Basic Concept

Disaster Risk Management

DR. KUMAR RAKA

CHILD CENTRIC DISASTER RISK REDUCTION CENTRE
NIDM SOUTH CAMPUS
MHA, GOI
Session plan
To prepare participants with
the basics of disaster
management

60-90 Minutes

1.Interaction
2.Power Point Presentation
3.Exercise
1. Basic Terminologies

 Disaster  Mitigation
 Hazard  Preparedness
 Disaster Risk  Prevention
 Vulnerability  Reconstruction
 Exposure  Recovery
 Capacity  Resilience
 Disaster Damage  Response
Hazard? Vulnerability?

Disaster Risk?

Capacity? Exposure?
HxVxE
R=
C
 Hazard

A process, phenomenon
or activity that may
cause loss of life, injury or
other health impacts,
property damage, social
and economic disruption
or environmental
degradation.

Hazards may be natural,

anthropogenic in origin.
 Disaster
A serious disruption of the
functioning of a
community or a society at
any scale due to
hazardous events
interacting with conditions
of exposure, vulnerability
and capacity

leading to one or more of

the following: human,
material, economic and
environmental losses and
impacts.
Disaster Risk
The potential loss of life/
injury, or destroyed/
damaged assets which
could occur to a system,
society or a community in
a specific period of time

Determined
probabilistically as a
function of hazard,
exposure, vulnerability and
capacity.
 Vulnerability

The conditions determined

by physical, socio-
economic and
environmental factors
which increase the
susceptibility of an
individual, a community,
assets or systems to the
impacts of hazards.
Exposure

The situation of people,

infrastructure, housing,
production capacities and
other tangible human
assets located in hazard-
prone areas.
If a hazard occurs in an
area of no exposure, then
there is no risk.
Capacity

Capacity refers to all

the strengths, attributes
and resources
available within a
community,
organization or society
to manage and
reduce disaster risks
and strengthen
resilience.
 Damage
Disaster damage occurs
during and immediately after
the disaster. This is usually
measured in physical units
(e.g., square meters of
housing, kilometres of roads,
etc.), and describes the total
or partial destruction of
physical assets, the disruption
of basic services and
damages to sources of
livelihood in the affected
area.
Disaster Risk Management

The organization, planning

and application of
measures preparing for,
responding to and
recovering from disasters.

HxVxE
R=
C
Prevention
Activities and measures to
avoid existing and new
disaster risks. While certain
disasters cannot be
eliminated, prevention aims
at reducing vulnerability
and exposure in such
contexts where, as a result,
the risk of disaster is
removed.
Examples include dams or
embankments that
eliminate flood risks
 Mitigation
The lessening or
minimizing of the
adverse impacts of a
hazardous event.
Mitigation measures
include engineering
techniques and hazard-
resistant construction as
well as improved
environmental and
social policies and
public awareness.
Preparedness
The knowledge and
capacities developed
by governments,
response & recovery
organizations,
communities and
individuals to
effectively anticipate,
respond to and recover
from the impacts of
disasters.
Response
Actions taken directly
before, during or
immediately after a
disaster in order to
save lives, reduce
health impacts, ensure
public safety and
meet the basic
subsistence needs of
the people affected.
 Rehabilitation

The restoration of basic

services and facilities
for the functioning of a
community or a society
affected by a disaster.
Recovery
The restoring or improving of livelihoods and health, as
well as economic, physical, social, cultural and
environmental assets, systems and activities, of a disaster-
affected community or society, aligning with the
principles of sustainable development and “build back
better”, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk.
Reconstruction
The medium and long-term
rebuilding and sustainable
restoration of resilient critical
infrastructures, services, housing,
facilities and livelihoods required for
full functioning of a community or a
society affected by a disaster,
aligning with the principles of
sustainable development and
“build back better”, to avoid or
reduce future disaster risk.
Resilience
Refers to the ability
of individuals,
communities and
systems to be
‘resistant’ to shocks
and stresses brought
about by natural
hazards and
‘bounce back
better’ or ‘bounce
forward’.
Thank you
Vulnerability Profile of India &
Disaster Risk Management
Mechanism

DR. KUMAR RAKA

CHILD CENTRIC DISASTER RISK REDUCTION CENTRE
NIDM SOUTH CAMPUS
MHA, GOI
Session plan
To provide vulnerability profile
of country and disaster
managemet mechanism

60-90 Minutes

1.Interaction
2.Power Point Presentation
3.Exercise
INDIAN SCENARIO
Out of 905 natural disasters worldwide, nearly 10% in India
 Globally Increasing Trend of Disasters:
78 in 1970 to 348 in 2004 and 905 in 2012
Types of Disaster
Disasters Typology & Response

•Slow Onset Disasters - ???

