11 11 5 5
(2) + + = ___ (3) − =¿ ¿
11 13 15 37 47
5 5 5 15 25
(3) + + =¿ (4) − = ___
37 57 47 ¿ 7 7
15 25 35 12 22
(4) + + = ___ (5) − =___
7 7 7 45 27
12 22 32 22 32
(5) + + =___ (6) − = ___
17 27 37 27 72
22 32 8 7
(6) + + 14= ___ (7) 2 −3 = ___
27 37 28 8
8 7 9 11
(7) 2 +3 + 4 = ___ (8) 4 −5 =___
7 8 11 9
8 11 5 1 1
(8) 4 +5 +2 =___ (9) − = ____
18 9 27 27 7
1 1 12 1 1
(9) + + = ____ (10) − = ____
27 7 25 13 26
1 1 1 1
(10) + + = ____ (11) −5=¿ ¿
13 39 52 13
1 1 1
(11) + 5+ =¿ ¿ (12) - 9 = ____
16 48 24
 4 4 9
(13) 2 −3 = ____ (13) 2 −3−3 = ____
7 7 14
9 23 19 23 11
(14) − = ____ (14) − − = ____
23 9 72 9 27
43 24 43 24 13
(15) − =¿ (15) − + =¿
57 49 ¿ 56 49 28 ¿
26 17 26 17
(16) − =¿ (16) + −6=¿ ¿
33 19 ¿ 38 19
119 230 119 230 211
(17) − = _____ (17) − + = _____
213 297 213 297 516
11 212 11 212 23
(18) − =¿ (18) − + =¿
299 564 ¿ 299 564 89 ¿
814 217 814 217 986
(19) − =¿ (19) − + =¿
1123 3223 ¿ 1123 3223 3232 ¿
25 27 25 27
(20) −3 =¿ (20) +3 −1=¿ ¿
184 196 ¿ 184 196

In case there are more than two fractions Product of fraction

c a
∧e ∧c
a d then Let b are two fractions then
,
b f d
Find L.C.M. of b,d,f, a c a×c
× =
Let it be g b d b ×d
a c e a × ( g ÷ b )−c ( g ÷ d )−e ×( g ÷ f )
− − =
b d f g Multiply the following Fraction
5 7
(1) × = ____
Subtract the following Fraction 7 9
5 7 3 9 11
(1) − − = ____ (2) × = ___
7 9 8 11 13
9 11 11 5 5
(2) − − = ___ (3) × =¿ ¿
11 13 15 37 47
5 5 5 15 25
(3) − − =¿ ¿ (4) × = ___
37 57 47 7 7
15 25 35 12 22
(4) − − = ___ (5) × =___
7 7 7 45 27
12 22 32 22 32
(5) − − =___ (6) × = ___
17 27 37 27 72
22 32 8 7
(6) − - 14= ___ (7) 2 ×3 = ___
27 37 28 8
8 7 9 11
(7) 2 −3 −4 = ___ (8) 4 ×5 =___
7 8 11 9
8 11 5 1 1
(8) 4 −5 −2 =___ (9) × = ____
18 9 27 27 7
1 1 12 1 1
(9) − − = ____ (10) × = ____
27 7 25 13 26
1 1 1 1
(10) − − = ____ (11) ×5=¿ ¿
13 39 52 13
1 1 1
(11) −5− =¿ ¿ (12) ×9 = ____
16 48 24
1 1 1 4
(12) − − = ____ (13) 2 ×3 = ____
24 48 36 7
 9 23 25 27
(14) × = ____ (40) ×3 −1=¿ ¿
23 9 184 196
43 24
(15) × =¿
57 49 ¿ Division of fraction
26 17 a
(16) × =¿ ∧c
33 19 ¿ Let b are two fractions then
119 230 d
(17) × = _____
213 297 a c a ×d
÷ =
11 212 b d b×c
(18) × =¿
299 564 ¿
814 217 Multiply the following Fraction
(19) × =¿ 5 7
1123 3223 ¿ (1) ÷ = ____
25 27 7 9
(20) ×3 =¿ 9 11
184 196 ¿ (2) ÷ = ___
5 7 3 11 13
(21) × × = ____ 5 5
7 9 8 (3) ÷ =¿
9 11 11 37 47 ¿
(22) × × = ___ 15 25
11 13 15 (4) ÷ = ___
5 5 5 7 7
(23) × × =¿ ¿ 12 22
37 57 47 (5) ÷ =___
15 25 35 45 27
(24) × × = ___ 22 32
7 7 7 (6) ÷ = ___
12 22 32 27 72
(25) × × =___ 8 7
17 27 37 (7) 2 ÷ 3 = ___
22 32 28 8
(26) × × 14= ___ 9 11
27 37 (8) 4 ÷5 =___
8 7 11 9
(27) 2 ×3 × 4 = ___ 1 1
7 8 (9) ÷ = ____
8 11 5 27 7
(28) 4 ×5 ×2 =___ 1 1
18 9 27 (10) ÷ = ____
1 1 12 13 26
(29) × × = ____ 1
27 7 25 (11) ÷ 5=¿ ¿
1 1 1 13
(30) × × = ____ 1
13 39 52 (12) ÷ 9 = ____
1 1 24
(31) ×5 × =¿ ¿ 4
16 48 (13) 2 ÷3 = ____
1 1 1 7
(32) × × = ____ 9 23
24 48 36 (14) ÷ = ____
4 9 23 9
(33) 2 ×3+3 = ____ 43 24
7 14 (15) ÷ =¿
19 23 11 57 49 ¿
(34) − × = ____ 26 17
72 9 27 (16) ÷ =¿
43 24 13 33 19 ¿
(35) × + =¿ 119 230
56 49 28 ¿ (17) ÷ = _____
26 17 213 297
(36) + ×6=¿ ¿ 11 212
38 19 (18) ÷ =¿
119 230 211 299 564 ¿
(37) × + = _____ 814 217
213 297 516 (19) ÷ =¿
11 212 23 1123 3223 ¿
(38) × × =¿ 25 27
299 564 89 ¿ (20) ÷3 =¿
1 1 1 12 184 196 ¿
(39) × + × =¿
3 8 3 17 ¿
 5 7 3
(21) − ÷ = ____
7 9 8
9 11 11
(22) + ÷ = ___
11 13 15
5 5 5
(23) + ÷ =¿
37 57 47 ¿
15 25 35
(24) × ÷ = ___
7 7 7
12 22 32
(25) ÷ + =___
17 27 37
22 32
(26) ÷ - 14= ___
27 37
8 7
(27) 2 ÷ 3 +4 = ___
7 8
8 11 5
(28) 4 ÷5 −2 =___
18 9 27
1 1 12
(29) ÷ − = ____
27 7 25
1 1 1
(30) − ÷ = ____
13 39 52
1 1
(31) −3 ÷ =¿ ¿
16 48
1 1 1
(32) + ÷ = ____
24 48 36
4 9
(33) 2 −3 ÷ 3 = ____
7 14
19 23 11
(34) − ÷ = ____
72 9 27
43 24 13
(35) − ÷ =¿
56 49 28 ¿
26 17
(36) ÷ −6=¿ ¿
38 19
119 230 211
(37) ÷ + = _____
213 297 516
11 212 23
(38) − ÷ =¿
299 564 89 ¿
814 217 986
(39) ÷ + =¿
1123 3223 3232 ¿
25 27
(40) ÷3 −1=¿ ¿
184 196

