WEEK 1

Art History

- is studying art objects within their era period

- Instead, art history involves analyzing visual arts' meaning (painting,
sculpture, architecture) in the context of the period when they were
created.

According to Britannica Encyclopedia, art history or art historiography is the

historical study of the visual arts.

"identifying, classifying, describing, evaluating, interpreting, and understanding

the art products and historical development of different kinds of art".

Art Appreciation

- "art appreciation" refers to the knowledge of general and everlasting

qualities that classify all great arts.

It refers to the exploration of visual art forms or the introduction of basic

principles of visual literacy. It also includes interpretation without reference to the
subject matter, symbolism, or historical context.

Art appreciation can be subjective. It can depend on personal preferences for

aesthetics and form or based on several elements and principles of design,
depending on social and cultural acceptance.

C. S. Flores (1999) states that art appreciation aims to make man humane.

Nature of Art

- It covers various areas of artistic creativity that seek to communicate

beauty primarily through the senses. It embraces the visual arts (e.g.,
painting, sculpture, architecture, and graphic arts), auditory arts, and
performing arts (e.g., music, dance, theater, opera, and cinema).
Creativity, Imagination, and Expression

▪ Creativity focuses on the process of forming original ideas

through exploration and discovery.

▪ According to Albert Einstein, imagination is more important

than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination personifies
the world.

▪ According to Robin George Collingwood, expression is what

an artist does to emotion. The artist discovers their own feelings
and creates something beautiful out of them simultaneously
through expression.

Art and Nature

- Art is not in nature.

- Although artists make art using nature as their inspiration and medium,
nature is not automatically art.

Nature inspires perception, and that vision is what produces the artwork. It is
through this perception of the nature of things and the world that artists create
different artworks.

Assumptions (and Theories) of Art

Art is Universal

Art is universal and timeless, spanning generations and continents

thoroughly. It transcends cultures, conditions, or situations.

Art imitates life and reality.

Art is born in experience;

it is the footprint or fingerprint of the artist's experience of reality. Since

artists live in a given time, place, and culture, their artworks are statements that
probe the concepts of life and reality during their time.
Art has intrinsic worth: The value is in itself

Humanities are generally regarded as the areas in which human values,

expressiveness, and creativity are celebrated.

Art is Imitation

- Plato, the idealist, believes that art is far removed from reality, which exists
in the realm of ideas or universals.
- He places art on the same level as shadow and water reflections, all mere
illusions of reality.

Aristotle, an empiricist, rejected the belief in the realm of ideas.He believed that
reality exists right in the world, around us, and within us, as our senses perceive.
Art is a mirror of reality; therefore, it brings us in contact with it.

Art is Pleasure

- art gave pleasure by representing the physical world. Aristotle, in his

Nicomachean ethics, explained the connection between imitation, learning,
and pleasure. Imitation is natural to humans from childhood. One of the
advantages of men over lower animals is that man is the most imitative creature
globally and learns first by imitation

Art is a Play

Like artists, everybody needs a break from routine and drudgery; we need
an outlet to vent our passions, emotions, and other forms of uncontrolled
expression of energy. Artists find this in art; they feel it indirectly through their
expression of their craft.

Art is Expression

Our reactions to art depend on two related assumptions. First, artists

express their emotions. Second, the expression is one of the sources of aesthetic
value. However, art as an expression is concerned with the relationship between
the artist and their work of art.
 Art...

● is universal
● imitates life and reality
● has intrinsic worth; the values are in itself
● is imitation
● is pleasure
● is play
● is expression

Categorizations of Art

Visual Arts. According to the ArtHearty website, "visual art can be defined as a form
of art that uses any medium to represent the artist’s idea, emotion, and
imagination". Visual art, such as paintings, sculptures, and architecture, has evolved
through time. Different eras saw the emergence of various art movements. The most
famous art movements and styles include impressionism, cubism, surrealism,
expressionism, favism, art nouveau, realism, and relativism.

1. Painting is the method of applying paint, pigment, color, or other media to a solid
surface (support base).
2. Sculpture is making 2D or 3D representative or abstract forms, especially by
carving stone or wood or casting metal or plaster.
3. Photography is the art, application, and skill of creating images by recording
light or other electromagnetic radiation through an image sensor or light-sensitive
materials.
4. Drawing is a form of visual art. It is when a person uses various drawing
instruments to mark on paper or another 2D medium.

