Basic Electrical Engineering

Dr. Rashmi Prasad

Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
NIT Rourkela
 Syllabus
 Module1: Introduction: Sources of energy, steam, hydro and nuclear power generation, general structure of electrical power
systems. (Hours:1)
 Module2: DC Networks: Kirchoff’s laws, node voltage and mesh current methods, delta-star and star-delta conversions,
superposition principle, Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems, Maximum Power Transfer Theorem. (Hours:6)
 Module3: Single phase AC circuits: Single phase emf generation, average and effective values of sinusoids, solution of R, L, C
series circuits, j operators, solution of parallel and series-parallel circuits, series -parallel resonance. (Hours:6)
 Module4: Three-phase AC circuits: Three phase emf generation, delta and star connections, line and phase quantities, solution of the
three phase circuits with balanced voltage and balanced load conditions, phasor diagram, measurement of power in three phase
circuits, three phase four wire circuits. (Hours:3)
 Module5: Magnetic circuits: Review of fundamental laws of electromagnetic induction, transformer and rotational emfs, Solution of
magnetic circuits. (Hours:3)
 Module6: DC machine: Construction, principles of emf generation, equivalent circuit, torque, speed and efficiency calculation,
speed control of DC motors. (Hours:6)
 Module7: Single Phase Transformer: Construction, emf equation, phasor diagrams at no load and full load, equivalent circuit,
voltage regulation and efficiency. (Hours:6)
 Module8: Induction Motor: Introduction to three-phase induction motor, construction, principle of rotating magnetic field,
equivalent circuit, concept of slip, torque speed relation. (Hours:4)
 Module9: Measuring Instruments: Introduction to basic instruments, voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter, principle of analog
measurements. (Hours:3)
 Curriculum
EE1000
1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter
Hours: 7 Hours:9 Hours:9 Hours:13
Module 5
(Magnetic circuits:
Module 1
laws of Module 7
(Introduction: Sources of Module 3
electromagnetic (Single Phase
energy & general (Single phase AC
induction, Transformer,
structure of electrical circuits. Hours:6)
transformer and Hours 6)
power systems. Hours:1)
rotational emfs,
Hours 3 )
Module 2
(DC Networks: laws and Module 4 Module 6 Module 8
methods, conversions, (Three-phase AC (DC machine. (Induction Motor,
principle, Theorem. circuits. Hours 3) Hours 6) Hours 4)
Hours:6)
Module 9
Mid Term (Measuring Instruments,
Hours 3)

Duration: 1 semester (38 Hours)

Course Objectives

To introduce different
circuit analysis
To develop cognizance of techniques about
fundamental electrical electrical networks
quantities and the salient subjected to both DC and
features of passive AC sources, and to provide
elements in the context of exposure to concepts of
both DC and AC circuits. electromagnetism and
introduce the analysis of
simple magnetic circuits.

To develop a basic
electrical circuit- To provide a brief
oriented understanding of description of the working
the different types of principle of the
electrical machines and electrical measuring
pertaining analysis instruments.
thereof.
 • CO1: Analyze and solve DC network problems.
• CO2: Apply the concept of phasor to analyze and
solve AC network problems.
• CO3: Understand the concept of complex quantities:
Voltage, Current, Power and their interrelations.
Course • CO4: Analyze and solve magnetic circuits and flux
Outcomes flow problems.
• CO5: Understand electrical equivalent model, power
flow principles, efficiency of DC and AC machines and
their applications.
• CO6: Identify suitable measuring instrument for
applications.
Reading
G. Rizzoni,
E. Hughes,
Principles and
Electrical and
Essential Applications of
Electronic
Reading Electrical
Technology,
Engineering,
PEARSON, 2010
TMH , 2017

V. D. Toro,
H. Cotton,
Electrical
Supplementary Electrical
Engineering
Reading Technology,
Fundamentals,
CBS , 2018
PHI , 2015
Module 1:
Introduction: Sources of energy, steam, hydro and nuclear power generation, general structure of electrical
power systems. (Hours:1)
Instantaneous nature of
electricity

