GOLDEN RATIO

INDEX

1. History………………………………………………………………………………..01
2. Definition of Derivative……………………………………………………….02
3. Applications of Golden Ratio……………………………………………….02
3.1The Formula…………………………………………………………………..10
3.2 Fibonacci Sequence……………………………………………………….10
3.3 Monalisa by Leonardo D vinci………………………………………..18
3.4 Golden Ratio in design ipod…………………………………………..19
3.5Golden Ratio in Music…………………………………………………….20
3.6 Golden Ratio in Violin Construction……………………………….21
3.7 Golden Ratio In Nature………………………………………………….21
3.8 Golden Ratio In sunflower……………………………………………..22
4. Importance of Golden Ratio……………………………………………..….24
4.1 Golden Ratio Art Project…………………………………………………24
5.Use of Golden Ratio ……………………………………………………………..25
5.1 Architecture………………………………………………………………….26
5.2 Industrial Design……………………………………………………………27
5.3 Painting…………………………………………………………………………27
5.4 Book Design…………………………………………………………………..27
5.5 Use Of the Golden Ration in Everyday Life……………………..28
6.Reference……………………………………………………………………………29
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1.History :
The Golden Ratio, often denoted by the Greek letter phi (φ), is a
mathematical ratio approximately equal to 1.6180339887…. Its history dates
back thousands of years and spans mathematics, art, architecture, and nature.

Ancient History

Egypt (c. 2500 BCE): Some scholars believe the dimensions of the Great
Pyramid of Giza were based on the Golden Ratio, though this is debated.

Babylon and India: Early mathematical cultures may have known about
proportions close to φ without formalizing it.

Classical Greece

Euclid (c. 300 BCE): In his work Elements, Euclid described what we
now know as the Golden Ratio in terms of dividing a line “in extreme and mean
ratio,” but he did not name it.

Pythagoreans and Plato: The ratio appeared in geometric studies of

pentagons and dodecahedrons.

Middle Ages and Renaissance

Mathematicians and artists used the ratio under the concept of “divine
proportion” (Italian: sectio divina).

Luca Pacioli published De Divina Proportione in 1509, illustrated by Leonardo

da Vinci, who applied the Golden Ratio in art and anatomical drawings.

Modern Times

19th century: Mathematicians like Martin Ohm and Eduard Lucas explored the
number more formally. Lucas linked it to the Fibonacci sequence, which
converges to φ as it progresses.

20th century: The ratio was popularized in art, design, and aesthetics, though
sometimes over-attributed.

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2. Definitions of Golden Ratio :-

The Golden ratio is a special number found by dividing a line

into two parts so that the longer part divided by the smaller part is
also equal to the whole length divided by the longer part. It is often
symbolized using phi, after the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. Phi
is usually rounded off to 1.618

Example :-
For example, the ratio of 3 to 5 is 1.666. …. Getting even higher, the
ratio of 144 to 233 is 1.618 these numbers are all successive numbers
in the Fibonacci Sequence. These numbers can be applied to the
proportions of a rectangle, called the Golden Rectangle.

3.Applications of Golden Ratio :

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“ Make for yourself an ark of gopher wood; you shall make the ark with rooms,
and shall cover it inside and out with pitch. This is how you shall make it: the
length of the ark three hundred cubits, its breadth fifty cubits, and its height
thirty cubits."

Genesis 6:14–15 (NAS)

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= 1:66

African daisy – 21 petals

AFRICAN DAISY 21-PETAL

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01. Draw a square

This will form the length of the 'short side' of the rectangle.

02. Divide the square

Divide your square in half with a vertical line, leaving you with two rectangles

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03. Draw a diagonal line

In one rectangle, draw a line from one corner to the opposite corner.

04. Rotate

Rotate this line so that it appears horizontally adjacent to the first rectangle.

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05. Create a new rectangle

In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as
the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The figure on the right
illustrates the geometric relationship. Expressed algebraically, for quantities a
and b with a > b > 0,

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A golden rectangle with longer side a and shorter side b, when placed adjacent
to a square with sides of length a, will produce a similar golden rectangle with
longer side a + b and shorter side a. This illustrates the relationship

where the Greek letter phi (φ or ϕ) represents the golden ratio. It is an irrational
number with a value of:

The golden ratio is also called the golden mean or golden section (Latin: sectio
aurea).

