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المحاضرة الاولى-ترايبولوجي

Tribology is the interdisciplinary study of friction, lubrication, and wear in interacting surfaces, significantly impacting energy consumption in various sectors. It encompasses subfields like biotribology and nanotribology, and its applications are evident in automotive components and machinery. Surface topography, including roughness and waviness, plays a crucial role in tribological performance, with various measurement methods available to assess surface characteristics.

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2 views8 pages

المحاضرة الاولى-ترايبولوجي

Tribology is the interdisciplinary study of friction, lubrication, and wear in interacting surfaces, significantly impacting energy consumption in various sectors. It encompasses subfields like biotribology and nanotribology, and its applications are evident in automotive components and machinery. Surface topography, including roughness and waviness, plays a crucial role in tribological performance, with various measurement methods available to assess surface characteristics.

Uploaded by

mishaan.farhan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction in tribology

The word tribology derives from the Greek root τριβ- of the verb τρίβω, tribo, "I
rub"
Tribology is the science and engineering of understanding friction, lubrication
and wear phenomena for interacting surfaces in relative motion.
It is highly interdisciplinary, drawing on many academic fields, including
physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, biology and engineering
The fundamental objects of study in tribology are tribosystems, which are
physical systems of contacting surfaces
Subfields of tribology include biotribology, nanotribology and space tribology.
Approximately 20% of the total energy expenditure of the world is due to the
impact of friction and wear in the transportation, manufacturing, power
generation, and residential sectors
Applications
There are various applications of tribology can be seen in Automobile
Components like Gears, Bearing, cams brakes etc. Another examples are design
of joints, the wear of screws and Plates in bone fracture repair and in all the
machineries where Relative motion between two or more components.
Importance of tribology
1. Tribology is very important in today's world because a heavy amount of
energy is lost due to friction in mechanical Components. To use less
amount of energy we need to minimize the amount of energy which are
being wested. lt can be done by the help of tribological knowledge.
2. By the help of tribological knowledge premature wear of machine
components can be reduced will assure long service life of machine
components.
Surface topography
Surface topography is the local deviations of a surface from a perfectly flat
plane. The topography of a surface is known to substantially affect the bulk
properties of a material. Despite the often nanoscale nature of surface
irregularities, the influence they have may be observed by macroscopic
measurements.
Surface topography is the nature of a surface as defined by the three
characteristics:
1. Lay – The direction of the
predominant surface
pattern ordinarily
determined by the
production method used.
2. Surface roughness
3. Waviness
Surface roughness – Closely
spaced irregularities (cutting
tool marks, grit of grinding
wheel). In engineering, this is
what is usually meant by
"surface finish."
Surface roughness can be either
isotropic or anisotropic as
shown in figure (1) .
Fig 1. Type of Surface roughness
(a) Anisotropic surfaces have clear directionality, differ considerably in
roughness and the materials properties are not the same at all points or directions
(b) Isotropic surfaces have the same topography independent of measuring
direction and the physical property is the same at any point/direction through the
material as shown in figure(2).
Surface roughness may be measured in two ways:
• Contact methods – Involve dragging a measurement stylus (profilometer)

across the surface


• Non-contact methods – Including:
1. Interferometry
2. Confocal microscopy
3. Focus variation
4. Structured light
5. Electrical capacitance
6. Electron microscopy
7. Photogrammetry
The most common method is to use a diamond stylus profilometer. The stylus is
run perpendicular to the lay of the surface.

Fig. 2. Isotropic and anisotropic surface. Amplitudes are scaled by a factor of


five: (a) isotropic (b) anisotropic
Waviness – More widely spaced irregularities (vibration and chatter). These
usually occur due to warping, vibrations or deflection during machining.
Roughness of metal surfaces
The surfaces of machine parts are necessarily, to a greater or lesser extent,
uneven, ie. rough. The micro geometry of surfaces has a dominant influence on
the contact conditions of surfaces and thus on tribological phenomena in machine
parts. The topographic appearance of surfaces should be viewed in three-
dimensional form. However, in practice, the analysis of surfaces is usually
reduced to surface cross-sections or two dimensions.

steel surfaces with different roughnesses


types of roughness
✓ Mean arithmetic deviations of the Ra profile
✓ Mean height of unevenness Rz profile
✓ Mean square deviation of profile Rq profile
✓ Maximum height of the profile unevenness Ry profile
Mean arithmetic deviations of the Ra profile
The arithmetic mean deviation of the profile Ra represents the arithmetic mean
absolute value of the deviation of all points of the effective profile from the mean
line within the reference length of Figs. 3.
1 𝑙
𝑅𝑎𝑖 = 𝑙 ∫0 |𝑦|𝑑𝑥, 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 the number of performed measurements (1)

1
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑛 ∙ ∑𝑛𝑖=1|𝑦𝑖 | (2)
Fig 3. Determination of roughness parameter Ra

Mean height of unevenness Rz


The mean height of the roughness Rz represents the difference between the mean
arithmetic value of the height of the five highest and the mean arithmetic mean
height of the five lowest points of the profile within the reference length, when
the heights of these 10 points measure from an arbitrary line parallel to the
midline of the profile as shown in figure (4).

1 1 (𝑌𝑃1 +𝑌𝑃2 +𝑌𝑃3 +𝑌𝑃4 +𝑌𝑃5 )−(𝑌𝑉1 +𝑌𝑉2 +𝑌𝑃3 +𝑌𝑃4 +𝑌𝑃5 )
𝑅𝑧 = 5 ∙ ∑5𝑖=1 𝑌𝑃𝑖 − 5 ∙ ∑5𝑖=1 𝑌𝑉𝑖 = (3)
5

where YPi and YVi (µm) are the highest peak, and the lowest valley respectively.

Fig 4 Determination of roughness parameter Rz


Mean square deviation of profile Rq,
The mean square deviation of the profile Rq is the square root of the arithmetic
mean of the square of the deviation of the profile (Yi) from the midline, Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Determination of roughness parameter Rq
Maximum height of the profile unevenness Ry
The maximum height of the unevenness of the profile Ry is the sum of the height
Rp of the highest peak from the midline and the depth Rv of the deepest valley
from the midline, Figure (7) shows the roughness measuring device and the
surface topography with different values of roughness coefficients

Fig. 6. Determination of the roughness parameter Ry.


Fig. 7. Shows different values of steel roughness coefficient

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