Indices
Definition of indices:
If ‘a’ is any non zero real or imaginary
number and ‘m’ is the positive integer, then
m
a =¿ a. a. a. …a (m times). Here a is called
the base and m is the index, power or
exponent.

Law of indices:
(1) a−0=1 ,( a≠ 0)
 −m 1 2-3 =……….
(2) a = (a ≠ 0)
a
m' 5-2 =………….
5-3 = ………….
(3) a m+n =am . an , where m and n are rational 10-1 = …………..
10-2 =…………
numbers
15-2 = ……….
m
a
m−n
(4) a = n , where m and n are rational √K = K1/2
a Example

numbers, a ≠ 0

n
(5) ( a m ) =amn

(6) a p/ q= q√ a p

Power Of Numbers

Ka = K x k x k x …….(a times)
K2 = k x K Find square root of the following
12 = 1 ( 1 ) √ 441 = …………..
22 = 2 x 2 = 4 (2) √ 529 = …………..
32 = 3 x 3 = 9 (3) √ 441 = …………..
42 = 16
(4) √ 576 = …………..
52 = ……..
(5) √ 484 = …………..
62 = ……….
72 =………. (6) √ 961 = …………..
82 = ……….. (7) √ 1369 = …………..
92 = ……… (8) √ 1156 = …………..
102 =…………. (9) √ 1369 = …………..
112 = ……….. (10) √ 1764 = …………..
122 =……….
132 = …………
√3 K = K1/3
(1) √
3
1728 = ……………
142 =………..
152 =………… (2) √ 2744 = ……………
3

162 =…………. (3) √

3
3375 = ……………
172 =………. (4) √ 4096 = ……………
3

182 =………… (5) √

3
6859 = ……………
192 =…………
(6) √ 9261 = ……………
3
202 =…………
13 = 1 (7) √
3
13824 = ……………
23 = 2 x 2x 2 = 8 (8) √ 4913 = ……………
3

33 = 3 x 3 x 3 = 27 (9) √
3
2197 = ……………
43 = ………….. ( 10 ) √3 15625 = ……………
53 =………….
63 =………… a
73 =…………… K K
=¿( )a
83 =…………. G
a
G
93 =…………… Ka x Kb = K(a+b)
a
103 =…………. K (a-b)
b =K
K
1 -a (Ka)b = Kab
a = K
K Ka+b + Ka+c = Ka x (kb+Kc)