Performing Arts. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization or UNESCO (2020), "performing arts range from vocal and
instrumental music, dance, and theatre to pantomime, sung verse, and beyond".

1. Theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers, typically
actors or actresses. Its goal is to present the experience of an actual or created
event before a live audience in a physical place, such a stage.

2. Music is a type of art and cultural activity that uses sound as its medium. It
is also considered as a sound that is organized in time.
 3. Film is a series of still images that, when shown on screen, create the
illusion of moving images.

4. Dance is a performing art form consisting of purposefully selected

sequences of human movement (Solmerano, 2019). Dance is a kind of
nonverbal communication where the body’s movement is aesthetically pleasing
and harmonious.

Literature refers to writing considered to have artistic merit:

a. Prose is a form of language that has no formal metrical structure. It applies a natural
flow of speech and ordinary grammatical structure instead of rhythmic structure, such as
traditional poetry.

b. Poetry is a type of literature based on the interplay of words and rhythm. It often
uses rhyme and meter (a set of rules governing the number and arrangement of
syllables in each line). In poetry, words are strung together to form sounds, images, and
ideas that may be complex or abstract to describe directly.

Applied arts is a broad subject area that combines aesthetics, design, consumer need,
and finding practical solutions to problems. It is an area where innovation and
decoration come together to create objects and ideas that are useful and beautiful
(Murphy, 2019).

1. Architecture is the art and science of designing building and nonbuilding

structures.
2. Fashion design is a form of art dedicated to creating clothing and other
accessories that form part of someone’s lifestyle. Modern fashion designing can
be further divided into two broad categories: ready-to-wear and haute couture.
3. Any object made of wood that is aesthetically pleasing to the eye and functional
is called wood crafts.
4. Interior design is the art and science of enhancing the interior of a building to
achieve a healthy and aesthetically pleasing environment for the people using
the space.

WEEK 2
Functions of Art

Aristotle claimed that every particular substance on earth has an end or “telos” in
Greek, which means “purpose.” Think of the purpose of things around you, such as
chairs, tables, picture frames, cups, books, chandeliers, furniture, etc. Each of them
serves a purpose. This purpose is the reason why they are made or why they exist in
this world. The telos or purpose is directly related to the function.

For things to serve its purpose, it must fulfill its function. The following are
different functions of art:

1. Personal Function.
- art merely for personal gain.
- how a person used an art.
- expressive art, art entertainment, and art therapy.
- person can use art for self-expression.

2. Social Function.
- Art serves social functions when it can influence other people
- The works of Jose Rizal, that is, Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo,
- were not only works of art but they brought about change in society.

3. Physical Function.

- serves as both the source and inspiration of it.

- eating utensils alone, are composed of physical shapes and
curvatures that can be turned into a minimalist installation.
- Same with ordinary objects like cups or chairs, that are intricate in
their own geometrical purposefulness.

FUNCTIONS OF ART

1. Personal Function
a. Art opens our senses and sharpens our perception of the world
b. Art is an avenue of expression for human feelings, emotions, motivations,
and ideas.
c. Art provides awareness to other ways of thinking, feeling, and imagining,
aside from our own.
2. Social Function
a. Art seeks to influence human behavior, either negatively or positively.
b. Art is created and can be used primarily for public, utilitarian function
 c. Art expresses or describes individual, social, or collective aspects of
existence.
3. Physical Function
Many attempts have been made to answer the basic questions that man
asks about himself, his life, and reality, but no one has not found a definite
answer to what he is. One’s existence becomes increasingly complicated
because machines and modern technology are replacing his traditional
physical functions. Art and skilled workmanship mitigate the automatic or
robotic effects of technology.

Philosophies of Art
Philosophy of art is the study of the nature of art, including interpretation,
representation, expression, and form that is closely related to aesthetics, which is the
philosophical study of beauty and taste. Several philosophies of art are listed as follows:

Art as Imitation

- Art as imitation came from the Greek Philosopher Plato.

- In his book, “Republic,” He believed that everything on earth is only
an imperfect copy of what is in the world of forms.

Art as Representation

- According toAristotle, all arts have their techniques and rational principles,
and the artist/craftsman brings his conceptions through mastery.
- their representations are fuller and more meaningful than what nature gives
us.
- Aristotle believed that art is not a copy of a copy but a version of possible
realities.
- According to Aristotle, art has two purposes, as follows: art allows us to
experience pleasure
- art can teach people and lead them to reflect on life.

