CHAPTER 1: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Definitions of Science
1. Science as an Idea - Encompasses ideas, theories, and systematic explanations
about the natural and physical world.
2. Science as an Intellectual Activity - Involves systematic observation and
experimentation to study the world.
3. Science as a Body of Knowledge - A discipline studied in schools and
institutions.
4. Science as a Personal and Social Activity - Knowledge and activities done by
humans to understand and improve life.

Origins and Impact of the Scientific Revolution

● Began in 16th-18th century Europe, largely influenced by the invention of the
printing press and the growing number of scholars and learning institutions.
● Transformed society’s views on mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology,
and chemistry.
● Challenged religious beliefs, leading to conflicts between science and
religious institutions.
● Established modern scientific methodologies and disciplines.

IMPORTANT FIGURES IN THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
● Introduced the heliocentric model, stating that the Sun is the center of the
universe.
● His book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543) marked the beginning
of the Scientific Revolution.
● Described two types of planetary motion:
1. Inner planets (Venus & Mercury) orbit inside Earth’s path.
2. Outer planets (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) orbit beyond Earth’s path.
● His model was considered heretical and was banned by the Catholic Church.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

● Developed the Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection.
● Published On the Origin of Species (1859), explaining how species evolve
over time.
● His book The Descent of Man suggested that humans evolved like all other
species, which contradicted religious teachings.
● Revolutionized biology and the philosophy of science.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
● Developed psychoanalysis, a method for studying the human mind and
unconscious processes.
● His theories on human sexuality and unconscious desires challenged societal
norms.
● Influenced psychology, philosophy, literature, and politics.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

Mayan Civilization
● Advanced astronomy and calendar systems.
● Built pyramids aligned with celestial bodies (e.g., Chichen Itza).
● Developed a writing system (hieroglyphs) and a base-20 numeral system.

Inca Civilization
● Innovations:
1. Stone-paved roads.
2. Earthquake-resistant buildings.
3. Irrigation and water storage systems.
4. 12-month calendar for agriculture and rituals.
5. First suspension bridges.
6. Quipu (knotted rope recording system).
7. Advanced textile production.

Aztec Civilization
● Contributions:
1. Mandatory education for all children.
2. Chocolate production (cacao beans used as currency).
3. Antispasmodic medicine.
4. Chinampa (floating gardens) for agriculture.
5. Aztec calendar for organizing activities and rituals.
6. Invention of the canoe.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

India
● Ayurveda: Ancient medical system (before 2500 BC).
● Sushruta Samhita: Describes surgical and medical procedures.
● Mathematical Contributions:
● Mohenjo-Daro ruler: Advanced measuring tool.
● Aryabhata (476-529): Developed trigonometric functions.
 ● Brahmagupta (628 AD): Defined gravity and the use of zero.
● Madhava Sangamagrama: Founder of mathematical analysis.

China
● Contributions:
1. Acupuncture.
2. Printing technology.
3. Papermaking.
4. Compass.
5. Gunpowder.
6. Iron plow & wheelbarrow.
● Recorded supernovas, eclipses, and comets.

Middle East
● Golden Age of Islam (7th-13th century) led to advancements in science and
technology.
● Notable figures:
● Ibn Al-Haytham: Father of optics.
● Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi: Developed algebra.
● Jabir ibn Hayyan: Father of chemistry.
● Ibn Sina (Avicenna): Pioneer in experimental medicine.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA

● Africa has rich natural and mineral resources.
● Early scientific tools included mathematical devices and lunar calendars.
● Egyptian civilization contributed to engineering, medicine, and astronomy.

IMPACT OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

1. Established Modern Science - Created a foundation for scientific disciplines
and research.
2. Shifted Worldviews - Challenged religious and traditional beliefs.
3. Improved Scientific Methodologies - Led to systematic experimentation and
observation.
4. Transformed Society - Enabled technological advancements and medical
breakthroughs.

CONCLUSION
 ● The Scientific Revolution and intellectual advancements significantly shaped
human civilization.
● Contributions from different cultures and civilizations played a crucial role in
shaping modern science.
● Scientific progress continues to evolve, influencing various aspects of life and
society today.

CHAPTER 2: SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

THE CONCEPT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION

● Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science.

● It explores pedagogical theories to help teachers effectively teach scientific concepts.
● John Dewey (2001) emphasized the use of the natural environment in science
education.
● Marx (1994) predicted that science would be one of the most important school subjects
in the future.
● Knight (1986) described the modern era as the "age of science."

SCIENCE EDUCATION IN BASIC AND TERTIARY LEVELS

● Basic Education:
○ Equips students with critical thinking and life skills.
○ Fosters curiosity, creativity, and a passion for knowledge (Lind, 1997).
● Tertiary Education:
○ Enhances understanding of scientific ideas.
○ Prepares students for careers in science, engineering, medicine, and technology.
○ Offers state scholarships to encourage students to pursue science-related courses.

SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)

● Government program for gifted students, managed by the DOST.

● Offers a scholarship-based secondary education focused on science and technology.
● Graduates are encouraged to pursue degrees in science and technology.

Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project

● Launched in 2007, under DepEd Orders No. 73 (2008) and No. 51 (2010).
● Over 60 schools nationwide.
● Extended class hours for Science & Health:
○ 70 minutes (Grades 1-3)
○ 80 minutes (Grades 4-6)
● Aims to develop scientifically inclined Filipino children.

Quezon City Regional Science High School

● Established September 17, 1967, became the NCR Regional Science High School in
1999.
● Provides specialized science and technology education with government and PTA
support.

Manila Science High School (MSHS)

● Founded in 1963, first science high school in the Philippines.

● Emphasizes science, mathematics, and humanities.
● Requires passing the MSHS Admission Test (MSAT).

Central Visayan Institute Foundation (CVIF)

● Pioneer of the Dynamic Learning Program (DLP).

● Home to the Research Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP).

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Indigenous Knowledge System

● Embedded in daily life and passed through oral traditions, stories, poems, and songs.
● Provides insights into weather prediction, herbal medicine, food preservation, and
agriculture.

Examples of Indigenous Knowledge

1. Weather prediction based on animal behavior and celestial movements.

2. Herbal medicine and natural healing practices.
3. Food preservation techniques.
4. Classification of plants and animals based on cultural properties.
5. Seed preservation and selection for agriculture.
6. Indigenous irrigation systems.
7. Soil classification for farming.
8. Production of wine and juices from tropical fruits.
9. Home gardening and sustainable farming.

Indigenous Science

● Part of indigenous knowledge systems, influencing agriculture, medicine, astronomy,

and metallurgy.
 ● Ogawa (1995): Indigenous science is collectively lived and experienced by
communities.
● Sibisi (2004): Indigenous knowledge contributed to astronomy, pharmacology, food
technology, and metallurgy.
● Pawilen (2006) developed a framework for indigenous science:
○ Uses scientific process skills (e.g., observation, classification, problem-solving).
○ Guided by cultural values (e.g., stewardship of nature, respect for the
environment).
○ Includes traditional knowledge systems (e.g., ethno-biology, ethno-medicine,
folk astronomy).

CONCLUSION

● Science education plays a crucial role in developing a scientifically literate society.

● Specialized schools and programs promote innovation and careers in science and
technology.
● Indigenous science and knowledge systems have shaped Filipino scientific and
technological advancements.
● The integration of modern and indigenous science is essential for sustainable
development and innovation in the Philippines.

CHAPTER 3: HUMAN FLOURISHING

● The famous Greek philosopher Aristotle (385–323 BC) used the term "eudaimonia" to
refer to the highest level of happiness, often translated as "human flourishing."
● Human flourishing results from Nicomachean Ethics, which includes friendship,
prosperity, power, and phronesis (wisdom).
● Over time, human flourishing evolved, influenced by social history and human
development.
● Today, competition has become obsolete, and cooperation is the new trend.

Eastern vs. Western Perspectives

● Western civilizations prioritize individualism, while Eastern civilizations emphasize

community-centric values.
● Examples: Chinese Confucianism and Japanese Bushido encourage studies for a
greater cause rather than personal gain.
● Greek Aristotelian view focuses on eudaimonia as the ultimate good rather than as a
means to serve the state.
● Globalization has blurred these distinctions, allowing cultures to merge and evolve.

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND HUMAN FLOURISHING

 ● Science and technology contribute to human knowledge and goal-setting.
● Technology is an advanced form of human activity, derived from scientific
achievements.
● Truth and the Good are intertwined in both science and human flourishing.

Science as a Method and Result

Steps of the Scientific Method:

1. Observe unexplained occurrences.

2. Identify the problem and relevant factors.
3. Formulate a hypothesis based on past knowledge.
4. Conduct experiments with dependent and independent variables.
5. Analyze results and assess significance.
6. Draw conclusions and provide recommendations.

VERIFICATION THEORY

● A discipline is considered science if its claims can be confirmed through empirical

results and repeatable experiments.
● Vienna Circle promoted this idea, but it was criticized for rejecting new theories lacking
initial empirical evidence.
● Example: Einstein's theory on gravitational waves was initially dismissed.
● Fails to distinguish between real science and pseudoscience.

FALSIFICATION THEORY

● Karl Popper argued that a theory is scientific if it can be proven false.

● Theories should make risky predictions and survive multiple falsification tests.
● Criticism: No clear rule on how many falsifications are needed to reject a theory.

SCIENCE AS A SOCIAL ENDEAVOR

● Science is influenced by society and shared experiences.

● Paul Thagard, Imre Lakatos, Helen Longino, David Bloor, Richard Rorty
emphasized science as a social construct.
● Science does not hold a monopoly on results; religion, luck, and randomness also play
a role.

Science in Education

● STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) schools prioritize science.