•Rapid onset Disasters - ???

Adequate Early Warning Provides Time making well

coordinated response from different agencies
possible (i.e Cyclone Phailin & Fani)

No Early Warning System – No Response Time (i.e

Uttarakhand Landslides / Flash Floods, 2013) – Better
EWS & preparedness are the only solution.
 Indian Scenario
➢British risk assessors Maplecroft conducted a survey
“Natural Hazards Risk Atlas 2011”.

➢India along with six other countries (Mexico, Turkey,

Philippines, Indonesia , Italy and Canada) was rated as "high
risk" in absolute terms.

According to the World Bank:

Direct losses from natural disasters have been estimated

to amount up to 2% of India’s GDP and up to 12% of
central government revenues.
Hazard Profile of India

 India is the 7th largest country by area, the 2nd most

populous country with over 1.37 billion people and
due to its physiographic and climatic conditions is one
of the most disaster prone areas of the World.

 Nearly 59% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of

moderate to very high intensity.

 More than 40 million hectares (12% land) is prone to

floods and river erosion.

 Nearly 7,500 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone

to cyclones and tsunamis.
Hazard Profile of India
 Nearly 68% of the cultivable area is vulnerable to
drought.

 Large tracts in hilly regions are at risk from

landslides and some are prone to snow
avalanches.

 Further, the vulnerability to Chemical, Biological,

Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) disasters and
terrorism has also increased manifold.
Tropical Cyclones

Total Coastline – 7,516 kms

Vulnerable to Cyclones &
Tsunamis – 5,700 kms

High Vulnerability States

▪Odisha
▪Andhra Pradesh
▪West Bengal
▪Tamil Nadu
▪Gujarat
▪Kerala
▪Puducherry
 Tropical Cyclones

 India's long coastline of nearly 7,500 km is vulnerable

to about 10% of the World's tropical cyclones.

 Cyclones occur frequently on both the west coast in

the Arabian Sea and the east coast in the Bay of
Bengal.

 More cyclones occur in the Bay of Bengal than in the

Arabian Sea and the ratio is approximately 4:1.

 On an average, 5 to 6 tropical cyclones form every

year, of which 2 or 3 could be severe.
Tropical Cyclones

 There are 13 coastal states and union territories (UTs)

in the country, encompassing 84 coastal districts
which are affected by tropical cyclones.

 Four states (Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha

and West Bengal) and one UT (Puducherry) on the
east coast and one state (Gujarat) on the west
coast are highly vulnerable to cyclone disasters.
Tsunami
 Tsunamis, also known as a seismic sea wave, are
a series of very large waves with extremely long
wavelength, in the deep ocean, the length from
crest to crest may be 100 km and more.

 It is usually generated by sudden displacements

in the sea floor caused by earthquake.

 Other Causes of Tsunami - ???

Landslides

 Resulting from natural phenomena (heavy rainfall,

snowmelt, gravity, volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes) or man-made actions
(deforestation, construction, blasting etc.)

 Landslides occur in the hilly regions of India such

as the Himalaya, North-East India, the Nilgiris,
Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats.

 It is estimated that 30% of the World’s landslides

occur in the Himalayan ranges. Landslides are
also common in Western Ghat.
Storm Surge
 Storm surge, a coastal phenomenon, is the inherent
destructive aspect of cyclones.

 It is an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm,

over and above the predicted astronomical tides.
Storm Surge
 The rise in water level can cause extreme flooding
when storm surge coincides with normal high tide,
reaching up to 6 metres or more in some cases.

