A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SECOND ORDER

GEODETIC CONTROL POINTS FROM OKE-ODU
JUNCTION TO IPINSA COMMUNITY, AKURE, ONDO
STATE (SVG 309).

BY

NAME: ABORISADE AYOMIPOSI

Matric No. SVG/20/6307

SUBMITTED TO: SURV. S. O. AGBOOLA

MAY, 2024.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. CHAPTER 1

 INTRODUCTION

 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

 STUDY AREAS

 EQUIPMENT USED

 PERSONNEL

2. CHAPTER 2

 LITERATURE OVERVIEW

 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

 REVIEW AND RELEVANT LITERATURE

3. CHAPTER 3

 METHODOLOGY

4. CHAPTER 4

 DATA PROCESSING

 RESULT, PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

5. CHAPTER 5

 DISCUSSION

6. CHAPTER 6

 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

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1 CHAPTER

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Control surveying serves as the cornerstone of precision in land surveying, employing

meticulous measurements and methodologies to establish reference points with utmost accuracy.
These reference points form the backbone of various surveying endeavors, facilitating the
determination of distances, directions, and elevations across terrains. Vital for accurate mapping,
engineering projects, cadastral surveying, and utility mapping, control surveys provide the
essential framework for infrastructure development and spatial data management, ensuring the
reliability and integrity of surveying outcomes.

Surveying has played a crucial role in human civilization since ancient times, initially used
for measuring and marking property boundaries. Over the years, its significance has grown with
the increasing demand for various maps and spatial information, as well as the need for precise line
and grade establishment for construction projects and defining points on and below the earth's
surface. Surveying encompasses the art and science of determining slope, horizontal and vertical
distances between objects, and ensuring accurate angles and point locations through predetermined
angular and linear measurements, ultimately leading to the densification of control points.

Advancements in high-tech digital ground surveying equipment have revolutionized

control densification. While traditional traversing methods were used to establish control over
large distances, the adoption of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has significantly
improved speed and accuracy. However, traversing between GNSS control stations for shorter
distances is still conducted using total stations to ensure precision.

The theoretical framework of surveying relies on concepts such as precise geodetic control
networks, geodetic datum, and the use of GPS technology. Understanding the different types of
geodetic networks, their design, accuracy requirements, and significance is essential for
establishing a reliable geodetic reference network. These networks serve as the foundation for
mapping, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and various surveys, enabling the accurate
assessment of spatial features.

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 In practice, the distance between control points and the survey area directly impacts the
number of instrument setups required and the propagation of errors within the framework. To
minimize error propagation, it is crucial to extend controls closer to the survey area, ensuring that
survey projects and engineering works can be conducted with greater accuracy and precision.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF PRACTICAL

The aim of this project is to densify second order horizontal and vertical control points
along Oke Odu/ Ipinsa Road, Akure South Local Government Area, Ondo State.

The objectives were:

 Establishing Reliable Reference Framework: To create a dependable reference

framework comprising accurately positioned control points across a designated area.
 Ensuring Spatial Precision: To guarantee spatial precision in mapping, engineering
endeavors, cadastral surveying, and utility mapping through the establishment of precise
horizontal and vertical control points.
 Supporting Geospatial Data Management: To facilitate effective geospatial data
management by providing a stable foundation for spatial data referencing and integration.
 Guiding Infrastructure Development: To provide accurate positional information for the
planning, design, and execution of infrastructure projects such as roads, buildings,
utilities, and transportation systems.
 Enabling Integration with Geographic Information Systems (GIS): To enable seamless
integration of survey data into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for spatial
analysis, decision-making, and visualization purposes.
 Supporting Environmental and Land Management Studies: To assist in environmental
studies, land management, and natural resource planning by supplying precise spatial
data for analysis and monitoring purposes.

1.3 LOCATION OF STUDY

The study area is within latitude 7.310942°N and longitude 5.156741°E which covers from
Oke Odu/ Ipinsa Ijare-Akure Road to Oke Odu junction Akure South Local Government Area,
Ondo State.

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1.4 EQUIPMENTS USED

The instruments used in the successful execution the practical are listed below;

 Tersus David Differential GPS

 Tripod stand
 Head pans: for conveying the mixed concrete and pouring it in the holes.
 Shovel: for mixing the sand, gravel and cement together.
 Hand Trowel: for smoothening the surfaced of the concrete.
 Bipod
 Hammer
 Chisel.
 Field book; for recording our field observations.

1.5 PERSONNEL INVOLVED

The whole of the surveying and geo-informatics class of 2020/2021 were involved in the practical

CHAPTER 2

2.1 LITERATURE OVERVIEW

Control extension surveys are fundamental in land surveying and mapping, serving as the
cornerstone for accurate spatial data acquisition and analysis. Scholarly literature extensively
covers the principles, methodologies, and applications of control extension surveys, illuminating
their significance across diverse fields.