2-1 = ………. (1) 103 X 105 = ………

4-1 = ……… (2) 106 X 1011 = ……….
(3) 107 X 109 = ……….
(4) 108 X 1031 X 10-21 X 1015 = ………
8
10
(5) 7
= …….
10
6
10
(6) 13 = …….
10
24
10
(7) 19 = …….
10
16
10
(8) −31 = …….
10
8
10
(9) −7 = …….
10
−8
( 10 ) 10−27 = …….
10
8 12 7
10 ×10 ×10
(11) 4 32 18
= ………….
10 ×10 ×10
9 6 −5
10 × 10 × 10
(12) 14 7 −18
= ………….
10 × 10 × 10
8 2 17
10 ×10 ×10
(13) 4 −13 28
= ………….
10 ×10 ×10
−8 −12 7
10 × 10 × 10
(14) 4 −32 −18
= ………….
10 ×10 ×10
(15) (3/5)4 =……….
(16) (8/27) 2/3 = …………..
(17) (2197/4913)2/3= ………….. DECIMALS
(18) (1369/1156)3/2 =…………..
(19) (529/441)3/2 =…………….. Convert the following fractions into
(20) (2744/4096) 2/3 =……….. decimal form
5
(1) =
7
7
(2) =
9
11
(3) =
13
5
(4) =
37
5
(5) =
47
25
(6) =
7
12
(7) =
17
22
(8) =
27
8
(9) 2 =¿
7
7
(10) 3 =
8
Convert the following decimal into (16) 0.032 x2.004 = …………..
fraction (17) 12.009 x 0.137 = ………..
(1) 23.56 = (18) 123.4 x 0.0046 = ………….
(2) 42.03 = (19) 98.0078 x0.0045 =………
(3) 123.006= (20) 0.0045 x 0.4056 =……….
(4) 2.031 = (21) 1.2305 x12.654 =…………
(5) 0.004 = (22) 7.35 x 0.234 x 41.036 =………
(6) 23.25 = (23) 3.697 x 12.898 =…………..
(7) 49.12= (24) 9.124 x 8.468 = ……….
(8) 3.906 = (25) 11.234 x 56.123=……….
(9) 123.56 = (26) 92.135 x 63.724 =……….
(10) 3.006=¿ (27) 9.872 x 6.742=……….
(28) 7.428 x 8.432 =………….
Add the following numbers (29) 6.424 x 5.420 =………….
(1) 2.3+0.03= ……… (30) 15.345 x 7.321 =…………..
(2) 4.50 + 6.70 + 18.3 =………… (31) 12.448 x 9.436 =……………..
(3) 89.01 + 1036.5 = ……….. (32) 18.352 x 1.632 =……….
(4) 0.032 +2.004 = ………….. (33) 65.151 x9.458 =……….
(5) 12.009 +0.137 = ……….. (34) 3456.141 x 23.148 =………
(6) 123.4 + 0.0046 = …………. (35) 32.653 x 45.101 =…………
(7) 98.0078 +0.0045 =……… (36) 21.657 x 13.456 = …………..
(8) 0.0045 + 0.4056 =………. (37) 24.879 x 14.987 = …………..
(9) 1.2305 + 12.654 =………… (38) 16.842 x 9.156 = ……………
(10) 7.35 + 0.234+ 41.036 =……… (39) 6.826 x 3.235 = ……….
(40) 9.211 x 4.206 = ……………..
Subtract the following numbers (41) 5.243 x 4.006 =……………..
(42) 30.196 x 11.638 = …………..
(1) 2.3 - 0.03= ……… (43) 2.0034 x 1.1689 = ……………….
(2) 4.50 - 6.70 + 18.3 =………… (44) 5.3694 x 4.2866=…………..
(3) 2389.01 - 1036.5 = ……….. (45) 17.634 x 18.64 x 12.3694
(4) 3.032 - 2.004 = ………….. =………………
(5) 12.009 - 0.137 = ……….. (46) 64.821 x 12.453 x 1.68 = ………….
(6) 123.4 - 0.0046 = …………. (47) 9.8 x 6.23 x 1.69=………………………
(7) 98.0078 - 0.0045 =……… (48) 1.09 x 6.63 x 6.797 = ……………..
(8) 1.0045 - 0.4056 =………. (49) 9.18 x 1.6842 x 0.456 =………………..
(9) 123.05 - 12.654 =………… (50) 4.635 x 9.2516 x 0.0045 =
(10) 7.35 - 0.234 + 41.036 =……… …………….

