EST 120 BASICS OF CIVIL &

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
• Civil engineering is a professional
engineering discipline that is more close with the
general public
• .oldest branches of engineering
 Civil Engineering is Everywhere
• Civil Engineering is a composite of many specific disciplines that include
structural engineering, water engineering, waste material management
and engineering, foundation engineering etc. among many.
DISCIPLINES OF CIVIL ENGINERING
Environmental
engineering

Geotechnical Transportation
engineering engineering

Civil
engineering Water
Structural resources
engineering engineering

Surveying and
Construction
remote
engineering
sensing
Environmental Engineering
• Environment is the available
nature around us.
• Environmental engineering is the
integration of sciences and
engineering principles to improve
the natural environment.
• Environment and safety.
 Construction Engineering
• Planning, scheduling and execution
• Men, material, time and money
management.
• Safety of men and material, utilization
of marginal materials etc.
Structural engineering

• Structure is the assemblage of two or more

basic elements such as beam, slab, column,
truss, frame, shells etc.
• quality of soil or rock
• Geotechnical engg: safety and
stability of structures
 Geotechnical Engineering
• Forces from structure are safely transferred to soil.
• Involves design of
• Foundations
• Slopes
• Retaining Structures
• Highway pavement design
• Embankments and earth dams
• Tunnels, underground structures and deep cuts
Transportation engineering

• Application of scientific approach to

transportation systems
• Planning, design,
construction/operation
• the design of pavement system for air
strip runways, roads and railway
• Maintenance and up gradation of
harbors and airports, railway system
 Deals with Transportation system
Planning And high way material design
Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation
Engineering
• Hydraulics deals with mechanics of water (fluid) flow.
• Water resource engineering deals utilization of available water resources
minimizing the loss.
• Water management for agriculture purpose.
- Dams – Storage
- Canals - distribution.
• Water management involves the use of hydraulic principles to design:
• Drainage systems,
• Detention/retention ponds,
• Navigational waterways, and
• Flood control levees, dams, and lakes.
 Surveying
• Topographic features location
• Chain surveying to remote sensing
• Objectives of Surveying

• Execution of survey to
collect
• topographic data
• Calculation and analysis of
data, plotting survey
data to create design maps
Remote Sensing & GIS
• Remote sensing is the science of obtaining
information about objects or areas from a
distance, typically from aircraft or satellites.
• A geographical information system (GIS) is a
system designed to capture, store, manipulate,
analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial
or geographical data.
Relevance of Civil engineering in
the overall infrastructural
development of the country
Infrastructure
• Infrastructure is the framework of supporting system consisting of roads,
airports, bridges, buildings, parks and other amenities for the comfort of
mankind.
• Higher the infrastructure facilities higher will be the growth prospects.
 Economic infrastructure
▪ Dams, power plants, Transportation, Irrigation
facilities, Sanitation, Communication facilities etc.

Social Infrastructure
• Schools, Colleges, Medical Facilities, Parks, Bus

stations etc.
Infrastructure deals with
Impact of infrastructural development of a
country
• Food production
• Drought, flood
• Housing facility
• Water supply
• Waste disposal
• Communication and transportation
• Generation of electricity from, nuclear, hydel, thermal, solar or wind
energy
• Standard of living and Overall growth of a nation
Impact of infrastructural facility on socio-
economic growth of a nation
• Large scale budget allocation for infrastructure leads to agricultural and
industrial developments.
• Provide employment, eradicates poverty and enhances per capita
income.
• Use of infarstructural facility only by upper class leads to imbalance.
 Role of Civil engineers
• In Infrastructural development
▪Construction of roads, railway, ports, harbors, airports
and dams
▪Construction of Housing, commercial and industrial
complexes
▪Maintenance of facility
▪Rebuilding, Rehabilitation, Retrofitting and Repair

• Proper utilization of water resources.

• Protection from disaster(by the advances of earthquake
resistant design)
• Safeguard the environment
INTRODUCTION TO
TYPES OF BUILDING
AS PER NBC
(based on occupancy)
 NBC
➢ National Building Code is prepared to unify the building
regulations throughout the country.

➢NBC is prepared by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).

➢First version is published in 1970

➢This is revised in 1983 and 2005

➢Later this edition was again revised to current one in 2016.

 BUILDING
Building defined in NBC as “any structures for whatsoever purpose and of
whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereof whether used as
human habitation or not and includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs,
chimneys, plumbing and building services, fixed platforms, verandah,
balcony, cornice or projection, part of building or anything affixed thereto or
any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space and signs and
outdoor display structures.”
(tents, shamianahs, tarpaulin shelters…-erected for temporary/ceremonial
purpose not considered as building)
 TYPES OF BUILDINGS
➢Classification based on occupancy.

