Sustainable Development Goals Progress Chart 2022

Technical Note
Contents
I. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3
II. The Proposed Methodology by the Task Team on SDG Progress Chart ......................................... 4
a) Measuring the trend for indicators without an explicit numerical target ............................ 4
b) Measuring the trend for indicators with an explicit numerical target .................................. 5
III. Detailed Methodologies ............................................................................................................ 6
Indicator 1.1.1: Proportion of population below the international poverty line ................................... 6
Indicator 1.3.1: Proportion of population covered by social protection systems .................................. 7
Indicator 2.1.2: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the
Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) .................................................................................................. 8
Indicator 2.2.1: Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the
World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age..... 9
Indicator 3.1.2: Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel ......................................... 11
Indicator 3.2.1: Under-five mortality rate ............................................................................................ 12
Indicator 3.3.3: Malaria incidence per 1,000 population ..................................................................... 14
Indicator 3.b.1: Proportion of the 1-year-oldscovered by diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine
included in their national programme .................................................................................................. 15
Indicator 4.1.2: Primary education completion rate ............................................................................ 16
Indicator 5.3.1: Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age
18 .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Indicator 5.5.1 (a): Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments ................................ 19
Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services ................... 20
Indicator 6.2.1 (a): Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services ..................... 21
Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity .................................................... 22
Indicator 7.3.1: Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP ............................... 23
Indicator 8.1.1: Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita ................................................................. 24
Indicator 8.5.2: Unemployment rate .................................................................................................... 27
Indicator 9.2.1: Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP .................................................. 28
Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP .............................. 30
Indicator 9.c.1: Proportion of population covered by a mobile network ............................................. 32
Indicator 10.4.2: Gini Coefficient .......................................................................................................... 33
Indicator 11.1.1: Proportion of urban population living in slums......................................................... 35
Indicator 12.2.2: Domestic material consumption per unit of GDP ..................................................... 36
Indicator 12.c.1 (a): Amount of fossil-fuel subsidies per unit of GDP................................................... 37
Indicator 13.2.2: Total greenhouse gas emissions per year ................................................................. 38
Indicator 14.4.1: Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels ................................ 39
Indicator 14.5.1: Proportion of marine Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) covered by protected areas ... 40

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Indicator 15.1.2: Proportion of important sites for terrestrial biodiversity that are covered.............. 41
Indicator 15.4.1: Proportion of important sites for mountain biodiversity that are covered .............. 42
Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index............................................................................................................. 43
Indicator 16.1.1: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population ....................... 44
Indicator 16.3.2: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population ..................... 46
Indicator 16.a.1: Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the
Paris Principles ...................................................................................................................................... 47
Indicator 17.2.1: Net official development assistance, total and to least developed countries, as a
proportion of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Development
Assistance Committee donors’ gross national income (GNI) ............................................................... 48
Indicator 17.8.1: Proportion of individuals using the Internet ............................................................. 49
Indicator 17.18.3: Number of countries with a national statistical plan that is fully funded and under
implementation .................................................................................................................................... 50

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 I. Introduction
This document serves as a technical note detailing methodologies applied in The Sustainable
Development Goals Progress Chart 20221. The progress chart is one of the global Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) 2022 monitoring outputs, which also includes The Sustainable
Development Goals Report 20222.

The Sustainable Development Goals Progress Chart 2022 presents a snapshot of global and regional
progress of selected targets under the 17 Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
The progress assessment is based on the most up-to-date data and for some of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) also reflect the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to data
collection challenges related to pandemic-related measures, measuring the full impact of COVID-19
remains limited for the other Goals.

The progress chart presents two types of information:

• A trend assessment using stoplight colours to measure progress made towards the target
from a baseline year to the most recent data point;

• A level assessment using a gauge meter to measure the current level of development with
respect to the distance from its target based on the latest data.

The chart includes 36 selected indicators which cover the essential targets under each Goal and is
based on information available as of June 2022. A baseline year of around 2015 or 2010 is used for
the trend assessment. For most of the indicators, the latest available data are from 2019 to 2021.