• Power system requirements

- Reliable, always available
- Balanced generation and demand
- Stable operation
- Constant voltage
- Constant frequency 50Hz
- Quality of power
- Economically affordable
- Sustainable
Electricity as the main energy carrier

• Advantages
– It is easy to measure and control
– It can be used for variety of purposes
– It can be efficiently converted
– It can be transported with low losses

• Disadvantages
– Danger for human health
– Difficult to store in large quantities
Traditional Power system

Future power grid

To provide everyone with reliable, affordable, and sustainable electricity

IPCC report
• Climate change is
unprecedented
• Climate change due to human
activities
• Climate change will lead to
more extreme weather events
• Climate change can be
limited only by zero (or
negative) net emission of CO2
 How much energy is available?
World energy
2015 use 18.5 TWy/y

Renewables
Solar 23,000 Solar Natural gas
TWy/y Wind
Wind 75-130 World 2015
TWy/y OTEC
Waves 0.2-2 Oil
TWy/y Biomass
OTEC 3-11
TWy/y Hydro
Biomass 2-6 TWy/y
Geothermal Uranium
Hydro 3-4 TWy/y
Geothermal 0.2-3++ Waves
TWy/y
Tidal 0.3 TWy/y Tidal

Finite
Coal
Natural gas 220 TWy
Oil 335 TWy
Uranium 185++ TWy
Coal 830 TWy

Source: Perez and Perez, IEA-SHCP-Newsletter 62, Nov. 2015

Energy transition

14
Units

~300 GW
Module 2:
DC Networks: Kirchoff’s laws, node voltage and mesh current methods, delta-star and star-delta conversions,
superposition principle, Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems, Maximum Power Transfer Theorem. (Hours:6)
Basic Physics
• Energy is discussed in terms of consumption or storage over time, such as how many kilowatt-hours an appliance uses in a month.
• Power is often discussed in real-time or instantaneous terms, such as the power rating of an appliance or the power output of a generator. Power:
power is the rate of doing work, it follows that the SI unit of power is the joule per second, or watt. W (constant),w (varying).
• In electrical systems, both energy and power are used, but they serve different purposes: power describes the rate of usage or generation, while energy
describes the total amount used or produced.
• Circuit consist of: a)Source, b) load, c)transmission system and d)control apparatus------In a closed circuit the driving influence is provided by the
source which causes the current to leave at a high potential and to move round the circuit until it returns to the source at a low potential
• Charge (Q=It)
• Potential Difference(V=P/I)-or (W/Q) energy per unit charge.
• Electromotive force-- An electromotive force is that which tends to produce an electric current in a circuit, and the unit of e.m.f. is the volt.
• Conductor and insulators

Fig: Simple electrical circuit

 Active element Conventions
• An ideal independent source is an active element that
provides a specified voltage or current that is completely
independent of other circuit elements
• Ideal Independent voltage source- independent of the
Ideal Independent Voltage Source
current from the source.An ideal independent voltage
source delivers to the circuit whatever current is necessary
to maintain its terminal voltage.
• Ideal Independent current source- specified current through
the terminals. An ideal independent current source is an
active element that provides a specified current completely
Ideal Independent
independent of the voltage across the source. Current Source
• An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active
element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.

Dependent Dependent Current

Voltage Sources Sources
• Practical voltage sources can be represented as ideal
voltage sources in series with a resistance Rs,
• The ideal voltage source has zero internal resistance so
that changes in load resistance will not change the voltage
supplied.
• Practical current sources can be represented as ideal
current sources in parallel with a resistance Rp.
• The ideal current source having infinite internal
resistance so that changes in load resistance will not
change the current supplied.