Group A: Residential
Group B: Educational
Group C: Institutional
Group D: Assembly
Group E: Business
Group F: Mercantile
Group G: Industrial
Group H: Storage
Group J: Hazardous
Group A: Residential Buildings
➢ Buildings in which sleeping accommodation provided for normal

residential purposes with or without cooking or dining or both facilities,

except any building classified under Group C.
Group B: Educational Buildings
➢ Buildings used for school, college, other training institutions for day- care

purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation for not less
than 20 students.

➢Residential accommodation provided in school/ institution are classified as

sub-division A-3.
Group C: Institutional Buildings
➢Any building or part thereof, which is used for purposes, such as
medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from
physical or mental illness, disease or infirmity; cares of infants,
convalescents or aged persons and for penal or correctional
detention in which the liberty of inmates is restricted.
 Group D: Assembly Buildings
➢Any building or part of building, where number of persons not
less than 50 congregate or gather for amusement, recreation,
social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel and similar purposes. Eg:
theatres, assembly hall, museum, gymnasiums, restaurants, places
for worships etc
Group E : Business
Buildings
Group F: Mercantile Buildings
➢Any building or part of a building, used as shops, stores, market,
for display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail.
Group G: Industrial Buildings
➢ Any building or part of a building or structure, in which products or materials

of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled, manufactured or

processed.

➢Assembly plants, industrial laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants

generating units, pumping stations, fumigation chambers, laundries, building or
structures in gas plants, refineries etc.
 Group H: Storage Buildings
➢ Any building or a part of a building used primarily for or the storage or

sheltering (including servicing, processing, or repairing incidental to storage) of

goods, ware merchandise (except that those involve highly combustible or
explosive products or materials) vehicles or animals.

➢Warehouses, cold storage, grain elevators, freight depots, barns, transit sheds,
storehouse, garage, hangers etc.
Group J: Hazardous Buildings
➢Used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly
combustible explosive materials.

➢Which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and which may produce
poisonous fumes or explosions for storage, handling, manufacturing or
processing which involve highly corrosive, toxic alkalis, acids or other liquids or
chemical producing flames, fumes and explosive, poisonous, irritant or
corrosive gases.
 Occupancy classification of
buildings
Group Occupancy Sub divisions
A Residential A1 Lodging or rooming houses
A2 one- or two-family
dwellings
A3 Dormitories
A4 Apartments
A5 Hotels
A6 Starred Hotels

B Educational B1 Schools upto senior

secondary level
B2 All others/ training
institutions
 Occupancy classification of buildings
Group Occupancy Sub divisions
C Institutional C1 Hospitals & Sanatoria
C2 Homes for aged , orphans
C3 Prisons, mental hospitals

D Assembly D1 Theatres with fixed seats with more than

1000 persons
D2 Theatres with fixed seats for less than
1000persos
D3 Halls with capacity to hold more than 300
persons with no permanent seating
D4 Halls with capacity to hold LESS than 300
persons with no permanent seating
D5 All others including temporary structures
designed for assembly of people not covered
by sub divisions D1 to D4
D6 Buildings with mixed occupancies of
assembly and mercantile (malls)
D7 underground and elevated mass rapid
transit systems
 Occupancy classification of buildings
Group Occupancy Sub divisions
E Business E1 Office, banks, professional
establishments for Doctors, Engineers,
Lawyers
E2 Laboratories and Research
E3 Computer Installations
E4 Telephone exchanges
E5 Broadcasting stations
F Mercantile F1 Shops, stores, markets with area upto 500
m2 with storage incidental to sales
F2 Underground shopping centres/
departmental stores with area more than 500
m2 with storage and services incidental to
sales
F3 Underground shopping centres
Occupancy classification of buildings

Group Occupancy Sub divisions

G Industrial G1 Buildings used for low hazard industries
G2 Buildings used for moderate hazard
industries
G3 Buildings used for high hazard industries
H Storage Used for storage or sheltering of goods,
vehicles, animals
Warehouses, grain stores, garages, stables
J Hazardous Used for storage, handling, manufacturing
and processing of corrosive, toxic,
inflammable, explosive materials
 Site selection for buildings
1.The site should be fairly level with good quality of soil.
Failure due to weak soil.
2.The location should be calm but reasonably developed.
3.It should be well connected by the roads and other modes of
transport.
4.It should have proper communication facilities.
5.Electricity, water and sewer lines should be available.
6.It should be away from hazardous industries.

Bhopal, 1984
7.Flood prone areas, water logged areas and reclaimed land should be
avoided.
8.The site should have natural ventilation and lighting.
9.The amenities like schools, reacreation centres, shopping centres,
hospitals should be nearer
10.Site should have quick drainage properties.
11.The places prone to air and water pollution should be avoided.