Other names include extreme and mean ratio, medial section, divine proportion,
divine section (Latin: sectio aurea), golden proportion, golden cut, and golden
number.

The Actual Value

The Golden Ratio is equal to:

1.61803398874989484820... (etc.)

The digits just keep on going, with no pattern. In fact the Golden Ratio is
known to be an Irrational Number, and I will tell you more about it later.

Calculating It

You can calculate it yourself by starting with any number and following these
steps:

A) divide 1 by your number (= 1/number)

B) add 1

C) that is your new number, start again at A

With a calculator, just keep pressing "1/x", "+", "1", "=", around and around. I
started with 2 and got this:
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Number 1/Number Add 1

2 1/2 = 0.5 0.5 + 1 = 1.5
1.5 1/1.5 = 0.666... 0.666... + 1 = 1.666...
1.666... 1/1.666... = 0.6 0.6 + 1 = 1.6
1.6 1/1.6 = 0.625 0.625 + 1 = 1.625
1.625 1/1.625 = 0.6154... 0.6154... + 1 = 1.6154...

1.6154...

It is getting closer and closer!

But it takes a long time to get even close, but there are better ways and it
can be calculated to thousands of decimal places quite quickly.

Drawing It

Here is one way to draw a rectangle with the Golden Ratio:

 Draw a square (of size "1")

 Place a dot half way along one side
 Draw a line from that point to an opposite corner (it is √5/2 in length)
 Turn that line so that it runs along the square's side
 Then you can extend the square to be a rectangle with the Golden Ratio.

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3.1 The Formula

That rectangle above shows us a simple formula for the Golden Ratio.

When one side is 1, the other side is:

1 √5 1 + √5
φ= + =
2 2 2

The square root of 5 is approximately 2.236068, so the Golden Ratio is

approximately (1 + 2.236068) / 2 = 3.236068 / 2 = 1.618034. This is an easy
way to calculate it when you need it.

Interesting fact: the Golden Ratio is equal to 2 × sin(54°), get your calculator
and check.

3.2 Fibonacci Sequence

There is a special relationship between the Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci
Sequence:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, …

(The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it.)

And here is a surprise: when we take any two successive (one after the
other) Fibonacci Numbers, their ratio is very close to the Golden Ratio.
In fact, the bigger the pair of Fibonacci Numbers, the closer the
approximation. Let us try a few:

A B B/A
2 3 1.5
3 5 1.666666666…
5 8 1.6
8 13 1.625

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….. ……. ……
144 233 1.618055556…
233 377 1.618025751…
….. …… ……

We don’t even have to start with 2 and 3, here I chose 192 and 16 (and got
the sequence 192, 16, 208, 224, 432, 656, 1088, 1744, 2832, 4576, 7408,
11984, 19392, 31376, …):

A B B/A
192 16 0.08333333…
16 208 13
208 224 1.07692308…
224 432 1.92857143…
…… …… ……
7408 11984 1.61771058…
11984 19392 1.61815754….
…… ……. …..

The Most Irrational ...

I believe the Golden Ratio is the most irrational number. Here is why ...

One of the special properties of the Golden Ratio is that

it can be defined in terms of itself, like this:

→ ϕ = 1 + 1/ϕ

(In numbers: 1.61803... = 1 + 1/1.61803...)

That can be expanded into this fraction thatType equation here.

goes on for ever (called a "continued fraction"):

→𝜑 =1+
⋯

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So, it neatly slips in between simple fractions.

But many other irrational numbers are reasonably close to rational numbers
(such as Pi = 3.141592654… is pretty close to 22/7 = 3.1428571…)

Golden ratio conjugate

The conjugate root to the minimal polynomial x² − x − 1 is:

1 1 − √5
− =1−𝜑 = = −0.6180339887 …..
𝜑 2

The absolute value of this quantity ((≈ 0.618) corresponds

ponds to the length ratio
taken in reverse order (shorter segment length over longer segment length, b/a),
and is sometimes referred to as the golden ratio conjugate. It is denoted here by
the capital Phi (Φ):

1
∅= =φ = 0.6180339887 ….
𝜑

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Alternatively, ϕ can be expressed as:

Φ = ϕ - 1 = 1.6180339887... - 1 = 0.6180339887...