Four possible types of dependent sources, namely:

1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
3. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS)
 Passive sign convention
• Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters through the
positive terminal of an element and p =vi. If the current enters through the
negative terminal, p =-vi.
Example:
- V + I
element Delivering
- V + I Power

element Absorbing
Power

p1 =20*(-5)=-100W (delivering power)

p2 =12*(5)= 60W (absorbing power)
p3 =8*(6)= 48W (absorbing power)
p4 =8*(-0.2I)=8*(-0.2*5)=-8W (delivering power)
Power Balance must be satisfied:
Net Delivering power = Net absorbing power
p1 + p4 = p2 + p3. or σ𝑖 𝑝𝑖 = 0
Conversions
• Two sources (or circuits in general) are said to be
equivalent if they have the same I-V relationship at a
pair of terminals.
• Voltage equivalent
• Current equivalent
• Resistance equivalent
Voltage Equivalent

E1 + E2 -E3

Current Equivalent
Resistance Equivalent
a) Series Circuit

• V=V1 +V2 +V3

• The effective resistance of the load R represents the ratio of the
supply voltage to the circuit current whence: V = IR
• V=IR1 +IR2 +IR3
• IR=IR1 +IR2 +IR3
• R=R1 +R2 +R3

• Voltage division between two series resistors

Resistance Equivalent
a) Parallel Networks

• I=I1 +I2 +I3

Or can be written in form

Current division between two parallel resistors of conductance (G)

Unit of conductance (G) is S or siemens

Question: Find Req

Ans: Req=10ohm
Ans: Req=11.2ohm
Example: Calculate VAB for the network
shown below:
Source Transformation
• A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source vs in
series with a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a resistor R,
or vice versa.
• A source may be represented either as a voltage source or as a current
source. The two types of representation have the the same resistance and
are related as V=IR
• Applicable for both Independent and Dependent sources

Is RL
RL
c

Note: Source transformation is not applicable to

𝑉 ideal voltage and current sources because they
𝑉 𝑅 𝑅 cannot be converted into each other.
I= = 𝑅+𝑅𝐿 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 .
𝑅+𝑅𝐿 𝑅+𝑅𝐿
𝑅
Network Equations
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage V across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current I flowing through the resistor. Temperature Node
remained constant.
• The direction of current I and the polarity of voltage V must conform
with the passive sign convention
• A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or
a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between two or more branches. Kirchhoff’s current law: The sum of the currents entering a
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit. node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node.
Note that KCL also applies to a closed boundary.

• Kirchhoff’s Law: For analyzing circuit, considering reference

polarities and reference directions
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that at any instant the algebraic
sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) in a network is
zero. Different signs are allocated to currents held to flow towards the
junction and to those away from it.
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: Algebraic sum of all branch voltages around
any closed loop of a network is zero at all instant of time.
E=V1 +V2 +V3
Kirchhoff’s voltage law
Example: For the network shown, I1 = 2.5 A and I2 = −1.5 A. Example:Find I in the circuit
Calculate the current I3.

By Kirchhoff’s law: The total current entering the closed surface is

equal to the total current leaving the surface.
1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5
𝐼=
I1 +I2 +I3 =0 30 + 30 + 30
I3 =−I1 −I2 =−2.5+1.5=−1.0A
Ans: I=0.05 A
Question: Determine vo and i in the circuit Question: Determine vo and i in the circuit shown
shown using KVL using KCL

Ans: vo = 12V i =6A

Ans: vo =48V, i = -8A
Wye-Delta Transformations
Used in circuit analysis when the resistors are neither in parallel nor in series.
Example

original Delta network, Y equivalent network.

Resistance calculation of Y equivalent network.
Question: Transform the wye network in Fig. to a delta Question: Find equivalent resistance across ab terminal.
network.

Ans: Ra =140, Rb =70, Rc =35.