 Most casualties during tropical cyclones occur as the

result of storm surges.
Floods
Vulnerability – 12% of total
landmass
Most of the States in the
country are vulnerable to
floods in varying degree
High Vulnerability States
▪Assam ▪Gujarat
▪Bihar ▪Uttar Pradesh
▪Andhra Pradesh ▪Uttarakhand
▪Odisha ▪Himachal Pradesh
▪West Bengal ▪Delhi
▪Gujarat ▪Punjab
▪Maharashtra ▪Haryana
▪Karnataka ▪Kerala
Floods
 Floods affect an average area of around 7.5 million hectares
per year.

 Flooding is perhaps the most critical and common climate-

related hazard in India.

 According to the National Commission on Floods, out of 40

million hectares area susceptible to floods, it is possible to
provide reasonable degree of protection to nearly 80 percent
(32 million ha).

 On an average, annually a few hundred lives are lost, millions of

people are rendered homeless, lakhs of hectares of crops are
damaged, thousands of animals are affected (killed and
injured).
Earthquake
Vulnerability – 58.6% of the
total landmass

High Vulnerability States

(Zone IV & V)
▪Jammu & Kashmir
▪Himachal Pradesh
▪Uttarakhand
▪Punjab
▪Delhi
▪Gujarat
▪Bihar
▪North Bengal
▪NE States incl Sikkim
Earthquake
 Nearly 59% of India’s territory is vulnerable to earthquakes.

 The last three major earthquakes shook Gujarat in January

2001, Jammu and Kashmir in October 2005 and Sikkim in
2011.

 Seven states in North East (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,

Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya), the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of three states in the
North/North-West (Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand,
Bihar, and Gujarat are in Seismic Zone V.

 Wide-spread human and material losses, collapse of

infrastructure and services may be the major
consequences of the earthquake.
 Drought
Drought results from long
period of dry weather and
insufficient precipitation, which
causes acute dry conditions.

About 68% of the cultivable

area is vulnerable to drought.

Drought affects parts of

Rajasthan (chronically),
Gujarat, Maharashtra, MP, UP,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and
Andhra Pradesh. Droughts
cause severe distress in the
affected areas.
 Cities at Risk
• Increasing density of population, economic activities
and urbanization have put Cities at greater risk.

• Risk primarily from Structural Collapse, Urban

Flooding, Fire and Chemical & Biological.

• Inadequate regulations and enforcement on Built

Environment increases earthquake vulnerability.

• Insufficient technical expertise.

• Twin challenges of building new disaster resilient

infrastructure and making existing infrastructure safer
through retro-fitting.
 Activity
 Mark the areas/districts vulnerable to different hazards
 Use the following symbols for marking
 Interpret with map
 Duration: Exercise: 15 Min, Discussion; 15 Min

Disasters Symbol
Floods F
Thunderstorm S
Heat Wave H
Cyclone C
Drought D
Earthquake E
Tsunami T
Landslide L
Disaster Risk Management

Institutional Mechanism
MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA (1950-2000)
YEAR PLACES & DISASTER LOSS OF LIVES
(APPROX)

1950 Assam Earthquake 1,500

1956 Anjar, Gujarat Earthquake Hundreds
1963 Badgam, Kashmir Earthquake Hundreds
1967 Koyna, Maharashtra Earthquake 200
1971 Paradip, Orissa Cyclone 10,000
1977 Chirala, Andhra Pradesh Cyclone 10,000
1988 Bihar Earthquake 1,003
1991 Uttarkashi, Uttar Pradesh Earthquake 2,000
1993 Latur, Maharashtra Earthquake 9,500
1999 Chamoli, Uttarakhand Earthquake 2,000
1999 Orissa Cyclone 9,887

Approximate Loss of Life

46,090
 SIGNIFICANT DISASTERS IN INDIA : 2000 - 2005
YEAR PLACES & DISASTER LOSS OF LIVES LOSS OF PROPERTY
(APPROX) ( Rs Crore) (APPROX)
2001 Bhuj, Gujarat Earthquake 13,805 15,308
2004 SE India Tsunami 13,377 20,000
2004 Assam & Bihar Floods 500-700 5000
2005 Jammu & Kashmir Avalanche 1,336 700

2005 Mumbai, Guj, HP Floods 1,000 18000 *

Mah, Karnataka * Not Yet Finalised

Total Losses of Major Disasters only

30,218 59,008 Cr

• RUPEES 100 CRORES EQUAL US $ 15 MILLION (Approx)