Multiply The following decimal Division of decimals

Numbers (1) 1.2 ÷ 4.3 =………..
(1) 1.2 x 4.3 =……….. (2) 4 ÷ 3.6 = ……..
(2) 4 x 3.6 = …….. (3) 7 ÷ 0.98 = ………
(3) 7 x 0.98 = ……… (4) 11 ÷ 9.8 = ……….
(4) 11 x 9.8 = ………. (5) 21.3÷ 22.4 =……….
(5) 21.3 x 22.4 =………. (6) 32.5 ÷ 24.6 = ………
(6) 32.5 x 24.6 = ……… (7) 2.46 ÷ 1.3 = ……..
(7) 2.46 x 1.3 = …….. (8) 5.76 ÷ 6.78 = ……..
(8) 5.76 x 6.78 = …….. (9) 13.94 ÷ 8.76 =……….
(9) 13.94 x 8.76 =………. (10) 3.26 ÷ 1.976=…….
(10) 3.26 x 1.976=……. (11) 23.45 ÷ 6.78 = ………
(11) 23.45 x 6.78 = ……… (12) 28.64 ÷ 13.98 = ………
(12) 28.64 x 13.98 = ……… (13) 2.3 ÷ 0.03= ………
(13) 2.3 x0.03= ………
(14) 4.50 ÷ 6.70 ÷ 18.3 =…………
(14) 4.50 x 6.70 x 18.3 =…………
(15) 89.01 ÷ 1036.5 = ………..
(15) 89.01 x 1036.5 = ………..
(16) 0.032 ÷ 2.004 = …………..
(17) 12.009 ÷ 0.137 = ………..
(18) 123.4 ÷ 0.0046 = ………….
(19) 98.0078 ÷ 0.0045 =………
(20) 0.0045 ÷ 0.4056 =……….
(21) 1.2305 ÷ 12.654 =…………
(22) 7.35 ÷ 0.234 x 41.036 =………
(23) 3.697 ÷ 12.898 =…………..
(24) 9.124 ÷ 8.468 = ……….
(25) 11.234 ÷ 56.123=……….
(26) 92.135 ÷ 63.724 =………. Perimeter and Area of 2D Shapes
(27) 9.872 ÷ 6.742=……….
(28) 7.428 ÷ 8.432 =…………. Shape Perimeter Area
4a a2
(29) 6.424 ÷ 5.420 =………….
(30) 15.345 ÷ 7.321 =…………..
(31) 12.448 ÷ 9.436 =……………..
(32) 18.352 ÷ 1.632 =………. Square
(33) 65.151 ÷ 9.458 =………. = 2 (l+b) = lb
(34) 3456.141 ÷ 23.148 =………
(35) 32.653 ÷ 45.101 =…………
(36) 21.657 ÷ 13.456 = ………….. Rectangle
(37) 24.879 ÷ 14.987 = ………….. = 4b = bh
(38) 16.842 ÷ 9.156 = ……………
(39) 6.826 ÷ 3.235 = ……….
(40) 9.211 ÷ 4.206 = …………….. Rhombus
(41) 5.243 ÷ 4.006 =…………….. = 2(l+b) = bh
(42) 30.196 ÷ 11.638 = …………..
(43) 2.0034 ÷ 1.1689 = ……………….
(44) 5.3694 ÷ 4.2866=………….. Parallelog
(45) 17.634 ÷ 18.64 x 12.3694 ram
= 2 πr = πr 2
=………………
(46) 64.821 ÷ 12.453 x 1.68 = ………….
(47) 9.8 ÷ 6.23 x 1.69=………………………
(48) 1.09 x 6.63 ÷ 6.797 = …………….. Circle
(49) 9.18 x 1.6842 ÷ 0.456 =……………….. =p+b+h 1
2.64 ×1.682 ×6.23 = pb
(50) = ………………. 2
1.098× 9.18

Triangle
= a+b+c a+b+ c
S=
2
Area=
Triangle √ s ( s−a )( s−b ) s−c ¿ ¿

Find the area and perimeter of the

following figures

(1)
 (11)
(2)

(12)
(3)

(4)
(13)

(5)

Find the area and perimeter of the

(6) shaded region
(1)

(7)

(2)

(8)

(3)
(9)

(10)

(4)
 (3) a 2−b2= ( a+b ) (a−b)

(4) ( a+ b )3=a3 +b3 +3 ab (a+ b)

(5) ( a−b )3 =a3 −b3−3 ab(a−b)

(6)
3 3 3 2 2
(5) a + b =( a+b ) −3 ab ( a+b )=( a+ b ) (a +b −ab)

(7)
3 3 3 2 2
a −b =( a−b ) +3 ab ( a−b )=( a−b ) (a +b + ab)

8. ( a+ b+c )2=a2+ b2 +c 2 +2 ab+2 bc +2 ca

(6) ¿ a 2+ b2 +c 2+ 2 ab ( 1a + 1b + 1c )
(9)
2 2 2 1 2 2 2
a + b +c −ab−bc−ca= [ ( a−b ) + ( b−c ) + ( c−a ) ]
2

(10)
3 3 3 2 2 2
a + b +c −3 abc= ( a+b+ c ) (a +b + c −ab−bc−ca)
1 2 2 2
¿ ( a+ b+c ) [ ( a−b ) + ( b−c ) + ( c−a ) ]
2
3 3 3
If a+ b+c=0 ,then a +b + c =3 abc

(11) a 4−b4 =( a+b )( a−b ) (a 2+b 2)

2
(12) a 4 +a 2+1=( a2 +1 ) −a2=( 1+ a+a 2 ) (1−a +a2 )

Some important identities:

(1) ( a+ b )2=a2+ 2 ab+b 2=¿ ¿

(2) ( a−b )2=a 62−2 ab+ b2=( a+b )2 −4 ab

 If an equation do not have this form it is not
a quadratic equation.

2. A real number α is said to be a root of

the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0,
if
α2 + bα + c = 0.
The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
ax2 + bx + c and the roots of the quadratic
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the same.

3. If we can factorise ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0,

into a product of two linear factors, then
the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx
+ c = 0 can be found by equating each
factor to zero.