Ans: Rab=142.32 ohm
Network Analysis
• Network analysis should be to determine whether component voltages and currents are known, in which case a direct
approach to the analysis may be made using the principles observed by Kirchhoff’s laws.
• If this is not possible then network reduction should be tried in order that the network is sufficiently simplified that it
becomes manageable.
• Should all else fail, then Kirchhoff’s laws should be applied to derive loop simultaneous equations from which the
solution will be obtained.
• There are a variety of techniques, all based on these two laws, that can simplify circuit analysis. The main techniques,
are:
• Mesh analysis.
• Nodal analysis.
• Thévenin’s theorem.
• Norton’s theorem.

Note: choose the method which best suits a particular problem. This simplifies circuit solution and makes less work overall!
Mesh analysis
• Variously known as Maxwell’s circulating current method, loop analysis or Mesh current analysis.
• Steps
• Step 1: Circulating currents are allocated to closed loops or meshes in the circuit rather than to branches.
Assign mesh currents (i1, i2, etc) to the meshes.
• Step 2: An equation for each loop of the circuit is then obtained by equating the algebraic sum of the
e.m.f.s round that loop to the algebraic sum of the potential differences (in the direction of the loop,
mesh or circulating current), as required by Kirchhoff ’s voltage (second) law.
• Step 3: Branch currents are found thereafter by taking the algebraic sum of the loop currents common to
individual branches. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.
Example: Calculate the current in each branch of the network (using Mesh Analysis)

loop 1:
-100 + 60 I1 + 30(I1-I3) + 50(I1-I2) + 20 = 0
or 100 - 20 = I1 (60 + 30 + 50) – I250 – I330
∴ 80 = 140I1 − 50I2 − 30I3 (i)

loop 2:
-50 - 20 +50(I2-I1) + 40(I2-I3) +10I2 = 0
or 50 + 20 = I2(50 + 40 + 10) −I150 − I340
∴ 70 = −50I1 + 100I2 − 40I3 (ii)
Let the circulating loop currents be
as shown in Figure loop 3:
+20I3 +40(I3 - I2) +30(I3 – I1) = 0
I1 = 1.65 A I2 = 2.16 A I3 = 1.50 A or 0 = I3(30 + 20 + 40) − I130 − I240
Current in 60 Ω = I1 = 1.65 A in direction of I1 ∴ 0 = −30I1 − 40I2 + 90I3 (iii)
Current in 30 Ω = I1 − I3 = 0.15 A in direction of I1 Solving (i),(ii) and (iii)
Current in 50 Ω = I2 − I1 = 0.51 A in direction of I2 [Hint Use calculator-Menu Equation Simultaneous
Current in 40 Ω = I2 − I3 = 0.66 A in direction of I2 Equation]
Current in 10 Ω = I2 = 2.16 A in direction of I2
Current in 20 Ω = I3 = 1.50 A in direction of I3. i
+ v -
drop=+vi
[Assumption Current moving from high to low potential considered positive]
 Supermesh: Mesh Analysis with
current source
• A supermesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or independent)
current source in common.
• Mesh analysis applies KVL—which requires that we know the voltage across
each branch—and we do not know the voltage across a current source in
advance.
• A supermesh must satisfy KVL like any other mesh.
• The following properties of supermesh:
1. The current source in the supermesh provides the constraint equation
necessary to solve for the mesh currents.
2. A supermesh has no current of its own.
3. A supermesh requires the application of both KVL and KCL.

[Note: Voltage drop across a current source depends on network parameter

thus is not known. Another approach can be using a variable voltage drop
across the current source]
Nodal Analysis
• Node Voltage method,is based on the application of Kirchhoff ’s first (current) law at each junction(node) of
the circuit
• The Node Voltage method generally proceeds as follows:
• Step 1: Choose a reference node to which all node voltages can be referred. Label all the other nodes with (unknown) values of
voltage, V1, V2, etc.
• Step 2: Assign currents in each connection to each node, except the reference node, in terms of the node voltages, V1, V2, etc.
• Step 3: Apply Kirchhoff ’s current law at each node, obtaining as many equations as there are unknown node voltages.
• Step 4: Solve the resulting equations to find the node voltages.
Example: Calculate the current in each branch of the network (using Nodal Analysis)

Step 1: Reference node shown. Voltages V1 , V2 and V3 assigned.