● Art for Art’s Sake (for aesthetic)

- A slogan translated from the French word that was coined in the
early 19th century by French Philosopher Victor Cousin.
- The phrase expresses the belief held by many writers and artists,
especially those associated with aestheticism, that art needs no
 justification, and it needs to serve no political, didactic, or another
end.

WEEK 3
Subject and Content of Art

Pieces of art are composed of three main parts, namely, subject, form, and
content. People easily confuse the subject and the content, but the two concepts are
different. Content involves all the parts of an artwork, such as the subject. Thus, the
content can be seen as a macro element of the piece, whereas the subject is a
microelement of the artwork.

Subject of Art
- The subject is a recognizable part of art because it is easily depicted by our
senses.
- It is the visual focus of the image that may be extracted from examining the
artwork.
- pertains to the “what” of an artwork.

Sources and Kinds of Subject of Art

1. Nature

- The natural environment has always been the source and popular subjects
used by the artist.
- Van Gogh’s Starry Night is a good example.

2. Animals
- Most primitive paintings and sculpture are about animals.
- Either the graceful movements or he brute strength of certain animals
continued to attract and inspire painters and sculptors.
3. History
- historical figures such as rulers, statesmen, leaders, and heroes were
always good subjects for writers, painters, and sculptors.
4. Mythology, Legend, and Folklore
- Religious and mythical characters are also the favorite subjects of many
artists.
5. Everyday Life
- Several artists make as subjects people doing ordinary
 activities.

Content in Art

- meaning that is communicated in an artwork.

- Content is the communication of ideas, feelings, and reactions that are
connected with the subject. When we look at a painting, its content is what
is sensed instead of what can be analyzed.
- it is the “why” of any artwork.
- it is the “how” of any artwork.

There are three levels in the meaning of the content of art:

1. Factual
- The literal statement or the narrative content in the work that can be
directly apprehended because the objects presented are easily
recognized.
2. Conventional
- It refers to the special meaning that a certain object or color has a
particular culture or group of people.
3. Subjective
- Any personal meaning consciously or unconsciously conveyed by
the artist by using a private symbolism that stems from his
association of certain objects, actions, or colors with past
experiences.
WEEK 4
Filipino Artists and Artisans

- The awards for Filipino artisans is called the Order of the National Artists
the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA).

A. National Artists

- The NCCA inducts Filipino artists in the Order of National Artists from the
fields of architecture, cinema, literature, historical literature, visual arts,
dance, theater, theater design, music, and fashion design.
- It honors Filipino artists that contribute to the national identity through arts
and have dedicated their lives to the creation of art. (National Commission
for the Culture and the Arts, n.d.)

- Fashion designer Ramon Valera, filmmakers Lino Brocka and Kidlat

Tahimik, composer and musician Ryan Cayabyab, and visual artist Larry
Alcala are among those inducted in the Order of National Artists.

B. GAMABA

- The National Living Treasures Award, or Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan,

- honors Filipino artistsan who have proven technical and artistic excellence
in cultural and traditional art.
- The GAMABA award is given to those who have passed on their craft to the
next generation.

A. Purpose

- The artisan creates work with a social or cultural purpose in mind.

- Indigenous cloth weavers
- carry on a culture and way of life to future generations.
- Artists, on the other hand, make art to express their perceptions of reality.
- The art they create is a "completed" piece that is meant to be seen and
interpreted by individuals outside of the artist's social circle

B. Content

- The content of GAMABA winners' and National Artists' work differs, as

shown in their works.
 - Artists' works are usually about the setting or local environment in which
they live, whereas artisan works are about cultural symbols.

C. Mediums
- Written literature, built architecture, staged drama, film, music, and visual
arts are all used by an artists.
- Artisans work with natural materials like grass as well as traditionally
traded materials like gold and other metals.

D. Techniques

- Artists use and innovate from techniques taught in art schools.

- artisans learn the techniques of crafting from their ancestors
- artists innovate from tried-and-tested techniques.