● Paul Feyerabend criticized rigid scientific methodologies, arguing for more imaginative
approaches.
● True eudaimonia includes a well-rounded mastery of multiple fields, not just science.
HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH?

● Millennium Development Goals (MDG) aimed for global economic growth.

● Economist Joseph Hickel proposed "de-development" to counteract excessive resource
consumption.
● Uncontrolled technological growth leads to climate change and mass extinctions.

TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING

● Martin Heidegger argued that technology shapes human perception.

● Technology encourages resource exploitation and shifts human focus toward economic
productivity.
● Over-reliance on technology risks losing sight of morality and ethics.

The Human Condition Before Common Era

● Early humans used stone tools, metalwork, and fur clothing.

● Worship of natural elements and deities to explain the unknown.
● Religion was an early means to understand the world before scientific explanations
emerged.

The Human Condition in Common Era

● Holocene Extinction (Sixth Extinction) was driven by human activities.

● Advancements in medicine, trade, and diplomacy improved survival and well-being.
● Wars and conflicts were common due to resource competition and ideology.

Comparisons: Then vs. Now

1. Mortality Rate - Medical advancements ensure safer childbirth and better survival
rates.
2. Average Lifespan - Science has extended human life through healthcare
improvements.
3. Literacy Rate - Widespread education leads to a more informed society.
4. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - Economic productivity is boosted by technology.

ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY

● Science and technology provide comfort, but they also create economic disparities.
● Moral and ethical considerations lag behind technological progress.
● Aristotle emphasized virtue and holistic enrichment rather than material advancements.

Conclusion

● Science and technology offer solutions but do not define human flourishing.
 ● A balanced approach integrating ethics, knowledge, and human connection is essential.
● Human flourishing must be holistic, considering personal, societal, and global well-
being.

CHAPTER 4: TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS AND THEIR IMPACT

Introduction

● Technological devices are easily found in homes and widely used across all age groups.
● People globally use technology daily for various purposes, from communication to
entertainment.

TELEVISION

● According to Kantar Media, 92% of urban homes and 70% of rural homes in the
Philippines own at least one television set.
● The number of households with television sets has reached 15.135 million (Noda,
2012).

Development of Television

● 1907: Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton (English scientist) and Boris Rosing

(Russian scientist) created a new television system using a cathode ray tube and a
mechanical scanner system.
● This led to the rise of mechanical and electronic television systems (Jezek, n.d.).

Evolution of Televisions

● Early televisions were bulky and analog, evolving into slimmer, digital, and smart
TVs today.

MOBILE PHONES

● April 3, 1973: Martin Cooper, a senior engineer at Motorola, made the first mobile
phone call.
● The first mobile phone:
○ Weighed 11 kilograms.
○ Measured 228.6 x 127 x 44.4 mm.
○ Had a 30-minute talk time but required 10 hours to charge.
● 1983: Motorola released the first commercial mobile phone, the Motorola DynaTAC
8000X (Goodwin, 2016).

COMPUTERS AND LAPTOPS

 ● Charles Babbage (19th-century English Mathematics professor) designed the first
computer framework.
● Three Generations of Computers:
1. First-generation: Vacuum tube technology.
2. Second-generation: Transistors.
3. Third-generation: Microprocessors.
● 1981: First true portable computer, Osborne 1, was released (Orfano, 2011).

TECHNOLOGY USAGE IN THE PHILIPPINES

● Household gadget ownership:

○ Mobile phones: 89%
○ Smartphones: 53%
○ Tablets: 14%
○ Desktops: 39%
○ Laptops/netbooks: 37%
○ Smart TVs: 4% (Philstar, 2013).
● Internet Usage:
○ Mobile phone subscriptions: 119 million.
○ Filipinos spend 3.2 hours on mobile and 5.2 hours on desktop daily.
○ 47 million active Facebook accounts in the Philippines.
○ Fastest-growing application market in Southeast Asia.

ROLES PLAYED BY TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS

Television

● Used as a platform for advertisements and information dissemination.

● Remains a primary entertainment source, stress reliever, and family bonding tool.
● Also used for propaganda and advocacy campaigns.

Mobile Phones

● Initially designed for calling and texting.

● Now primarily used for internet browsing, social media, and photography.
● Smartphones are preferred over older models due to multifunctionality.

ETHICAL DILEMMAS OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS

1. Unhealthy Lifestyle and Social Alienation

○ Excessive screen time leads to laziness, unhealthy habits, and lack of physical
activity.
○ People neglect meals and avoid face-to-face interactions.
2. Accountability in AI and Robotics
 ○ If a robot causes harm, who is responsible?
○ Possible responsible parties:
■ The robot itself.
■ The user.
■ The manufacturer.
○ Raises ethical and legal questions about accountability.

CONCLUSION

● Technology enhances daily life but also brings social and ethical challenges.
● Responsible use and ethical considerations are necessary to maximize benefits while
minimizing negative impacts.