Organic Chemistry

IUPAC

OM PANDEY
IIT DELHI
 Catenation in Carbon
Self-linking property of element
 Hybridisation of Carbon

O
C CH3 CH CH2
CH2 C CH2
 Important Terms
Saturated compounds

Unsaturated compounds

Molecular Formula
Actual number of atoms of each element present in one molecule.
 Structural Formula
It indicates the linkage due to covalent bond between different atoms in a molecule.

Expanded structural Formula

Condensed Structural Formula

Bondline Structural Formula

 Expanded Condensed Bondline
Structural Formula Structural Formula Structural Formula

H H H
H—C—C—C—H
H H H

CH3 — CH — CH2 — CH3

CH3
 Degree of Unsaturation

Hydrogen Deficiency Index

Double Bond Equivalence

 Degree of Unsaturation
𝑛𝐻 + 𝑛𝑋 − 𝑛𝑁
DU = (𝑛𝑐 +1) − 2

C6H6O

C6H5Cl

C6Br6

C5H11OCl
 Degree of Carbon
Number of carbon atoms attached to a carbon atom.

Primary (1°) carbon Secondary (2°) carbon

Tertiary (3°) carbon Quaternary (4°) carbon

Superprimary
 Degree of Carbon

CH3 CH3

CH3 — C — CH — CH2 — CH3

CH3

CH3
 Degree of Hydrogen
Is same as the degree of carbon to which it is attached.

CH3

CH3 — C — CH2 — CH — CH3

CH3 CH3
 Organic Compounds

Acyclic Compounds or Organic Compounds

open chain Closed Chain Compounds
(Aliphatic compounds)

Alicyclic Aromatic
Saturated Unsaturated
hydrocarbon hydrocarbon
Alkane Alkene , Alkyne Homocyclic Heterocyclic

Homocyclic Heterocyclic
O NH N
H
IUPAC Nomenclature
Word Root : Number of carbon atoms present in the main chain

Number of Carbon Word Root

Primary Suffix : It indicate the saturation or unsaturation existing in the main
chain.
Primary Suffix Word Root

ane

ene

diene

yne

diyne

enyne
Secondary suffix : It is used for the principal functional group.
Functional Group :

Primary Prefix : ‘Cyclo’ word is used for alicyclic compounds.

Secondary Prefix : Normal substitutents and junior functional groups are treated as a
substituent, then their name is treated groups are always cited in
the prefix.

–R

– OR

–X

– NO2

–N = O
 Naming of Saturated Hydrocarbons
Rules for selection of main chain and numbering :
Maximum number of Carbon

Number of sub.

Lowest set of locants

Alphabetical Order.
 Naming of Saturated Hydrocarbons
C

C—C—C—C—C

C—C—C—C—C—C—C

C
 Naming of Saturated Hydrocarbons
C C C C

C—C—C—C—C—C—C—C C—C—C—C—C—C—C—C

C—C—C C—C—C

Cl Cl

C—C—C—C—C—C C—C—C—C—C—C

Cl Cl Cl Cl
 Naming of Saturated Hydrocarbons

C—C—C—C—C—C—C—C

C C—C
Practice Time

3 – Ethyl – 2 – methylpentane

2, 4 – Dimethylhexane

2, 2, 5 – Trimethylheptane

3 – Ethyl – 4 – methylhexane
C—C—C—C—C

Cl Br

C—C—C—C—C

Cl Br

Cl

C—C—C—C—C

Cl Br
 Naming of Unsaturated Compounds
Maximum number of > Number of sub. > Lowest set of locants > Alphabetical Order.
carbon with M. B.

CH3 — CH = CH2

CH3 — CH2 — CH = CH2

CH3 — CH = CH — CH — CH3
|
CH3
 Naming of Unsaturated Compounds
Maximum number of > Number of sub. > Lowest set of locants > Alphabetical Order.
Carbon with M. B.

Cl
|
CH3 — C — CH2 — CH = CH2
|
Cl

C  CH C  CH

HC  C — C  CH
 Rules for writing Radicals

Alkane

Alkene

Alkyne

Benzene
 Benzene Radical

CH2 —

CH

C
CH2

CH — R
Normal (n) : Radical or hydrocarbon which has straight chain
n – butane

n – pentane

n – hexane

Iso : Two methyl group at the end of linear chain

Isobutane

Isopentane

Isohexane
Neo :

Neopentane

Neohexane

Iso-octane
Secondary :

Secondary butyl

Tertiary :

Tert. butyl Tert. pentyl

 Complex Radical

C—C—C—C—C—C—C—C—C

C—C

C—C

C
 Naming of Cyclic Hydrocarbon
Maximum number of > Number of sub. > Lowest set of locants > Alphabetical Order.
Carbon with M. B.
All the factors are similar in cyclic and acyclic part then Cyclic > Acyclic
 Naming of Cyclic Hydrocarbon