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Aspects of the Art Market

The art market is where buyers and sellers of art transact with each other.
It is a unique market because it uses a complex system to set art prices based
on prediction on future values of art and cultural value. (Plattner, 1998)
Additionally, many art market transactions are done privately. (Coslor, 2016)

It takes several experts and clients to run the art market smoothly. Here
are the key actors within the art market

● Art Administrators or Managers

- Administrators or managers are the ones responsible for the efficient
allocation of resources to produce art.
- They decide what projects should be prioritized and how much
resources can be dedicated to selected projects.
- knowledge to produce the exhibit.
- Managers are responsible for keeping things running smoothly in art
events, such as what is advertised in the poster below.

● Curators
- an expert in the art that is being managed.
- He/She facilitates the research and sharing of relevant information
that contextualize an art piece.
 - a curator advises the management on how to present an artwork so
that it will be appreciated by the audience.

● Art Buyers
- who buy art and often do so based on their personal taste and for a
personal function
- find and purchase artwork to suit their distinguished taste.
- evaluate the quality and worth of a piece of art within an economic
framework.

● Collectors
- Collections typically hold pieces of artwork from an individual artist,
particular school or art, art theme, or period.

● Art Dealers
- buy artwork from artists or artists’ agents and sell them to buyers or
collectors.
- They forge good relationships with artists to represent and with
collectors and museums whose interests are likely to match the work
of the represented artists.
- Art dealers are usually the first persons to bring new artwork to the
public arena.

● Talent Agents
- they bring to the public the work of the artist.
- they bridge artists to funders who can give resources and money to
write books, make a musical album, make a film, or make a collection
of paintings.

WEEK 5

Elements of Art

- Art is a powerful language.

 - Artists communicate thoughts, ideas, and emotions through art.

The elements of art are the following:

Color

- It is harder to see colors when the light is dim.

- Color relies on light.

Characteristics of Color

A. Hue
Hue is the name of a color, such as red, blue, or yellow.
- Primary Colors – red, blue, and yellow
- Secondary Colors – violet, green, and orange
- Complementary Colors – those that are opposite in the scale
- Intermediate Colors – those that are adjacent to each other in the wheel.

B. Value
- lightness or darkness of a color..

Scale of Medium
- the creation of value through shadows or reflection of light, and the
intensity or saturation (the brightness or darkness of a hue).
Color Schemes
- Colors can be combined to produce many interesting and exciting results.

The following are examples of the color schemes:

Monochromatic – This scheme uses different values of a single hue, such
as dark green, medium green, and light green.

Analogous – Colors are side by side in the color wheel and share a hue.

Warm or Cool Color Scheme – Warm color schemes with red, yellow, and
orange colors project the sun and its warmth. Artists use blue, green, and
violet, that is, a cool color scheme, to make the preceptors/viewers think
of cool items, such as ice or grass.

Ways of Using Color

A. Representational Use – The artist paints objects from the real world in
hues approximating the colors that are present in ordinary illumination,
thereby indicating color constancy in the color of the objects.
 B. Impressionist Use – It rejects the use of painting or colors in the local
order; instead, it seeks to render nature with a sensitive perception of the
effects of changing conditions of lights on objects.

C. Decorative or Ornamental Use – o pattern and design in which colors

appear as design components to enhance rhythm and sensuous appeal.

D. Personal Use – express his feelings and emotions and their

spontaneous impulses and whims.

E. Scientific Use – using a consistent format of a colored square of a

different hue.

F. Symbolic Use – colors changes from one culture to another and may
also vary from one period to another.

2. Line

- A line as an element of art is defined as the path of a moving point through

space.
- Line is defined as the shape of the artwork.

Kinds of Lines

A. Horizontal Lines (landscape)

- parallel to the ground and appear to be at rest projecting a sense of
quiet relationship and contemplation.
- Long horizontal lines give a sense of infinity that is difficult to obtain
in any other way.

B. Vertical Lines (portrait)

- the body in an upright standing position and generally express poise,
alertness, equilibrium, firmness, strength and it connotes a static position
though not without tension.

C. Diagonal Lines
- body forward and charging purposefully towards an objective.
- It signifies energy, dynamism, impulse, will power, aspiration, and passion,
as well as emotion.
D. Curved Lines
- show action, life, and energy.
- Curved lines are allied to feelings, impulse, spontaneity, play graces,
charm eroticism and sensuality.
E. Zigzag Lines
- Lines, which are made from combined diagonal lines, can create confusion
or suggest action.