This illustrates the unique property of the golden ratio among positive numbers,
that:
1
= φ − 1,
𝜑

or its inverse:
1
= φ + 1,
𝜑

This means 0.61803...:1 = 1:1.61803...

Alternative forms

The formula ϕ = 1 + 1/ϕ can be expanded recursively to obtain a continued

fraction for the golden ratio.

ϕ = [1; 1, 1, 1, ...] = 1 +
⋯

and its reciprocal

ϕ⁻¹ = [0; 1, 1, 1, ...] = = 0 +

⋯

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Approximations to the reciprocal golden

ratio by finite continued fractions, or
ratios of Fibonacci numbers

The formula ϕ = 1 + 1/ϕ can be expanded recursively to obtain a continued

fraction for the golden ratio.

The convergents of these continued fractions (1/1, 2/1, 3/2, 5/3, 8/5, 13/8, ..., or
1/1, 1/2, 2/3, 3/5, 5/8, 8/13, ...) are ratios of successive Fibonacci numbers.

The equation ϕ² = 1 + ϕ likewise produces the continued square root, or infinite

surd, form:

𝜑= 1 + 1 + 1 + √1 + ⋯

An infinite series can be derived to express phi

13 (−1)( ) (2n + 1)!

𝜑= +
8 (n + 2)! n! 4( )

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Also:

ϕ = 1 + 2sin(π/10) = 1 + 2sin 18°

ϕ = ½ csc(π/10) = ½ csc 18°

ϕ = 2cos(π/5) = 2cos 36°

ϕ = 2sin(3π/10) = 2sin 54°

These correspond to the fact that the length of the diagonal of a regular
pentagon is ϕ times the length of its side, and similar relations in a pentagram.

Relationship to Fibonacci sequence :-

The mathematics of the golden ratio and of the Fibonacci sequence are
intimately interconnected. The Fibonacci sequence is:

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987

A closed-form expression for the Fibonacci sequence involves the golden ratio:
ⁿ ( )ⁿ ⁿ ( )⁻ⁿ
F(n) = =
√ √

The golden ratio is the limit of the ratios of successive terms of the Fibonacci
sequence (or any Fibonacci-like sequence), as originally shown by Kepler:
ₙ₊ₐ
lim → = φ,
ₙ

In other words, if a Fibonacci number is divided by its immediate predecessor in

the sequence, the quotient approximates ϕ; e.g.,

987 / 610 \approx 1.6180327868852

∑ |Fₙφ − Fₙ₊₁| = φ

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More generally:
ₙ₊ₐ
lim → = φᵃ,
ₙ

Where above, the ratios of consecutive terms of the Fibonacci sequence, is a

case when .

Furthermore, the successive powers of obey the Fibonacci recurrence:

𝜑 =𝜑 +𝜑

This identity allows any polynomial in to be reduced to a linear expression. For

example:

3φ³ − 5φ² + 4 = 3(φ³ + φ) − 5φ² + 4

= 3[(φ + 1) + φ] − 5(φ + 1) + 4

= φ + 2 ≈ 3.618.

The reduction to a linear expression can be accomplished in one step by using

the relationship:

𝜑 = 𝐹 +𝐹 ,

where is the kth Fibonacci number.

However, this is no special property of , because polynomials in any solution to

a quadratic equation can be reduced in an analogous manner, by applying:

𝑥 = ax + b

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For given coefficients such that satisfies the equation. Even more generally,
any rational function (with rational coefficients) of the root of an irreducible
nth-degree polynomial over the rationals can be reduced to a polynomial of
degree . Phrased in terms of field theory, if is a root of an irreducible nth-
degree polynomial, then as degree n over , with basis .

Other Names

The Golden Ratio is also sometimes called the golden section, golden mean,
golden number, divine proportion, divine section, and golden proportion.

➤ How do you use the golden ratio? :-

One very simple way to apply the Golden Ratio is to set your dimensions to
1:1.618. For example, take your Typical 960-pixel width layout and divide it by
1.618. You’ll get 594, which will be the height of the layout. Now, break that
layout into two columns using the Golden Ratio and voila!