C — C — Cl C—C—C
C—C—C
Cl

Cl

Cl
Br Br

I
Cl
Naming of Functional Groups

12 Functional Groups
 Class Suffix Prefix

R — COOH Oic acid (carboxylic acid) Carboxy

R — SO3H Sulphonic acid Sulpho

O O
|| || Anhydride (carboxylic anhydride)
—C—O — C —
O
|| -oate (Carboxylate) Alkoxy Carbonyl
— C — OR
O
|| Oyl halide (Carbonyl halide) Halo Carbonyl
—C— X
Class Suffix Prefix
O
|| amide (carboxamide) Carbamoyl
— C — NH2

R—C N nitrile (carbonitrile) cyano

O
|| al (carbaldehyde) formyl / Oxo
—C—H

O
|| one Oxo / Keto
—C—
Class Suffix Prefix

— OH ol hydroxy

— SH thiol mercapto

— NH2 amine amino

 Functional Groups

7 Functional group 5 Functional group

O O
|| ||
– SO3H – OH
—C — NH2 —C — H

O O
|| || – NH2 – SH
—C — OR —C — OH

O O O O
|| || || ||
—C — O — C — R —C — Cl —C —

—CN
 7 Functional group 5 Functional group

Rule : If above 7 functional groups Rule : Numbering is done from the

are present in carbon chain, it side of the chain which gives
is always given the position 1. the lowest number to functional
group
O
CH3 — C — OH CH3 — CH2 — CH — CH3
OH

O
CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — CH2 — C — H
 Selection of main chain / numbering
Functional group > Multiple Bonds > No. of carbon atoms > No. of substituents
> lowest locant > alphabetical order

Note : If first alphabet of the secondary suffix is a / e / i / o / u then e of primary

suffix will be dropped.

Lowest locant Functional group > Multiple Bond > Substituents

The senior functional group makes the suffix while other junior functional
group are written as prefix in alphabetical order.
O
CH3 — C — CH2 — CH2 — OH
 Alcohols
Functional Suffix Prefix
group

CH3 — OH

CH3 — CH — CH3
OH
 Alcohols

OH OH

CH3

CH3 — C — CH3

OH

CH3 — CH — CH — CH3

OH CH3
 Alcohols
OH OH

CH3
OH

OH
OH

OH
 Amines
Functional Suffix Prefix
group
NH3

CH3 — CH2 — NH2

CH3

CH3 — CH2 — NH

N
 Amines

CH3 — CH2 — NH2

CH3 — CH — CH3
NH2

CH3 — CH2 — NH — CH3

CH2 = CH — CH2 — NH2

 Amines

NH2
NH2

OH
NH2
 Ketones
Functional Suffix Prefix
CH3 — C — CH3 group

CH3

O
 Carboxylic Acid

O Functional Suffix Prefix

|| group
H — C — OH

O
||
C — OH

C — OH
||
O
 Carboxylic Acid

C — OH
||
O

C — OH
||
O
 Aldehydes & Ketones
Functional Suffix Prefix
group
CH3 — CH = O

CH3 O

CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — CH — CH2 — C — H

Br
 Aldehydes & Ketones
Functional Suffix Prefix
O group

CH3 — CH2 — CH CH — C — H

CH3 — CH2 — C — CH2 — C — H

O
 Aldehydes & Ketones
O

C—H

C—H

CH2 — CH3
 Acid Anhydride

C — OH HO — C

O
+ O

O O
CH3 — C — OH + HO — C — CH3
 Acid Anhydride

C — OH O

O + HO — C — CH3
O
||
C
O
C
||
O

O
C C
|| ||
O O
 O
||
Note 1. —C — OH

O O

C — OH C — OH

C — OH

O
O
C — OH
 O
||
Note 2. —C — H

O
C—H

O
C—H
 Ester
O
||
R' — C — O — R

O
||
1. H — C — O — CH3

O
||
2. CH3 — C — O — CH2 — CH3

O
||
3. CH3 — CH2 — C — O — CH2 — CH3
 Amides
O Functional
|| Suffix Prefix
group
1. H — C — NH2

O
||
C — NH2

2.

O
||
3. CH3 — C — NH2
 Nitrile
Functional Suffix Prefix
group
CN

CH3 — C  N
 Acid Halide
Functional
O Suffix Prefix
|| group
C — Cl

O
||
CH3 — C — Cl
 Ether

R` — O — R
CH3 — O — CH3

CH3 — O — CH2 — CH3

O — CH2 — CH3