Chennai
Smog in Beijing, China
12. The area must be sufficient for present and future development
13. The proper ownership and other legal matters have to be checked before
buying a site
14. The type of land use recommended at proposed site should be compiled as
per the town planning/development schemes
COMPONENTS OF A
RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING
COMPONENTS
❖ Substructure or foundation – Portion of building, below
ground level, which transmits the load of super structure to
the soil.

❖ Plinth or basement

❖ Superstructure – Component of the building which is

constructed above the plinth level.
FOUNDATION
❖ It distributes the total load coming on the structure over a large
bearing area so as to prevent it from any movement.

❖ It ensure the stability of the structure as a whole to prevent it

from overturning or sliding against the disturbing forces such as
wind, rain and frost.

❖ It provides a level and firm surface for the construction of

superstructure.

❖ It prevents unequal or differential settlement of the structure.

❖ It ensure the stability of the building against undermining due to

floodwater or burrowing animals.
PLINTH
❖ The thickness of the plinth wall depends upon the weight of the
superstructure and the width of the foundation concrete.

❖ The minimum height of the plinth is usually kept as not less than 45cm.

❖ To transmit the load of the superstructure to the foundation.

❖ To act as a retaining wall so as to keep the filling in the position below

the raised floor or the building.

❖ To protect the building from dampness or moisture.

❖ To enhance the architectural appearance of the building.

Plinth Beam
DAMP PROOF COURSE
❖ A layer of waterproof material provided on the top of the
basement to prevent dampness on the wall is called damp
proof course (D.P.C)
FLOORS
❖ The main function of a floor is to provide support for occupants, furniture,
and equipment of a building

❖ To divide the building into different levels for creating more accommodation
within the limited space

❖ All the floors, whether basement, ground or upper should be strong enough
to support the floor covering and other superimposed loads

❖ The floors provide a clean, smooth, impervious, durable and wear- resisting
surface.

❖ Should have adequate fire resistance and sufficient heat and sound insulation
 WALLS
❖ The main function of walls is to divide the space into different rooms.

❖ Walls support the loads from the roof/ upper floors to the foundations.

❖ It should be stable against overturning by lateral forces.

❖ The external walls should provide sufficient resistance against weathering

agencies like sun, wind, rain and snow.

❖ Walls should have sufficient heat and sound insulation.

❖ Walls should provide sufficient privacy and security against burglary.

DOORS & WINDOWS
❖ The main function of doors in a building is to serve as a connecting link
between internal parts and to allow free movement to the outside of the
building.

❖ Windows are generally provided for proper ventilation and lighting and
their number should be determined according to the requirements.

❖ They should be strong enough to resist the adverse effects of weather.

❖ They should be capable of being made air tight to achieve insulation

against sound and heat.

❖ They should not be affected by white ants and the moisture penetration
as this will reduce the strength and durability.

❖ They should offer sufficient privacy without inconvenience or trouble and

security against theft
BEAMS, LINTELS & SUNSHADES

❖ Beam is a horizontal structural member, which carries floor

slab or roof.

❖ Lintel is a beam that supports the masonry work over

openings in the walls.

❖ Sunshade is a projection provided outside a building above

the doors and windows to prevent direct sunlight and rains to
the rooms.
Beam
ROOFS
❖ A roof is the uppermost part of a building whose main functions is
to enclose the space and to protect the same from the effects of
weather elements.
❖ The roof structure should be strong and stable enough to take up
the anticipated loads safely.
❖ The roof covering should have adequate resistance to resist the
effects of weather elements.
❖ The roof should provide adequate insulation against heat
❖ The roof should have adequate insulation against sound from
external sources.
❖ Should offer an adequate degree of fire resistance
STEPS & STAIRS
❖ Steps are provided for access to the building
❖ A stair is a structure consisting of a number of leading from one
floor to another
❖ Location of stairs in all types residential and public buildings
should be such as afford the easiest and quickest service possible
to the building
❖ The main function of the stairs is firstly to provide a means of
communication between the various floors
❖ Secondly, it also acts as an escape from the upper floors in the
event of fire
PARAPET
❖ A short masonry wall built on top of the roof of a building is
called parapet. It serves as an enclosure above the roof and
as an element for good appearance

WEATHERING COURSE
➢ It is the layer provided over the roof slab to protect the roof
from weathering agencies like sunlight, rain and wind
FINISHES OF WALLS
❖ Finishes for walls are pointing, plastering, painting,
distempering etc.
❖ These finishes protect walls from effects of weather
❖ It covers the defective materials or poor workmanship to
some extent.
❖ It improves the aesthetic appearance of the building