➤ Is Golden Ratio irrational? :-

The Golden Ratio is equal to:

1.61803398874989484820… (etc.) The digits just keep on going, with no

pattern. In fact, the Golden Ratio is known to be an Irrational Number, and I
will tell you more about it later.

➤What is the exact value of the golden ratio? :-The Golden Ratio, the
perfect number in mathematics, is the square root of 5 plus 1, divided by 2.
Interestingly, it's the only number that if squared, is equal to itself plus one. In
other words,

Phi^2 = Phi + 1.

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3.3 Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci :-

This picture includes lots of golden rectangles. In the below figure, we

can draw a rectangle whose base extends from the woman’s right wrist to her
left e-below and extend the rectangle vertically until it reaches the very top of
her head. Then we will have a golden rectangle. Also, if we draw a square
inside this golden rectangle, we will discover that the edges of these new
squares come to all the important focal points of the woman — her chin, her
eye, her nose and the upturned corner of the mysterious mouth.

It is believed that Leonardo, as a mathematician tried to incorporate

mathematics into art. This painting seems to be made purposefully line up with
golden rectangle.

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3.4 Golden ratio in design ipod:

The ipod was designed by Jonathan Ive and his team of designers. Their goal
was to create the perfect product. They achieved this with an extreme amount of
attention to detail. One asp
aspect
ect of the design as the basic shape of the device.

The rectangle that is the ipod comes closer than any other MP3 player to the
golden ratio 1:1.618 (also sometimes called the golden ratio). This ratio appeals
to us at an unconscious level.

It's important
mportant because it is found (or appears to be) in so many areas of
life, most notably in nature, and most importantly in mathematics. The
Fibonacci sequence and the concept of fractals (like the infinity divisible golden
rectangle) are great examples of tthis.
his. Ancient Egyptian and Greek architects
built many of their structures with this ratio in mind. Philosophers see this ratio
as having an important significance, since it occurs in nature so often.

A lot of people believe that this formula, known as the golden ratio or phi (Φ)
pops up in everyday life.

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3.5 Golden Ratio in Music:

Music is composed of numeric value and when the Golden Ratio is used to
create a musical piece, it become a living example of Math. The Fibonacci
Sequence is also present in music.

A few of classical composer used the Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Sequencing
in music piece including Bach, Beethoven, Chopin, and Mozart. Some modern
composers, like Casey Ongoven, have explored these age-old truths in the
music.

Jame Tennyb redid his piece For Ann. Now it consists of up to twelve
computer-generated upwardly glissando tones having each tone start so it is the
golden ratio below the previous tone. So that the combination tone produced by
all consecutive tones are a lower or higher pitch already, or soon to be,
produced.

Trudi H Garland points out then on the 5-tone scale (the black notes on the
piano) and the 13-notes scale (a complete octave in semitones with the two
notes an octave apart include). However, this is bending the truth a little, since
to get both 8 and 13, we have to count the same note twice (C...C in both cases).
It is called an octave because we usually sing or play the 8th note which
complete the cycle by repeating the starting note “an octave higher” and perhaps
sounds more pleasing to the ear. But there are really only 12 different notes in
our octave, not 13!

Various composers have used the Fibonacci numbers when composing music
and some authors find the golden section as far back as the Middle Ages (10th
century)

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3.6 GOLDEN RATIO IN VIOLIN CONSTRUCTION

The section on “the violin” in the New Oxford Companion to Music, volume 2,
shows how

Stradivari was aware of the golden section and used it to place the f-holes in his
famous violins.

Stradivari used the golden section to place the f-holes in his famous violins.

Baginsky’s method of constructing violins is also based on golden sections.

3.7 GOLDEN RATIO IN NATURE:

We can found Golden Ratio in our nature at everywhere. For example in

humans, animals, flowers, vegetables, fruits and more.

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3.8 Golden Ratio in Sunflower:

Plants can grow cells in spirals, such as the patterns of seeds in is beautiful
sunflower.

The spiral happens naturally because each new cell is formed after a turn.

(Images of a cauliflower,
auliflower, sunflower pattern, and a sunflower)

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“new cell, then turn, then another cell, then turn,…”

How far to turn?

In sunflower if any cell don’t turn at all then it would have a straight line.