Node1 Node2 Node3 Step 2: Assign currents in each connection to each node
V1 V2 V3 Step 3: Apply Kirchhoff ’s current law at each node.
At node 1:
−100+𝑉1 −𝑉 +𝑉 −𝑉 +𝑉 1 1 1 1 1 100
+ 2 1 + 3 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑉1 + + − 𝑉2 ( ) - 𝑉3 ( ) =
60 30 20 60 30 20 30 20 60
 0.1 V1 – 0.0333V2 – 0.05V3 = 1.6667 (i)

At node 2:
−20+𝑉2 −𝑉 +𝑉 −𝑉 +𝑉 1 1 1 1 1 20
+ 1 2 + 3 2 = 0 ⇒ −𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + + - 𝑉3 ( ) =
50 30 40 30 50 30 40 40 50
=>-0.0333 V1 + 0.078333V2 – 0.025V3 = 0.4 (ii)

At node 3:
50+𝑉3 −𝑉 +𝑉 −𝑉 +𝑉 1 1 1 1 1 −50
+ 2 3 + 1 3 = 0 ⇒ − 𝑉1 ( ) − 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + + =
10 40 20 20 40 10 40 20 10
=>-0.05 V1 – 0.025V2 +0.175V3 = -5 (iii)
V1 = 1.067 V, V2 = -3.627 V, V3 = -28.785 V Solving (i),(ii) and (iii)
100−𝑉
Current in 60 Ω = I1 = 60 1=1.65 A entering Node1 [Hint Use calculator-Menu Equation Simultaneous Equation]
𝑉1 −𝑉2
Current in 30 Ω = = 0.15 A entering Node2
30
20−𝑉
Current in 50 Ω = 50 2 = 0.51 A entering Node2
𝑉 −𝑉
Current in 40 Ω = 240 3 = 0.62 A entering Node2
𝑉 +50
Current in 10 Ω = 310 = 2.12 A leaving Node3
𝑉 −𝑉
Current in 20 Ω = 120 3= 1.50 A entering Node3.
Supernode: Nodal analysis with
voltage source
• A supernode is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent)
voltage source connected between two nonreference nodes and any
elements connected in parallel with it.
• A supernode may be regarded as a closed surface enclosing the
voltage source and its two nodes.
• For KCL, current in the branch need to be knowm, but there is no
way of knowing the current through a voltage source in advance.
• KCL must be satisfied at a supernode like any other node.
• Properties of a supernode:
1. The voltage source inside the supernode provides a constraint
equation needed to solve for the node voltages.
2. A supernode has no voltage of its own.
3. A supernode requires the application of both KCL and KVL.
Circuit Theorems
• A major advantage of analyzing circuits using Kirchhoff’s laws (Mesh and Nodal Analysis) is that we can analyze a circuit
without tampering with its original configuration. A major disadvantage of this approach is that, for a large, complex
circuit, tedious computation is involved.
• To handle the complexity, some theorems (like Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems) are used to simplify circuit analysis.
• These theorems are applicable to linear circuits, linearity is the property of an element describing a linear relationship
between cause and effect.The property is a combination of both the homogeneity (scaling) property and the additivity
property
• Further for linear networks concepts of superposition is used to further simplify the analysis.
 Superposition Theorem
• The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit
is the algebraic sum of the volt- ages across (or currents through) that element due to each independent
source acting alone. or
• The Superposition theorem states that in any network containing more than one source, the current in, or
the p.d. across, any branch can be found by considering each source separately and adding their effects:
omitted sources of e.m.f. are replaced by resistances equal to their internal resistances.
• Replace every voltage source by 0 V (or a short circuit), and every current source by 0 A (or an open
circuit).