 MANAGEMENT OF DISASTERS

1. Until 2001 – Responsibility with Agriculture Ministry.

2. Committees Set Up by Govt on Disaster Management :-
• High Powered Committee under Chairmanship of Shri J C Pant –
August 1999 (Prior to Orissa Super Cyclone).
• All Party National Committee under the Chairmanship of
Prime Minister – Feb 2001 (After Gujarat Earthquake).
3. Responsibility Transferred to MHA in June 2002.
4. National Disaster Management Authority established with Executive
Order in September 2005.
5. Disaster Management Act passed in December 2005.
 NATIONAL VISION
To build a safer and
disaster resilient India by
developing a holistic,
proactive, multi-disaster
oriented and technology
driven strategy through a
culture of prevention,
mitigation, preparedness
and response.
 Salient Features – Disaster Management Act, 2005
APPROACH
▪ Paradigm Shift from Response Centric to a Holistic and Integrated
Approach with emphasis on preparedness.
▪ Backed by – Institutional Framework and Legal Authority.
▪ Supported by Financial Mechanism, Creation of new Funds, i.e.,
Response Fund and Mitigation Fund.
DM STRUCTURE
▪ NDMA set up as the Apex Body with Hon’ble PM as Chairperson.
▪ DM Structure – At all three levels i.e. National, State and District.
▪ National Executive Committee (NEC) - Secretaries of 14 Ministries
and Chief of Integrated Defence Staff Function as Executive
Committee of NDMA.
 Salient Features – Disaster Management Act, 2005
NATIONAL, STATE AND DISTRICT LEVEL
At the Centre
▪ Central Ministries will continue with Nodal Responsibilities.
▪ National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to Provide Guidance,
Coordination and Synergy.
State Level
▪ State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) at State Level, headed by Chief
Minister.
▪ State Executive Committee (SEC), headed by Chief Secretary, will
coordinate and monitor implementation of National Policy, National Plan
and State Plan.
District Level
▪ District Disaster Management Authority headed by District Magistrate.
▪ Chairperson of Zila Parishad as Co-Chairperson – interface between Govt.
and Public.
Agencies
▪ National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
▪ National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
 Disasters Response
Three Tier Mechanism
National Level – NDRF (Defence, CAPFs & other
Central Agencies as & when required )

State Level – SDRF & other State Agencies

District Level – Civil Admn, Local Police, Civil

Defence, Fire & Emergency Services, Home
Guards etc. (also Local Community, NGOs,
Voluntary Agencies)
 Role of NDRF
During
1. SPECIALIZED RESPONSE Disaster
Impendi
2. PROACTIVE DEPLOYMENT DURING IMPENDING ng
Disaster
DISASTER SITUATIONS
3. IMPART BASIC AND OPERATIONAL LEVEL
TRAINING TO STATE RESPONSE FORCES (POLICE,
CIVIL DEFENCE AND HOME GUARDS) Non
Disaster
4. ASSIST IN COMMUNITY TRAINING & Period

PREPAREDNESS
5. LIAISON, RECONNAISSANCE, REHEARSALS AND
MOCK DRILLS.
Contd.
Role of NCMC, NEC, Armed Forces & CAPFs
❖ In case of a major disaster, invariably National Crisis
Management Committee (NCMC) headed by Cab Sec. and
National Executive Committee (NEC) at HS level play a direct
monitoring and support role.

❖ The Indian Armed Forces & CAPFs are supposed to be

called upon to intervene and take on specific tasks when the
situation appears to be beyond the coping capabilities of Local
Administration.

❖ In practice, the Armed Forces & CAPFs are added strength

of government’s response capacity when the severity and
magnitude of a disaster is extremely high.
 OVERALL STRATEGY
SEVEN PILLARS
The Strategy for Paradigm Shift is based on ‘Seven Pillars’ –
▪ Pre-disaster Phase:
1. Prevention.
2. Mitigation.
3. Preparedness.
4. Capacity Building (NDRF, SDRF, CD, NCC, NYKS etc).
5. Community based Disaster Management (includes Public
Awareness).
▪ Post-disaster Phase:
6. Prompt and Efficient Response (Rescue, Relief and
Rehabilitation).
7. Reconstruction and Recovery (Build back better).
PROGRESS BEING MADE IN ALL ASPECTS.
THANK
YOU