In a study by Smith et al. (2017), the focus lies on the pivotal role of control extension
surveys in contemporary surveying practices. The research underscores their contribution to
establishing reference frameworks essential for spatial data integration and analysis. Various
approaches, including leveraging advanced surveying technologies like Global Navigation Satellite

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Systems (GNSS) and Total Stations, are explored to achieve heightened accuracy and
dependability in survey outcomes.

Similarly, Johnson and Brown (2019) delve into the complexities and opportunities
associated with control extension surveys within urban landscapes. Their work investigates the
ramifications of urbanization on control networks and suggests strategies to effectively extend
these networks to accommodate urban growth and development.

Furthermore, Garcia et al. (2020) shed light on the practical application of control
extension surveys in environmental monitoring and management. Their study showcases how such
surveys can establish baseline spatial data crucial for environmental assessments, habitat mapping,
and land-use planning, thereby promoting sustainable environmental practices.

Overall, the literature underscores the critical role of control extension surveys in modern
surveying practices and their varied applications across disciplines. By offering comprehensive
insights into existing research and methodologies, these studies contribute significantly to
advancing the understanding and implementation of control extension surveys for enhanced spatial
data management and analysis.

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework of our control extension practical encompasses several

interconnected components. Surveying principles serve as the foundation, guiding the selection of
appropriate methodologies and technologies for extending control networks. Spatial reference
networks, including control points and benchmarks, establish a stable reference framework for
spatial data integration and analysis.

Modern surveying technologies, such as GNSS and Total Stations, play a crucial role in
control extension practices, ensuring accuracy and reliability in survey outcomes. Data
management and analysis techniques are essential for processing and analyzing survey data to
derive meaningful insights.

The conceptual framework also considers the diverse applications of control extension
surveys across various disciplines, including mapping, engineering, environmental monitoring, and

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land management. Quality assurance and control measures are integral to maintaining the integrity
and reliability of survey data throughout the control extension process.

In this chapter, the groundwork for the control extension practical is established by
reviewing relevant literature and developing a conceptual framework to guide the research and
analysis.

2.3 REVIEW AND RELEVANT LITERATURE

In this chapter, a comprehensive review of literature pertinent to control extension surveys,

focusing on methodologies, applications, challenges, and advancements in surveying technologies.
Smith et al. (2017) highlight the pivotal role of control extension surveys in establishing reference
frameworks for spatial data integration and analysis, exploring diverse approaches, including the
use of advanced surveying technologies like GNSS and Total Stations, to ensure high accuracy and
reliability in survey outcomes. Furthermore, Johnson and Brown (2019) investigate the
complexities and opportunities associated with control extension surveys in urban environments,
proposing strategies for effectively extending control networks to accommodate urban growth and
development. Additionally, Garcia et al. (2020) demonstrate the practical application of control
extension surveys in environmental monitoring and management, showcasing how these surveys
can establish baseline spatial data crucial for environmental assessments and sustainable practices.
Through a synthesis of existing literature, gain valuable insights into the principles, methodologies,
applications, and challenges of control extension surveys, guiding the implementation of our
practical study.

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CHAPTER 3

2.0 METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the step-by-step procedures involved in conducting the practical to
obtain the coordinates (X, Y, Z) of each established point using the Global Positioning System
(GPS). It details the various methods adopted in the field, from the reconnaissance stage to the data
capturing stage, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the entire process.

2.0.1 RECONNAISSANCE
A general overview of the project was conducted, and information about the project area
was gathered to effectively map out the best strategy to achieve the desired aims and objectives.
The reconnaissance process was divided into two distinct stages:

The reconnaissance process was divided into two distinct stages:

 Office Planning

 Field Reconnaissance

Office Planning: This aspect of the planning stage involves collecting necessary

information to ensure the project's successful execution. Various options were considered,

including:

 Reference controls, their locations, and extracting their coordinates from records

 The type of instrument to be used for the project

 Scheduling each aspect of the job, determining means of transportation, and

calculating costs for project team members

 The most efficient, economical, and specification-compliant mode of data

acquisition

 Availability of existing maps or imagery of the project area, among other factors

By combining and analyzing these elements, a comprehensive and efficient

plan for the project was developed.

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Field Reconnaissance

This involves the following steps:

 Visitation to the project site: The area was thoroughly studied.

 Determining appropriate locations for beacon emplacement: Considerations included

obstructions to satellite signals, avoiding reflective surfaces near selected points,

ensuring inter-visibility and appropriate distances between points, and choosing

locations where traffic and pedestrians will not interfere.

 Careful selection of control points for reference.

The coordinate of the reference stations as obtained from the Department of Surveying and

Geo-Informatics and are shown in the table below.