Example 1 : Find the roots of the

equation
2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0, by factorisation.
Solution :
Let us first split the middle term
– 5x as –2x –3x
[because (–2x) × (–3x) = 6x2 = (2x2) × 3].
So,
2x2 – 5x + 3
=2x2 – 2x – 3x + 3
=2x (x – 1) –3(x – 1)
= (2x – 3)(x – 1)
(2x – 3)(x – 1) = 0.
So, the values of x for which 2x2 – 5x + 3 =
0 are the same for which
(2x – 3)(x – 1) = 0,
i.e., either
2x – 3 = 0 or x – 1 = 0.
Now,
2x – 3 = 0 givesx = 3/2
and x – 1 = 0 gives x = 1.
So,
Quadratic Equation x = 3/2 and x = 1 are the solutions of the
equation.
Any equation of the form p(x) = 0, where In other words, 1 and 3/2 are the roots of
p(x) is a polynomial of degree 2, is a the equation 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 0.
quadratic equation.

But when we write the terms of p(x) in 4. A quadratic equation can also be solved
descending order of their degrees, then we by the method of completing the square.
get the standard form of the equation.
That is,
Example 2:The product of Sunita’s age
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a≠ 0
(in years) two years ago and her age
is called the standard form of a quadratic
four years from now is one more than
equation.
twice her present age. What is her
1. A quadratic equation in the variable x is present age?
of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, Solution :
To answer this, let her present age (in
where a, b, c are real numbers
years) be x. Then the product of her ages
and a ≠ 0.
two years ago and four years from now is
(x – 2)(x + 4). 3 Find the roots of the following quadratic
Therefore, (x – 2)(x + 4) = 2x + 1 equations by factorisation:
=> x2 + 2x – 8 = 2x + 1 (i) x2 – 3x – 10 = 0
=> x2 – 9 = 0 (ii) 2x2 + x – 6 = 0
So, Sunita’s present age satisfies the (iii) 2x2 7 x 5 2 0
quadratic equation x2 – 9 = 0. (iv) 2x2– x +18= 0
=>x2 = 9. (Taking square roots, we get) (v) 100 x2 – 20x + 1 = 0
x = 3 or x = – 3.
Since the age is a positive number, x = 3. 4) Find the roots of the following quadratic
So, Sunita’s present age is 3 years. equations, if they exist, by the method of
completing the square:
5. Quadratic formula: The roots of a (i) 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are (ii) 2x2 + x – 4 = 0
given by (iii) 4x2 + 3x +3 = 0
−b 2 ± √(b 2−4 ac) (iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
2a
5) Find the roots of the quadratic equations
Provided b2 – 4ac ≥ 0. Where b2 – 4ac is
by applying the quadratic formula.
called the discriminant
(i) 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
6. A quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (ii) 2x2 + x – 6 = 0
has (iii) 2x27 x 5 2 0
(i) two distinct real roots, if b2 – 4ac > 0, (iv) 2x2 – x +18= 0
(ii) two equal roots (i.e., coincident roots), if (iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 0, and
(iii) no real roots, if b2 – 4ac < 0. 5) Find the nature of the roots of the
Questions following quadratic equations. If the real
1. Check whether the following are roots exist,
quadratic equations : find them:
(i) (x + 1)2 = 2(x – 3) (i) 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0
(ii) x2 – 2x = (–2) (3 – x) (ii) 3x2 – 4 3 x + 4 = 0
(iii) (x – 2)(x + 1) = (x – 1)(x + 3) (iii) 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
(iv) (x – 3)(2x +1) = x(x + 5)
(v) (2x – 1)(x – 3) = (x + 5)(x – 1) 6) Find the values of k for each of the
(vi) x2 + 3x + 1 = (x – 2)2 following quadratic equations, so that they
(vii) (x + 2)3 = 2x (x2 – 1) have two
(viii) x3 – 4x2 – x + 1 = (x – 2)3 equal roots.
(i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0
2. Represent the following situations in the (ii) kx (x – 2) + 6 = 0
form of quadratic equations :
(i) The area of a rectangular plot is 528 m 2. 7) The sum of the reciprocals of Rehman’s
The length of the plot (in metres) is one ages, (in years) 3 years ago and 5 years
more than twice its breadth. We need to from now is1/3.Find his present age.
find the length and breadth of the plot.
8) In a class test, the sum of Shefali’s
(ii) The product of two consecutive positive marks in Mathematics and English is 30.
integers is 306. We need to find the Had she got 2 marks more in Mathematics
integers. and 3 marks less in English, the product of
their marks would have been 210. Find her
(iii) Rohan’s mother is 26 years older than marks in the two subjects.
him. The product of their ages (in years) 3
years from now will be 360. We would like 9) The diagonal of a rectangular field is 60
to find Rohan’s present age. metres more than the shorter side. If the
longer side is 30 metres more than the
(iv) A train travels a distance of 480 km at a shorter side, find the sides of the field.
uniform speed. If the speed had been 8
km/h less, then it would have taken 3 hours 10) The difference of squares of two
more to cover the same distance. We numbers is 180. The square of the smaller
need to find the speed of the train. number is 8 times the larger number. Find
the two numbers.
11) A train travels 360 km at a uniform
speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more,
it would have taken 1 hour less for the
same journey. Find the speed of the train.