In order to harmonize and improve the existing methodologies, a proposed methodology has been
developed by a Task Team on SDG Progress Chart, which consists of experts from around 15 regional
and international agencies. If the methodology deviates from the proposed methodology due to the
specialty of the indicator, a detailed explanation is specified in this technical note.

For the selection of indicators included in the progress chart, the Statistics Division of UNDESA
worked in close consultation with the Task Team. For most Goals, a limited set of indicators (often 2-
4 indicators per Goal) have been selected. As much as possible, those indicators included are Tier
I indicators with more than 50 per cent country coverage and 50 per cent population coverage for all
regions; and with relatively recently available data.

1
Sustainable Development Goals Progress Chart 2022, available at:
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/progress-chart
2
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020, available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/

3
 II. The Proposed Methodology by the Task Team on SDG
Progress Chart

1. Methodology for assessing current level of the SDG indicators

Level Assessment: Measure the current level based on the latest available data (usually in 2018 or
2019) with respect to the distance from its target. Five categories below are usually considered:

i. Target met or almost met

ii. Close to target
iii. Moderate distance to target
iv. Far from target
v. Very far from target

2. Methodology for assessing trend of an SDG indicator

Trends Assessment: Measure the progress from a baseline year of around 2015 or around 2010 (if
there is no sufficient data in 2015) to the most recent year. Trends are represented by four different
traffic light colours as explained below:

Colour Trends

Substantial progress/ on track

Fair progress but acceleration needed

Limited or no progress

Deterioration

Note: If the current level is in category i (i.e. target met or almost met), no trend analysis is needed
and ‘Substantial progress/ on track’ is assigned as the Trend assessment.

The standard methodologies for the trend assessment have two conditions: indicators without
explicit numerical target, indicators with explicit numerical target.

a) Measuring the trend for indicators without an explicit numerical target

For indicators that do not have an explicit numerical target set in the SDG agenda, the actual
Compound Annual Growth Rate (𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 ) is used to assess the trends:
1
𝑥𝑡 𝑡−𝑡0
𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 = ( ) −1
𝑥𝑡0
Where 𝒙𝒕 is the numerical value of the SDG indicator in year t; t is the year when the latest data is
available, and 𝒕𝟎 is the baseline year (the default baseline year is 2015 with a few exceptions).

4
 1) Categorize trend into one of four colour assessments below if the indicator should
increase over time (such as increasing coverage of health care and essential services):

Values of actual growth rate Assessment category

𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 > 0.01 Substantial progress/ on track
0.005 < 𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 ≤ 0.01 Fair progress but acceleration needed
−0.01 ≤ 𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 < 0.005 Limited or no progress
𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 < −0.01 Deterioration

2) Categorize trend into one of four colour assessments below if the indicator should
decrease over time (such as reducing poverty, hunger or diseases):

Values of actual growth rate Assessment category

𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 < −0.01 Substantial progress/ on track
−0.01 ≤ 𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 < −0.005 Fair progress but acceleration needed
−0.005 < 𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 ≤ 0.01 Limited or no progress
𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 > 0.01 Deterioration

b) Measuring the trend for indicators with an explicit numerical target

For indicators that have an explicit numerical target set in the SDG agenda, the ratio (CR) of the
actual growth rate (𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 ) to the required growth rate (CAGRr) to reach the target in the mature
year is used to assess the trends.