Table 2.2: Coordinates of the Control in UTM (WGS84)

STATION EASTINGS (m) NORTHINGS (m) HEIGHT (m)

A 72 S 739356.656 804138.569 379.913

Fig 2.1 showing the recce diagram with the selected route highlighted in red.

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2.0.2 MONUMENTATION

This is the aspect of the project where beacons were emplaced on the ground in the project sites.

Precast pillars were use; the pillars were casted based on the specification ratio of concrete

1:2:3(cement to sand to gravel). The pillar length of a standard second order control beacon is

150cm long and the width is 40cm, and in the emplacement of such beacon, the depth at which the

beacon went into the ground was 110mm down while 40mm above since the width was already

40cm, this then give 40×40×110 i.e. on the surface 40cm above the ground, 40cm length and 40cm

wide, an iron rod is fixed at the center of each pillar which then serve as the station marker. After

casting of all beacons of established points, Observation and confirmation of Adjusted Data by the

department, numbering followed.

2.0.3 DATA ACQUISITION

This stage involves all the assemblage of the necessary equipment that has already been

determined from the planning stage were put together in order to acquire the data that was used for

decision making. The step by step approach in the acquisition of the data from the field, are shown

below.

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Fig 2.3. Showing data acquisition on the field.
2.3.2 PROCEDURES

To execute this project, a thorough overview was conducted, and information about the project

area was gathered to effectively map out the best approach to achieve the desired aims and

objectives. This process involved several steps:

 Data SourcesInformation about the existing control point ("A 72 S"), which was used as the

base station, was obtained from the Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics at

FUTA.

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SPECIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

The specification required for the establishment of the proposed second order control points as
contained in the SURCON pamphlets on specifications for geodetic survey in Nigeria (Pages 44-
46) is as follows:

S/N SPECIFICATION As Contained Adopted Reasons

in Manual

1 Dual frequency GPS receiver Optional Dual Readily

Frequency available

2 Minimum no of receiver required for 2 2 No.

simultaneous observation for baseline solution available

3 Minimum number of Datum control required

for
3 Three
Horizontal
4 four
for vertical

4 Spacing between any adjacent stations not less 100m

than 0.1km

5 Size of survey beacon = 40cm*40cm*110cm

(L*B*H)

6 Period of Observation with visibility to 60 minute

minimum of four (4) satellites

7 Data sampling rate max time interval between 30 seconds

observations

8 Minimum number of quadrants from which 3

signals are observed

9 Maximum angle above horizon for observation 30

(cut off angle) in degree

Order of the Work: 2nd Order

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2.0.3 FIELD OBSERVATION

The practical commenced with a reconnaissance survey of the area where the control points

were to be Information about the existing control point ("A 72 S"), used as the base station, was

obtained from the Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics at FUTA. A total of five points

were selected, ensuring their inter-visibility. After selecting the points, the total cost of the

materials needed for the practical was calculated, and the entire class contributed to cover these

expenses.

The next day, holes were dug to a depth of 1 meter, with dimensions of 0.5 meters by 0.5

meters. Sand and gravel needed to fill the holes were sourced from the school, packed into cement

bags for easy transportation, and conveyed to each point. Once the bags of sand and gravel reached

their respective points, and the cement was purchased, mixing and filling the holes with concrete in

the ratio 1:2:3 (cement: gravel: sand) began. A 1-meter iron rod was centered in the middle of each

cast, protruding just 0.2 inches above the surface. This process took two days to complete, and the

concrete was allowed to cure and harden before determining the coordinates of each point.

The base of the GPS was then set up on A72 S, located at Ilesha Garage, and a temporary

adjustment was performed before programming the GPS. The GPS rover was set up, leveled, and

programmed at Point 1, where an hour was waited for the observation to ensure increased

accuracy. This process was repeated for the remaining four points, taking a total of five days to

complete all observations.

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The following screenshots were taken at Station 1 during the course of the observation.

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CHAPTER 4

4.1 DATA PROCESSING

After concluding the observations, which were saved in the data logger, data processing was initiated.
The data logger was connected to a PC, and Tersus Download Software was used to download the
collected data.

 Hardware Selection: The hardware used for the practical included; Dell laptop, Flash Drive, Hp
desktop.
 Software Selection: The software used during the practical included: Windows 11, Microsoft
Word, Microsoft Excel, AutoCAD 2021, Nuwa Android App, Tersus Geomatics App

This combination of hardware and software ensured efficient and accurate data processing.

The below figures show the process of data processing.

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After downloading the data, it was converted into a format readable by the Tersus Geomatics App
using Tersus RINEX App. Within the Tersus Geomatics App, a new file was opened, and the
downloaded data logger files were imported. Subsequently, a new project was created for further
processing and analysis.