3. Shape
- A shape is an art element that refers to a region defined by one or more other art
elements. A shape can only have two dimensions: length and width.

Kinds of Shapes
A. Geometric Shape
- They are to be made with a ruler or drawing tool. Square, circle,
triangle, rectangle, and oval are the five geometric shapes.
B. Organic
- also called free form .
- aren't even or regular.
- Their contours might be curved, angular, or a combination of the two.

4. Form

- Like shapes, forms have length and width, art also has third-dimension
depth and this is called form.

5. Space

- distance between around, above, and within things.

The relationship between the positive and the negative spaces will affect how the
artwork can be interpreted.

6. Texture – You can feel the texture of your desk or worktable by running your
finger over the top of it.

Types of Texture

A. Optical Texture - An artist can create a color illusion with his skillful painting
style.
B. Physical texture - an artist might utilize powerful brushstrokes to convey the
artist's and his subject's physical and emotional strength.

C. Ephemeral Texture – This is the third group of textures whose transient

shapes, including clouds, dust, fire, bubbles, and liquids, are subject to shift.
Elements of Music

● Meter and Beat – A beat is the rhythm of music; it may be normal or

irregular. The notes and rests correspond to a certain number of beats;
beats are grouped in a measure.
● Dynamics – Dynamics refer to performance volume. Dynamics are
indicated in written compositions by abbreviations or symbols that
signify the power to play or sing a note or move.
● Harmony – Harmony is what you hear when you play two or more notes
or strings simultaneously. Harmony encourages and gives structure to
the melody.
● Melody – It refers to the overall melody that is created by playing a
sequence of notes or succession and is influenced by pitch and rhythm.
● Pitch – The sound pitch is based on the vibration frequency and the
vibrating object’s dimension.
● Tempo – Tempo refers to the speed of performing a piece of music.
● Texture – Musical texture refers to the number and form and how these
layers are connected in a composition.

Elements of Literature

● Emotional Appeal – accomplished if the reader is affected by literary

work emotionally
● Intellectual Appeal – adds information or knowledge to remind you of
what he forgot
● Humanistic Meaning – can be accomplished by rendering a literary work
an improved individual with an improved outlook in life and a good view
of his inner self

Elements of Poetry

● Denotation/Conation – Denotation is the true meaning of a dictionary

word.
● Imagery - This is a representation of the meaning gained via
experience.
● Figurative Language - The most common and crucial aspects of the
language are similarity and metaphor.
● Rhythm/Meter - In language, meter refers to the placement of accents at
ostensibly equal intervals. A line is a unit of measurement in metrical
language.
● Meaning and Idea - A poem’s meaning is the experience it is
expressing. Here, we can distinguish between a poem’s total meaning
 and its prose significance.

Elements of Short Story

● Plot – Plot refers to the succession of incidents or events that make up a

story.
● Character –Character reading is more complicated, varied, and
ambiguous than reading for a ploy. Most short stories focus on one
character or evolve into one.
● Themes – Theme refers to a master understanding of a fictional work or
its central perspective. This is the unifying generalization of life, which
the story tells or implies.
● Symbol and Irony – A literary sign is more than what it says. It's an item,
a person, a scenario, an action, or anything else in the story that has a
literal meaning but also indicates or presents alternative meanings.

Elements of Dance

● Body – Dance consists of many movements of the body, reflecting

sentiment and feeling. Our bodies act to express themselves through
locomotive and nonlocomotive movements.
● Energy – Energy refers to the force that our body works to convey.
● Space or Level – We need to make good use of our surroundings to
show variation and movement.
● Relationship – We also dance with another person or a huge number of
people in a band or group. We communicate and react with our bodies
similar to having a conversation.
● Time – Timing is an essential part of any dance. We follow the beat or
rhythm of our actions to match the music.

Elements of Drama

● Theme – A play’s theme refers to its core premise. It can either be

stated through a dialog or action or can be concluded after watching the
entire performance.
● Plot – The order of events that occur in a play make up its plot.
● Character – The characters are parts of the story that are intertwined
with the dramatic plot. Every character in a play has its personality and
a set of principles and convictions.
● Dialogue – The story of a play is conducted through dialogues. The
narrative is revealed to the viewer through the engagement of the
characters in the form of dialogues.
● Setting – The period in which the events happened affects personalities
 and characters.
● Performance – Performance is a major aspect of the drama because the
effect of a plot on the viewer is primarily affected by the actors’
performances.
● Music – This dimension involves the use of sound and rhythmic
compositions used in dialogs and musical compositions.
● Visual Element – The narration and music are the auditory elements of
the film, while the visual dimension includes situations, costumes, and
special effects.