• Steps to Apply Superposition Principle:

1. Turn off all independent sources by replacing them with their internal resistance except one source. Find
the output (V or I) due to that active source. Internal resistance of independent current source is infinity so
current source is set as open and internal resistance of independent voltage source is zero so voltage
source is replaced by short circuit. Dependent sources are not replaced and kept as it is.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the independent sources.
 Example: Using the superposition theorem, find vo in the circuit

+ +
v’o v’’o
_
_

Turn off all independent sources and replace with their Turn off all independent sources and replace with their internal
internal resistance except for 12V Voltage resistance except 5A Current
2 5
Solving for v’o : 𝑣𝑜′ = 12 ∗ 2+3+5 = 2.4𝑉 (using voltage Solving for v’’o : 𝑣𝑜′′ = 5 ∗ 2+3+5 ∗ 2 = 𝟓𝐕 (using current division)
division)

Thus using superposition theorem: vo = v’o + v’’o

=(2.4 + 5) V=7.4 V
Example: Using the superposition theorem, find io in the circuit
Circuit 1:
For loop 1, i1=4 A (i)
For loop 2, -3i1 + (3+2+1)i2 – 1i3 =5i’o (ii)
For loop 3, -5i1 – 1i2 + (1+4+5)i3 =-5i’o (iii)
But at node 0, i3= i1 - i’o (iv)
Solving for i’o from (i) to (iv)
i’o = 52/17 A

Circuit 2:
For loop 4, (3+2+1)i4 – 1i5 =5i’’o (v)
For loop 5, – 1i4 + (1+4+5)i3 =20-5i’o (vi)
i5= - i’’o (vii)
Solving for i’’o from (v) to (vii)
i’o = -60/17 A

By Superposition:
i0 = i’0 + i”0 = -8/17 = -0.4706

Circuit 1 Circuit 2
By Superposition: i0 = i’0 + i”0
Norton’s Theorem
• Norton’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN, where IN is the short-circuit current
through the terminals and RN is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off.

The Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits are related by a source transformation.
Thevenin’s Theorem
• Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage
source VTh in series with a resistor RTh, where VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals and RTh is the input or
equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off.
• Thevenin’s theorem provides a technique by which the fixed part of the circuit is replaced by an equivalent circuit.

Linear Circuit •Step 1: Identify the Portion of Circuit to be made equivalent: here left side of terminal A-B
in fig(a).
with any
•Step 2: Remove the Load: Remove load resistor (R) connected across the terminals A-B
number of • Step 3: Find Thevenin Voltage or open circuit voltage across terminal (VTH or Voc​): Use
sources and circuit analysis to find voltage V.(as in fig(b))
resistors •Step 4: Find Thevenin Resistance (RTH​): Deactivate All Independent Sources: With the
sources deactivated, find the equivalent resistance looking into the terminals A-B (fig (c))
•For independent voltage sources, replace them with a short circuit.
•For independent current sources, replace them with an open circuit.
•Step 5: Draw the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit: Replace the original circuit with a simple
circuit consisting of VTH ​ in series with RTH ​, then reconnect the load.(fig(d))
Question: Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit to the left of the terminals a-b Then
find the current through RL for RL = 6 ohm

RTh = 4ohm, VTh = 30V

Isc 7.5A

b
RTh = 4ohm,
• Network with dependent sources: we turn off all independent sources. As with superposition, dependent
sources are not to be turned off because they are controlled by circuit variables.
To solve the network with dependent sources two approaches
• Approach1: Apply a voltage source vo at terminals a and b and determine the resulting current io. Then
RTh=vo/io
• Approach 2: Insert a current source io at terminals a-b and find the terminal voltage vo. Again RTh = vo/io.
Either of the two approaches will give the same result.
• In either approach we may assume any value of vo and io. For example, we may use vo=1V or io = 1 A, or
even use unspecified values of vo or io.

Ans: RTh =6ohm , VTH 20 V.

Maximum power Transfer Theorem
• Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance
as seen from the load (RL= RTh).

RL= RTh
Other Theorems
1) Tellegen’s Theorem
2) Reciprocity Theorem
Thank
You

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