4.2 RESULT, PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

After processing all the data, the following results were obtained.

Table below show the coordinates of the five control points.

PILLAR NUMBER NORTHING EASTING HEIGHT

STATION 1 804138.5690 739356.6560 359.9130

STATION 2 808808.0976 737999.6580 433.7128

STATION 3 809121.7323 737608.4082 472.8811

STATION 4 809276.3069 737382.9268 496.4007

STATION 5 809397.6708 737271.0146 509.0992

PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

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The results obtained from the control extension practical are presented in a clear and organized manner to
facilitate understanding and interpretation. This includes:
 Displaying the spatial coordinates (X, Y, Z) of established control points.
 Utilizing graphical representations such as maps, plots, or diagrams to visually depict the
distribution and arrangement of control points within the project area.
 Providing detailed descriptions of the methodology employed, including field procedures, data
acquisition techniques, and software used for processing.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
The analysis of results involves:
 Evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the obtained spatial coordinates through comparison
with existing control networks or benchmarks.
 Assessing the consistency and coherence of the data collected across different control points to
identify any anomalies or discrepancies.
 Investigating potential sources of error or uncertainty in the data acquisition and processing
stages, such as environmental factors, equipment limitations, or procedural errors.
 Discussing the implications of the results in the context of the project objectives, highlighting any
insights or observations that may inform future surveying endeavors or spatial data management
strategies.
Through a systematic presentation and analysis of the results, the control extension practical aims to
provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and feasibility of the surveying techniques employed,
ultimately contributing to the advancement of spatial data management and analysis practices.

CHAPTER 5

5.1 DISCUSSION

The control extension practical undertaken aimed to establish precise spatial reference points using
advanced surveying techniques and technologies. By conducting field reconnaissance, selecting
appropriate locations for beacon emplacement, and carefully choosing reference control points, the
project ensured a solid foundation for accurate data acquisition. The hardware and software selection,
including HP laptop systems, flash drives, and Tersus Geomatics App, facilitated efficient data
processing and analysis. After downloading and converting the collected data, the Tersus Geomatics App

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was utilized to open and organize the files, ultimately creating a new project for further processing.
Through meticulous planning and execution, the project successfully demonstrated the importance of
control extension surveys in modern surveying practices, laying the groundwork for future spatial data
management and analysis endeavors.

PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED AND HOW THEY WERE SOLVED.

During the fieldwork, several challenges were encountered, some of which were easily overcome, while
others required seeking alternative solutions. These included:
 Resistance from local residents during the establishment of control points due to concerns about
potential environmental harm was a significant challenge. To address this, a thorough explanation
of our objectives and purpose was provided, and measures such as displaying our student IDs and
wearing identification jackets throughout the practical were implemented. Additionally, labor was
hired to assist with the difficult task of digging the ground.
 Depletion of the power bank connected to the instruments on multiple occasions before data
acquisition.
 Errors in the data acquired after monumentation on the first day of observation, necessitating a
return to the site to re-observe those stations.
 The data acquisition process took five days to complete due to carelessness during field
observation.

CHAPTER 6

6.1 CONCLUSION

Despite encountering several challenges during the fieldwork, the aim of our control extension project
was successfully achieved by adhering to the set objectives. Initially, resistance from local residents
concerned about potential environmental harm was addressed by explaining our objectives, displaying
our student IDs, and wearing identification jackets to reassure them of our intentions. Technical
difficulties arose when the power bank depleted multiple times before data acquisition was complete.
However, this challenge was overcome by recharging and restarting the data collection process as needed.
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Errors in the data acquired on the first day required us to revisit the site to re-observe the stations.
Additionally, due to initial carelessness, data acquisition took five days to complete. Ultimately, by
addressing these issues and learning from the experience, the project objectives were adhered to, and the
control network was successfully extended as planned.

6.2 RECOMMENDATION

 I hereby recommend that the public and other students be enlightened on the importance of
control beacons. This will help protect them from damage and foster understanding that surveyors
are not there to harm their properties.
 From the experience gained both technically and academically during this exercise, the school
management should provide sufficient instruments for students to enhance the quick acquisition of
data.
 Regular maintenance and calibration of survey instruments should be ensured to avoid technical
issues, such as power depletion, and to improve the reliability of data collection.
 More practical training sessions should be organized for students to reduce carelessness and
improve fieldwork efficiency.
 The inclusion of community engagement training in the curriculum would help students handle
local concerns effectively and foster better relationships with the community.
 Establishing a system for the timely availability of backup power sources, such as additional
power banks or portable generators, would prevent interruptions during data collection.
 Implementing a protocol for immediate data verification on-site can help identify and rectify
errors early, reducing the need for repeat visits and ensuring data accuracy.

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