This is because the Golden Ratio (1.61803...) is the best solution to this
problem, and the

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sunflower has found this solution in its own natural way.

It should look like this.

➤ Golden Ratio with Spiral Leaf Growth

This interesting behavior is not just found in sunflower seeds. Leaves, branches
and petals can grow in spirals, too.

So the new leaves don’t block the sun from order leaves, or so that the
maximum amount of rain or dew gets directed down to the roots.

4. Importance of Golden Ratio:-

It’s Important because it is found (or appears to be) in so many areas of life,
most notably in nature, and most importantly in mathematics. The Fibonacci
sequence and the concept of fractals (like the infinitely divisible golden
rectangle) are great examples of this. Ancient Egyptian and Greek architects
built many of their structures with this ratio in mind. Philosophers see this ratio
as having an importance, since it occurs in nature so often.

A lot of people believe that this formula, known as the golden ratio

(ϕ) pops up in everyday life.

4.1Golden Ratio Art Project :-

Using the Golden Ratio or the Fibonacci pattern demonstrate using art, music,
nature or architecture, the interesting possibilities of the ratio phi.

Your project will be graded according to these guidelines;

1. Your project will clearly express the Golden Ratio. If it is not visually clear
than you will explain your observation of the ratio in written form.

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2. Your project will be attractive.

3. Your project will be neat.

4. Your project will have color and/or texture.

5. It will be clear to me that you have given thought and energy to this
assignment.

6. No part of your project will be cut and pasted from the internet

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5.Use Of Golden Ratio:-

Use of the golden ratio in other field beside mathematics

Golden ratio has been used in many other field beside mathematics like,
architecture, art, painting, book design, industrial design.

5.1Architecture :-

The medieval builders of chuches and cathedrals approached the design of their
building in much the same way as the Greeks. they tried to connected geometry
and art. inside and out, the ir buildings where intricate construction based on the
golden section.

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5.2Industrial design :-

Some sources claim that the golden ratio is commonly used in everyday design,
for example in the shapes of postcards, playing card, posters, wide screen
television, photograph and light switch plates

5.3 Painting :-

The sixteen century philosopher heinrich Agrippa drew a man over a pentagram
inside a circle implying a relationship to the golden ratio.

5.4Book design :-

According to jan tschichold, there was a time van deviation from the truly
beautiful page proportions 2:3, 1:√3, and the golden section were rare. many
books produced between 1550 and 1770 so this proportions exactly, to within
half a millimeter.

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5.5USE OF THE GOLDEN RATIO IN EVERYDAY LIFE ::-

The golden ratio is very usefull in our life. For example credit cards, logos,
design of ipod and more....

Credit cards are in the shape of golden rectangle. Standard sized credit cards are
54mm by 86mm.

This creates a ratio of 0.628 which is less than a millimeter off from a perfect
golden ratio or golden section of 0.618, the reciprocal of 1.618

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6.Reference :
1. Britannica. (n.d.). Golden Ratio. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/golden-ratio

2. Math Is Fun. (n.d.). The Golden Ratio. Retrieved from

https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/golden-ratio.html

3. Khan Academy. (n.d.). Golden Ratio. Retrieved from

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/geometry/hs-geo-trig/hs-geo-
similarity/v/golden-ratio

4. National Geographic. (n.d.). Golden Ratio in Nature and Art. Retrieved from
https://www.nationalgeographic.com (Search “Golden Ratio”)

5. NASA. (n.d.). Patterns in Nature: The Golden Ratio. Retrieved from

https://www.nasa.gov (Search “Golden Ratio”)

6. Live Science. (n.d.). What Is the Golden Ratio? Retrieved from

https://www.livescience.com (Search “Golden Ratio”)

7. Nature.com. (n.d.). Scientific Perspectives on the Golden Ratio. Retrieved

from https://www.nature.com (Search “Golden Ratio”)

8. Wolfram MathWorld. (n.d.). Golden Ratio. Retrieved from

https://mathworld.wolfram.com/GoldenRatio.html

9. Plus Magazine. (n.d.). The Beauty of the Golden Ratio. Retrieved from
https://plus.maths.org/content/

10. ThoughtCo. (n.d.). The Golden Ratio in Math and Art. Retrieved from
https://www.thoughtco.com (Search “Golden Ratio”)

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