Principles of Design
The guidelines that a designer must follow in order to create an effective and
appealing composition are known as design principles.

1. Emphasis – Make a mental outline of everything you want to do. Allow your brain
to organize the data before laying up your design in a way that conveys that
order. If the band's name is the most important piece of information, put it in the
middle or make it the poster's largest feature; you can also place it in the
strongest, boldest type. Similar to writing without an outline or building without a
blueprint, if you start your composition without an idea of what you are trying to
communicate, then your design will not succeed.

2. Balance and Alignment – A weight is assigned to each element on a page. Color,

size, and texture can all contribute to weight. You wouldn't put all of your furniture
in one corner of a room, and you shouldn't put all of your heavy pieces in one
region of your composition. Equally weighted items located on both sides of a
centerline generate balance in symmetrical design. Asymmetrical design, on the
other hand, employs opposing weights to produce an uneven yet balanced
composition. Symmetrical patterns are always pleasing, if a little dull at times.
Asymmetrical designs are bold and can give your composition a lot of visual
appeal and movement.

3. Contrast – Contrast is what people mean when they say a design “pops.” It
comes away from the page and sticks in your memory. Contrast creates space
and difference between elements in your design. Your background needs to be
significantly different from the color of your elements for them to work
harmoniously together and are readable.

4. Repetition – A design's repetition unites and strengthens it. If only one thing on
your band's poster is written in blue italic sans-serif, it could be interpreted as a
mistake. You've built a motif and regained control of your design if three things
are in blue italic sans-serif. Repetition is vital for more than just one printed
product. Beautiful graphic patterns are a big part of today's packaging design.
 5. Proportion - The apparent size and weight of parts in a composition, as well as
how they relate to one another, is referred to as proportion. It is generally more
effective to approach your design in portions rather than as a whole.

6. Movement - The elements in a composition are controlled by movement. As a

result, the eye is drawn from one to the next, and the information is effectively
conveyed to your audience.

7. White Space – White space (or negative space) is the only one that specifically
deals with what you do not add. White space is the empty page around the
elements in your composition. For beginning designers, white space can be a
perilous zone. Giving a composition room to breathe can often upgrade it from
mediocre to successful. White space creates hierarchy and organization. Our
brains naturally associate ample white space around an element with importance
and luxury. It is telling our eyes that objects in one region are grouped separately
from objects elsewhere.

Principles of Art

1. Balance – Balance is concerned with arranging elements to ensure that no one

part of a work overpowers or outweighs any other part. In art, balance is either
seen or felt by the viewer.
Kinds of Balance
A. Formal Balance – This refers to symmetrical balances between the two halves
that are mirror images.
B. Informal Balance – This refers to asymmetrical balances two dissimilar
elements that seem to carry equal weight.

2. Variety – Routine activity day after day can become dull and boring. The same
color or shapes repeated over and over in an artwork can make an artwork dull
as well. To avoid this, artists use variety concerned with combining one or more
elements to create interest by adding slight changes.

3. Harmony – If limited variety can become dull and boring, then excessive variety
can also create disorder and chaos. Artists avoid such predicaments in their
works by using the principle of harmony. Harmony is a principle of art that is
concerned with blending elements to create a calm and restful appearance.

4. Emphasis – To attract and gain the viewer’s attention to significant aspects of an

artwork, artists use the principle of emphasis. The power of emphasis makes an
element in a work stand out. It can be created by contrast or by extreme changes
in an element.
5. Proportion – Proportion is a principle of art that is concerned with the relationship
of one part to another and the whole. Elements, just like color, can be used in
differing proportions to create emphasis.

6. Movement – Artists use the principle of movement to lead the viewer’s eyes
throughout the work. Movement is the principle of art used to create the look and
feel of action and guide a viewer’s eye through the work of art. It encourages the
viewer to scan, visualize, and probe the artwork.

7. Rhythm – Artists make use of the principle of rhythm, which is a principle of art
that is concerned with repeating elements to make a work seem active or to elicit
vibration. To create rhythm, an artist can repeat the element and the same
objects over and over.
8.