12) An express train takes 1 hour less than

a passenger train to travel 132 km between
Mysore and Bangalore (without taking into
consideration the time they stop at
intermediate stations). If the average speed
of the express train is 11km/h more than
that of the passenger train, find the
average speed of the two trains.

13) Sum of the areas of two squares is 468

m2. If the difference of their perimeters is
24 m, find the sides of the two squares.

14) Find two numbers whose sum is 27 and

product is 182.

15) The altitude of a right triangle is 7 cm

less than its base. If the hypotenuse is 13
cm, find the other two sides.

Trigonometry:
What is trigonometry?
The word trigonometry is derived from
three greek words
In the ancient sense trigonometry defines The measure of angle is the amount of
relations between elements of a triangle. In rotation from the direction of one ray of the
a triangle three are six basic elements, angle to the other. The initial and final
three sides and three angles. Any three line position of the revolving ray are
segments will form a triangle iff they satisfy respectively called the initial side and
three triangular inequalities i.e. the sum of terminal side.
any two lines segment is greater than third
side. In Euclidean geometry the sum of
three angles of a triangle 1800. These
requirements impose

limitations on the manner in which the

relations between the elements are English System:
defined. One right angle = 900 (degree)
Sin Cos Tan Sec Cosec Cot 10=60’ (minutes)
θ θ θ θ θ θ 1’ = 60” (seconds)
P B P H H B
H H B B P P Circular system:
If length of arc of a circle equal’s to radius
then angle impose by that arc on centre of
circle is called one radian.

Otherwise l = r. θ
Note: Important Relation
(i) Radian and Degree’s
Basic Trigonometric Identities: 0
π=180
(1) sin2θ +cos2θ = 1; where θ ϵ R.
(ii) Length of an arc of a circle
(2) 2 + tan2θ =sec2θ or sec2θ –tan2θ = 1
l=r θ
(3) 1+cot2θ = cosec2θ or cosec2θ-cot2θ =1
(iii) Aea of sector of a circle
(4) sin4θ + cos4θ = 1 – 2 sin2θ cos2θ
(5) sin6θ + cos6θ = 1 -3 sin2θ cos2θ
1 2 1
A= r θ= rl
Note ⇒ (1) (sec θ – tan θ)is reciprocal of sec 2 2
θ + tan θ and vice-versa.
(2) cosec θ – cot θ is reciprocal of cosec θ +
cot θ and vice-versa.
Using above identities hundreds of other
identities can be proved. While proving
identities you can use rationalization,
factorization and many other similar
mathematical operations.
Self Practice Problem:
cot θ+cosec θ−1
1. Prove that = (cotθ
cot θ−cosec θ Reduction Formulae:
+cosecθ) (cotθ+cosecθ-1) x −y
sin ( 90 + θ )= =cos θ ; cos ( 90 +θ ) =
0 0
2. If sinθ +sin2θ = 1. Prove that cos12 θ + 3 = - sin
r r
cos10 θ +3 cos8 θ +cos6 θ – 1 = 0] θ;
3. Prove that (1+ cot A – cosec A) (1+tan A tan (900+θ) = - cot θ; cot (900 + θ) = 0 tan
+ sec A) = 2 θ;
4. Prove that (1+ cot A + tan0 sin A – cos sec (900+θ)=-cosec θ; cosec (900+θ) = sec
sec A cosec A θ
A) = 2
− 2
cose c A sec A
Measurement of angle and sign In all (900+θ) relations
convention: Sin changes to cos
Angle : Cos changes to sin
Cosec changes to sec
Tan changes to cot Tan remains tan
Cot changes to tan and sec changes to Cot remains cot
cosec Sec remains sec
With appropriate sign
Cosec remains cosec with appropriate signs.
Sin(2π –θ) = sin (-θ)
Cos(2π-θ) = cos (-θ)
Tan(2π –θ) = tan (-θ)

−y x
Sin (-θ) = =−sin θ ; cos (-θ) = = cos θ;
r r
Tan (-θ)=-tan θ; cot (-θ) = - cot θ;
Cosec (-θ) = - cosec θ; sec (-θ) = -sec θ;

y −x
Sin(1800-θ) = =sinθ ; cos (1800-θ)= = - cos
r r
θ;
Tan (1800-θ) = - tanθ; cot (1800-θ = 0 cotθ;
Cosec (1800-θ) = cosecθ; sec (1800-θ)=-secθ;

In (2π –θ) relations

Sin remains sin
Cos remains cos
Tan remains tan
Cot remains cot
Sec remains sec
For (1800-θ) Cosec remains cosec with appropriate singns.
Sin remains sin To remember the signs we use
Cos remains cos
Tan remains tan
Cot remains cot
Sec remains sec
Cosec remains cosec with appropriate signs.
Self Practice Problem:
−y
∴ Sin(180+θ) = =−sinθ ; 1. Prove that tan 2250 cot 4050 + tan 7650 = 0
r
2. What sign has sin A – cos A for the following
−x
Cos (180+θ) = = - cos θ; values of A?
r
(a) 2150 (b) -457+
Tan (180+θ) = tanθ; cot (180+θ)=cotθ;
Cosec (180+θ) = - cosecθ; sec (180+θ) = - secθ;
3. Prove that sec (2700-A) sec (9000-A) –tan(2700-
A) tan(900+A) +1=0.
4. Prove that sin250+sin2100+sin2150+……. +
1
sin2850+sin2900 = 9 .
2

In (180+θ) relations
Sin remains sin
Cos remains cos
 Self Practice Problem:
π
1. x− y = and cot x + cot y = 2; Find smallest
4
+ve angles x and y.