Calculate required growth rate (CAGRr) with a mature year of 2030:

1
𝑥 ∗ 2030−𝑡0
𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑟 = ( ) −1
𝑥𝑡0

Comparing the actual vs. the required growth means simply calculating the ratio of the two:
𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎
𝐶𝑅 =
𝐶𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑟

Categorize trend into one of four colour assessments based on the result of CR. The thresholds are
shown below:

CR value Assessment category

CR ≥ 0.95 Substantial progress/ on track

0.50 ≤ 𝐶𝑅 < 0.95 Fair progress but acceleration needed

−0.1 ≤ 𝐶𝑅 < 0.50 Limited or no progress

𝐶𝑅 < −0.1 Deterioration

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 III. Detailed Methodologies

Indicator 1.1.1: Proportion of population below the international poverty line

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

The latest data used for both trend and level assessments are 2021 nowcasts with high
uncertainty.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x ≤ 3 per cent

x: Proportion of population below the international

poverty line

Close to target 3 per cent < x ≤ 6 per cent

Moderate distance to target 6 per cent < x ≤ 15 per cent

Far from target 15 per cent < x ≤ 25 per cent

Very far from target x > 25 per cent

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

Trend assessment for is based on data for 2015–2021. The CR methodology (CR = actual
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to meet target by 2030)
recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2015 to 2021. The target set is 3 per
cent by 2030.

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

6
 Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Use of a nowcasting or forecasting technique

The nowcasting or forecasting technique which was applied in the contribution for the progress chart is
briefly described below:

The latest data used for both trend and level assessments are 2021 forecasts with high
uncertainty.

Indicator 1.3.1: Proportion of population covered by social protection systems

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level assessment is based on 2020 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x > 80 per cent

x: Proportion of population covered by social protection

Close to target 60 per cent <x ≤ 80 per cent

Moderate distance to target 40 per cent <x ≤ 60 per cent

Far from target 20 per cent < x ≤ 40 per cent

Very far from target x ≤ 20 per cent

Trend
Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or

7
 other baseline year):

The methodology recommended by UNSD was used; the actual compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) is conducted based on 2016 to 2020 data

Please define the calculation thresholds applied for measuring the trend in the table below:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track Actual CAGR > 1 per cent or Target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 per cent ≤ Actual CAGR ≤ 1 per cent

Orange Limited or no progress -1 per cent ≤ Actual CAGR < 0.5 per cent

Red Deterioration Actual CAGR < -1 per cent

Indicator 2.1.2: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the

population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level assessment is based on 2020 data and is measured using the “the distance to target”
method. The Target is 0 but is here operationalized with a threshold of 5 per cent to account for
measurement errors.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x ≤ 0.05

x: proportion of the population under moderate or severe

food insecurity

Close to target 0.05 < x ≤ 0.10

Moderate distance to target 0.10 < x ≤ 0.25

Far from target 0.25 < x ≤ 0.30

8
 Very far from target x > 0.30

Trend

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2015 to 2020.

Thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Thresholds applied in methodology used

Trend

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or Target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.50 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.50

Red Deterioration CR<-0.1

Indicator 2.2.1: Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from
the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards)
among children under 5 years of age

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

The levels are based on thresholds established through the WHO-UNICEF Technical Advisory
Group on Nutrition Monitoring (TEAM).1 The thresholds were developed in relation to standard
deviations (SD) of the normative WHO Child Growth Standards. The international definition of
‘normal’ (two SD from the WHO standards median) defines the first threshold, which includes 2.3
per cent of the area under the normalized distribution. Multipliers of this “very low” level
(rounded to 2.5 and then further to 3.0 per cent) set the basis to establish subsequent thresholds.

1
de Onis, Mercedes et al. (2018) Prevalence thresholds for wasting, overweight and stunting in
children under 5 years. Public Health Nutrition 22(1):1-5 · October 2018.

Current level assessment is based on 2020 data.

9
Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x < 3 per cent

x: prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of

age

Close to target 3 per cent ≤ x ≤ 10 per cent

Moderate distance to target 10 per cent ≤ x < 20 per cent

Far from target 20 per cent ≤ x < 30 per cent

Very far from target x ≤ 30 per cent

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

The methodology is based on annual rate of reduction which is defined as recent average annual
rate of reduction (AARR) calculated based on a log-linear regression using the 2020 and the 2012
estimates i.e. an exponential growth formula. The criteria and further details can be found here.
The required AARR is calculated based on that criteria that reach 40 per cent reduction upon 2012
by 2025.

