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Notes- Classification of Elements

The document provides an overview of the classification of elements in the periodic table, highlighting the transition from early atomic mass-based classifications to the modern atomic number-based system. It details the structure of the periodic table, categorizing elements into periods and groups based on their electronic configurations and properties. Additionally, it discusses periodic trends, anomalies, and the significance of classification in predicting chemical behavior and understanding bonding.

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4 views

Notes- Classification of Elements

The document provides an overview of the classification of elements in the periodic table, highlighting the transition from early atomic mass-based classifications to the modern atomic number-based system. It details the structure of the periodic table, categorizing elements into periods and groups based on their electronic configurations and properties. Additionally, it discusses periodic trends, anomalies, and the significance of classification in predicting chemical behavior and understanding bonding.

Uploaded by

dominegang09
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Classification of Elements in the Periodic Table – Class 11 Notes

1. Introduction
The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic number and chemical
properties.

Early classifications were based on atomic mass (Mendeleev’s Periodic Table).

Modern classification is based on atomic number (Modern Periodic Law by Moseley).

2. Modern Periodic Law


Statement: "The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions
of their atomic numbers."

Elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic number, leading to periodic


repetition of properties.

3. Structure of the Modern Periodic Table


Periods (Horizontal Rows):

There are 7 periods (1 to 7).

Each period indicates a new principal energy level (n).

Period 1: 2 elements (H, He)

Periods 2 & 3: 8 elements each

Periods 4 & 5: 18 elements each

Period 6: 32 elements (includes Lanthanides)

Period 7: Incomplete (includes Actinides)

Groups (Vertical Columns):

There are 18 groups (1 to 18).

Elements in the same group have similar valence electrons and chemical properties.

Main Group Elements (s & p-block): Groups 1, 2, 13–18

Transition Elements (d-block): Groups 3–12

Inner Transition Elements (f-block): Lanthanides & Actinides

4. Classification Based on Electronic Configuration


s-Block Elements (Groups 1 & 2):

Valence shell configuration: ns¹–ns²

Highly reactive metals (alkali & alkaline earth metals).

Form basic oxides.

p-Block Elements (Groups 13–18):

Valence shell configuration: ns² np¹–ns² np⁶

Includes metals, non-metals, and metalloids.


Group 18: Noble gases (inert, fully filled orbitals).

d-Block Elements (Transition Metals) (Groups 3–12):

Valence shell configuration: (n-1)d¹–¹⁰ ns⁰–²

Show variable oxidation states.

Form colored compounds and act as catalysts.

f-Block Elements (Inner Transition Metals):

Lanthanides (4f-series) & Actinides (5f-series).

Valence shell configuration: (n-2)f¹–¹⁴ (n-1)d⁰–¹ ns²

Most are radioactive.

5. Periodic Trends
Atomic Size:

Decreases across a period (increased nuclear charge).

Increases down a group (new electron shells).

Ionization Energy (IE):

Energy required to remove an electron.

Increases across a period, decreases down a group.

Electron Affinity (EA):

Energy released when an electron is added.

Increases across a period, decreases down a group.

Electronegativity:

Ability to attract shared electrons.

Highest in fluorine (F), decreases down a group.

6. Anomalies in Periodic Trends


Small atomic size of 2nd period elements (Li, Be, B) due to no d-orbitals.

Irregular trend in IE (e.g., O < N due to half-filled stability).

7. Significance of Classification
Helps predict chemical behavior and reactivity.

Useful in understanding bonding (ionic/covalent).

Guides the study of periodic properties like metallic character.

Key Points to Remember:


✔ s-block: Highly reactive metals (Groups 1 & 2).
✔ p-block: Diverse properties (metals, non-metals, metalloids).
✔ d-block: Transition metals with variable oxidation states.
✔ f-block: Inner transition metals (radioactive).
✔ Periodic trends help compare reactivity and properties.

Would you like a diagram or mnemonic for better memorization? 😊

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