2. If sin a sin β –cos a cos β + 1 = 0, prove that 1 +

cot α tan β = 0
15 −5
3. sinα = , cos β = . Find sin (α –β)
Compound angle formula: 17 13
Now replace B by –B
(α + β −γ ¿) tan γ
Sin (A-B) sinA . cosB-cosA. SinB 4. tan = ¿ then prove that sin
tan(α −β +γ ) tan β
(β –γ) = 0 or sin 2α +sin 2β +sin 2γ =0
Cos (A+B)=cosA.cos B-sinA. sinB

In IIIrd relation replace B by -B 5. If α and β are the solutions of the equation a

tan θ + b sec θ = c,
Cos (A-B) = cosA. CosB + sinA. sinB
2 ac
Then show that tan(α + β) = 2 2 .
To duduce the value of tan (A + B) and cot (A+B): ( a −c )
π
1. 6. x− y = and cot x + cot y = 2; find smallest +ve
4
Tan (A+B) =
tan A+ tan B angles x and y.
1−tan A . tan B
2. 7. If sin α sin β –cos α cos β + 1 = 0, prove that 1 +
Tan (A-B) = cot α tan β = 0
tan A−tan B
1+ tan A tan B 15 −5
8. sinα = , cos β = . Find sin (α –β)
3. 17 13
Cot (A+B) = tan(α + β−γ ) tan γ
9. = then prove that sin (β -
cot A cot B−1 tan(α −β+ γ ) tan β
cot B+ cot A γ )=0 sin 2α +sin 2β +sin 2γ = 0
OR
Cor A cot B-1 = cot (A+B) (cot B+cot A 10. If α and β are the solutions of the equation a
4. tan θ + b sec θ = c,
Cot(A-B) = 2 ac
cot A cot B+1 Then show that tan (α + β) = 2 2 .
( a −c )
cot B−cot A
Transformation formulae: Transforma the
Note: →
product into sum or difference:
Tan ( π
4 )
±A =
1± tan A
1 ∓ tan A
(1) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A+B) + sin (A-B)

(2) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A+B) – sin (A-B)

Important identities:
Sin (A+B). sin (A-B) = sin2A – sin2B (3) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)

Cos (A+B). cos(A-B) = cos2A – sin2B (4) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A-B) – cos (A + B)

tan (A+B+C) = Transforming sum or differences into products:

tan A+ tan B+ tan C−tan A tan B tan C
(C + D) (C−D)
1−tan A tan B−tan B tan C−tanC tan A (5) Sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
2 2
 Formula of Multiple angle:
(C + D) (C−D) 1. sin 2A = sin (A + A) = 2 A cos A
(6) sin C – sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2 2. cos 2A
Cos 2A = cos2A-sin2A=2cos2 A-1=1-2 sin+ A
(C + D) (C−D)
(7) cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
( A2 )−sin ( A2 )
2 2 2
Cos A = cos2
(C + D) (C−D)
(8) cos C – cos D = -2 sin sin
2 2 Formulaes in terms of tan2 A
2 tan A
Values of Trigonometric ratio of standard angles: 3. tan 2A = tan (A+A) = 2
1−tan A
Finding values of 150 & 750
π 4. sin 2A = ¿ ¿
(1) sin 150 = sin =¿ sin (450-300) = sin 450. Cos
12
300 – cos450. Sin30+ 2
1−tan A
√3−1 = √6−√ 2 = cos 750 = cos 5 π 5. cos 2A = 2
1+tan A
2√ 2 4 12
Sine, cosines and tangent of 3A
5π
0
2) sin 75 = sin =¿ sin (450+300) = sin 450. 6. sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A
12
7. cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A
Cos300 + cos 450. Sin 300 3
3 tan A−tan A
¿√
3+1 √ 6+ √ 2 π 8. tan 3A =
= =cos 15 0=cos 2
1−3 tan A
2 √2 4 12
S1 −S 3+ S 5−S1 +… … ..
(3) tan 150 =
√3−1 =2− √3=cot 750 9. tan (A1 + A2 …… An) = ,
1−s−2+ s 4−S 6+ … … ..
√ 3+1
Self Practice Problem:
1+ sin θ−cos θ θ
0
(4) 75 =
√3+1 =2+ √3 = cot 150 1. Prove that = tan
1+sin θ+cos θ 2
√ 3−1
Note: →
1 2. Show that √ 2+ √ 2+ √ 2+2 cos 8θ=2 cos θ .
Sin A sin (600-A) sin (600 + A) = sin 3A
4
1 3. If sin x + sin y = 3 (cos y – cos x), prove that sin
Cos A cos (600-A) cos (600+A) = cos 3A
4 3x + sin 3y = 0
0 0
Tan A tan (60 -A) tan (60 +A) = tan 3A
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
4. Show that sin sin sin sin sin
Self Practice Problem: 14 14 14 14 14
(1) Find the value of cos2 730 + cos2470+cos 730. 11π 13 π 1
sin sin = .
Cos470 14 14 64
π
(2) If α in first quadrant = . Find value of
19
sin 23 α −sin 3 α
.
sin 16 α +sin 4 α

(
(3) If x sin θ = y sin θ+
2π
3 ) (
=z sin θ+
4π
3 ) then.

