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Chemical Kinetics 1

The document outlines the syllabus for Chemistry-I (CH-306) taught by Dr. Arup K. Ghosh, covering topics such as Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Acids and Bases. It includes details on sessional topics, assignments, and recommended textbooks for the course. Key concepts in Chemical Kinetics, including reaction rates, rate laws, and order of reactions, are also discussed.

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0 views9 pages

Chemical Kinetics 1

The document outlines the syllabus for Chemistry-I (CH-306) taught by Dr. Arup K. Ghosh, covering topics such as Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Acids and Bases. It includes details on sessional topics, assignments, and recommended textbooks for the course. Key concepts in Chemical Kinetics, including reaction rates, rate laws, and order of reactions, are also discussed.

Uploaded by

yugmistry999.yp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Sem-III

Chemistry-I (CH-306)
Dr. Arup K. Ghosh
[email protected]
Syllabus:

First Sessional Second Sessional


1) Chemical Kinetics 6) Phase Rule
2) Catalysis 7) First Law of Thermodynamics
3) Distribution Law 8) Second Law of Thermodynamics
4) Adsorption 9) Physical Properties and Chemical Constitution
5) Thermochemistry

Third Sessional Assignments:


10) Acids and Bases 1) Homework
11) Salt Hydrolysis 2) Short Question-Answers
12) Colloids 3) Numericals
13) Photochemistry based on the above topics
Sem-III
Chemistry-I (CH-306)
Dr. Arup K. Ghosh
Books:
Text Book:
1. Bahl, A.; Bahl B.S.; Tuli, G. D., Essentials of Physical Chemistry; Twenty Eight Edition, S.
Chand Publishing: New Delhi, 2020.

Reference Books:
1.Atkins, P.; de Paula, J., Atkins’ Physical Chemistry; Eight Edition, Oxford University Press:
United States, 2006.
2.Kapoor, K. L., A Textbook of Physical Chemistry: Volume 1; Fourth Edition, Macmillan
Publishers India: Delhi, 2012
3.Kapoor, K. L., A Textbook of Physical Chemistry: Volume 2; Fifth Edition, Macmillan
Publishers India: Delhi, 2012
4.Kapoor, K. L., A Textbook of Physical Chemistry: Volume 3; Third Edition, Macmillan
Publishers India: Delhi, 2012
5.Kapoor, K. L., A Textbook of Physical Chemistry: Volume 4; Fourth Edition, Macmillan
Publishers India: Delhi, 2012
6.Kapoor, K. L., A Textbook of Physical Chemistry: Volume 5; Third Edition, McGraw Hill
Education (India): Delhi, 2015
7.Kemp, W., Organic Spectroscopy; Third Edition, Palgrave Publication: New York, 2003.
CHEMICAL KINETICS
 Introduction, Reaction Rate and Units of Rate
 Rate Laws, Units of Rate Constant Order of a Reaction and
Molecularity of a Reaction
 Zero Order Reactions, First Order Reactions, Second Order
Reactions and Third Order Reactions
 Pseudo-order Reactions and Half-life of a Reaction
 How to Determine the Order of a Reaction?
 Collision Theory of Reaction Rates, Effect of Increase of
Temperature on Reaction Rates
 Transition State Theory, role of activation energy
 Lindeman’s theory of unimolecular reactions
CHEMICAL KINETICS
The branch of physical chemistry which deals with the rate of reactions is
called Chemical Kinetics.

Depending on the time dependency, all chemical reactions can be divided


mainly into three categories:

1) Very fast reactions: Also known as SPONTAENOUS reactions.


Instantaenous/few seconds to 4-5 minutes.
Strong acid neutralized by a strong base
Precipitation of AgCl when AgNO3 + NaCl.

2) Moderately fast or moderately slow reactions:


Equilibrium reactions - when backward reactions take place.
Take a several hours to a couple of days for completion.
For example, ester hydrolysis in acid or basic media.

3) Very slow reactions: Several days to a years for completion.


For example: Rusting of Iron
Reaction Rate and Units of Rate
CO(g) + NO2(g) → CO2(g) + NO(g)
Reactants Products

Rate of reaction = rate of disappearance of reactants


= rate of appearance of products

Or, rate, r = – d [reactants]/dt = d [products]/dt


where [ ] represents the concentration in moles per litre

Units of rate
mole/litre/sec or mol L–1 s–1
mole/litre/min or mol L–1 min–1
mole/litre/hour or mol L–1 h–1
An example: CO(g) + NO2(g) → CO2(g) + NO(g)

Conc. of CO(mol/L) 0.100 0.067 0.050 0.040 0.033


Time (sec) 0 10 20 30 40
Avg. Rate, r (mol/L/s) --- 0.0033 0.0017 0.0010 0.0007
(over 1st 10s) (over 2nd 10s) ……. (over 4th 10s)
Average Reaction Rate

[CO] in moles/L
Instantaneous Reaction Rate

If the interval be
infinitesimally small (that is as
Δt approaches zero), the rate is
referred to as the
instantaneous rate.

The instantaneous rate


= – d[CO]t/dt

Thus at any time the


instantaneous rate is equal to the
slope of a straight line drawn
tangent to the curve at that
time, i.e., dy/dx
Rate Law
What is a Rate law?
An expression which shows how the reaction rate is related to concentration of the
reactants is called the rate law or rate equation.

It states that,
the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the reactant concentrations,
each concentration being raised to some power.

For example: for the reaction


A → Products
The rate law is r = k [A] n = -d[A]/dt
The proportionality constant k is called the rate constant for the reaction.

And for the reaction, 2A + B → Products


The rate law is r = k[A]n[B]m = 1/2(-d[A]/dt) = -d[B]/dt

Points to remember:
1) The values of n and m can only be determined experimentally.
2) n and m are NOT stoichiometric co-efficients.
3) n and m can be zero, fractional or even zero.
Order of a Reaction

The order of a reaction is defined as the sum of the powers of concentrations in the
rate law.
If the rate law for a chemical reaction is, r = k [A] n [B]m
then, order of such a reaction = (m + n)

Reaction Rate law Order


2N2O→2N2 + O2 over Ni catalyst, at 575 °C r = k [N2O]0 0
2H2O2 →2H2 + O2 r = k [H2O2] 1
2N2O→2N2 + O2, In the gas phase r = k [N2O]2 2
2NO + 2H2→2H2O + N2 r = k [NO]2[H2] 3
H2 + Br2 → 2HBr r = k [Br2]1/2[H2] 1.5

 The order of a reaction can also be defined with respect to a single reactant. Thus
the reaction order with respect to A is m and with respect to B it is n.
 Individually m and can be zero, negative or fractional.
 The overall order of reaction (m + n) may range from 1 to 3 and can be zero or
fractional.

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