Prove that ∑ xy =0.

sin A +2 sin 3 A+ sin 5 A sin 3 A

(4) Prove that = .
sin 3 A +2sin 5 A+ sin7 A sin 5 B Maximum and minimum value:
1. Maximising and minimizing by using the (d) Using the basic definition of log we have
property of boundness of trigonometric 3 important deductions:
founctions. (i) log N N=1 i.e. logarithm of a number to
(a) sine and cosine have bounded values between the same base is 1.
-1 and 1. (ii) log 1 N=−1 i.e. logarithm of a number to
N
(b) Tangent and cotangent are unbounded its reciprocal is -1.
functions. (iii) log a 1=0 i.e. logarithm of unit to any
(c) Cosec and sec have values greater than 1 and base is zero. (basic constaints on numbr
less than -1. and base must be observed.)
(d) 0 ≤ sin2 x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ cos2 x ≤ 1 , tan2 x ≥ 0 , sec 2 x ≥ 1. (iv) a log n=n is an identify for all N>0 and a
a

> 0; a ≠ 1 e.g. 2log 5=5 2

(e) Whenever the number and base are on

LOGARITHM : the same side of unity then logarithm of
Definition : Every positive real number N that number to the base is (+ve), however
can be expressed in exponential form as if the number and base are located an
N=a
x
…. (1) e.g. 49 = 7 2 different side of unity then logarithm of that
Where ‘a’ is also a positive real different number to the base is (-ve)
than unity and is called the base and ‘x’ is e.g. (i) log10 100=2
called the exponent. We can write the (ii) log1/10 100= −¿ 2
relation (1) in logarithmic form as (f) for a non negative number ‘a’ & n ≥ 2, n
log a N =x … (2) ϵN√ n
a=a
1 /n

Hence the two relations

And log a
a x =N
N =x ] QUESTIONS
1. Find the logarithms of the following
Are identical where N > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1
numbers to the base 2:
Hence logarithm of a number to some base
(a) √
3
8 (b) 2 √ 2
is the exponent by which the base must be
raised in order to get that number. 1 1
(c) (d)
Logarithm of zero does not exist and √2
5
√8
7

logarithm of (-) ve reals are not defined in

the system of real numbers. 2. Find the logarithms of the following
i.e a is raised what power to get N 1
numbers to the base
3
Illustration: (a) 81 (b) √
3
3
Find value of 1 1
(i) log 81 27 (ii) log 10 100 (iii) log 1 /3 9 √ 3 (c) (d) 9 √ 3 (e)
√3
7
9 √4 3
Note that: 3. Find all number a for which each of the
(a) Unity has been excluded from the base following equalities hold true?
of the logarithm as in this case
(a) log 2 a=2
Log1N Will not be possible and if N =
1
Then log11 will have infinitely many (b) log 10 ( a ( a+ 3 ) )=1
solutions and will not be
unique (c) log 1 /3 ( a 2−1 )=−1
Which is necessary in the (d) log 2 ( a 2−5 ) =2
functional notation.
log N
(b) a a
=¿ N is an identify for all N > 0 and 4. Find all values of x for which the
a > 0, a ≠ 1 e.g. 2log 5=5 2
following equalities hold true?
(c) The number N in (2) is called the entilog (i) log 2 x 2=1
of ‘x’ to the base ‘a’. Hence If log 2 512 is 9
then antilog2 9 is equal to 29=512 (ii) log3x = log3 (2-x)
(iii) log4x2 = log4x

(iv) log1/2(2x+1) = log1/2(x+1)

(v) log1/3(x2+8)=-2

Laws of logaritham
1. logam+logan=loga mn (m>0, n>0)

m
2. loga =¿logam-logan
n

3. logamx =x logam

1
4. log a m= logam
x
x
ASE CHANGING THEOREM:
Can be stated as “quotient of the logarithm
of two numbers is independent of their
common base.”

1 Logb a =
=log ⁡¿
log a b log c a
log c b

→ (logba). (logcb).(logdc) = logda

Very imp form

logb c logb a
a =c

Illustration :
Let a > 1 be a real number then solve
2 log2 x log2 a
a =5+4 x

Illustration :
Prove that 2√ log 3=3√ log 2 3
2

Illustration :
If a > 0; c > 0; b =√ ac ; ac ≠ 1
log a N log a N −log b N
Prove that =
log c N log b N−log c N

Illustration:
(x+1 )
Find the value of x: ( x +1 )log 10
=100(x +1)

Illustration: Find the value of x:

2
log3 x log 3 x=¿162 ¿
3 +x