If the baseline year being used for measuring trend is NOT the year 2015, please state it in the box
below and share the reasoning for the alternative baseline year:

The baseline year used was 2012 to align with the World Health Assembly resolution: WHA65.6,
which specified six global nutrition targets for 2025, which was further extended to 2030 and
referenced in the SDG target. The SDG Target 2.2 states: By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition,
including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in
children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and
lactating women and older persons. The target is to achieve a 40% reduction in the number of
children under five who are stunted by 2025.

Thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track AARR ≥ required AARR

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed AARR < required AARR, or AARR ≥ 0.5

10
 Orange Limited or no progress AARR < required AARR, or AARR > - 0.5 and
AARR < 0.5

Red Deterioration AARR ≤ - 0.5

1
Required AARR is the Average Annual rate of reduction needed to achieve the 2030 goal to Reduce and maintain childhood overweight to less
than 3 per cent

Indicator 3.1.2: Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

The current level assessment is based on 2021 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x ≥ 95 per cent

x: proportion of births attended by skilled health

personnel

Close to target 75 per cent ≤ x < 95 per cent

Moderate distance to target 50 per cent ≤ x < 75 per cent

Far from target 25 per cent ≤ x < 50 per cent

Very far from target x < 25 per cent

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2011 to 2021.
The target set is 95 per cent of births attended by skilled health personnel by 2030.

11
The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 3.2.1: Under-five mortality rate

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

The current level assessment is based on 2020 estimated regional under-five mortality rate.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x ≤ 25

x: deaths per 1,000 live births

Close to target 25 < x ≤ 35

Moderate distance to target 35 < x ≤ 45

Far from target 45 < x ≤ 55

Very far from target x > 55

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

The trend in U5MR is measured with the logarithmic annual rate of reduction (ARR). The formula
for calculating ARR is as follows:

ARRt1-t2 = (ln(U5MRt2/U5MRt1)/(t1-t2))*100

12
 Where t1=2010 and t2=2018 for progress from 2010 to 2020.

Target 3.2.1 has a numerical target of 25 or fewer deaths per 1,000 live births by 2030. In this
case, the required ARR can be calculated with t1=2020, t2=2030 and U5MRt2=25.

The ratio of the observed ARR to the required ARR (CR) determines the assessment of trend.
CR = ARR2000-2020/Required ARR2020-2030

The trend is moving in the desired direction and the target is already met for the regions of
Eastern and Southeastern Asia; Latin America and the Caribbean; and Europe, Northern
America, Australia & New Zealand. Therefore, trend was considered “substantial progress/on
track” (green) for these three regions.

Where the baseline year being used for measuring trend is NOT the year 2015, comment is offered
below:

The baseline year for measuring trend in the under-five mortality rate is 2010. There are very few
empirical data on the under-five mortality rate since 2015, thus more recent estimates may be an
extrapolation based on the combination of the country-level and global trends. Likewise, the
2015-2020 period is likely an insufficient amount of time over which to assess the trend in a
demographic indicator like the under-five mortality rate.

The thresholds applied for measuring the trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Use of a nowcasting or forecasting technique

The nowcasting or forecasting technique which was applied in the contribution for the progress chart is
briefly described below:

At the country level, a smooth trend line is estimated from empirical data on under-five mortality,
and the trend is extrapolated from the most recent empirical data point to a target year—2020in
this round.

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Indicator 3.3.3: Malaria incidence per 1,000 population

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

The current level assessment is based on the level of malaria incidence rate and from 2020 data

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

very low malaria incidence rate x < 0.1

x: incidence per 1,000 population

low malaria incidence rate 0.1 ≤ x < 10

moderate malaria incidence rate 10 ≤ x < 50

high malaria incidence rate 50 ≤ x < 100

very high malaria incidence rate 100 ≤ x

Trend

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2015 to 2020.
The target set is a 90 per cent reduction upon the 2015 level.

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

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Indicator 3.b.1: Proportion of the 1-year-oldscovered by diphtheria-tetanus-
pertussis vaccine included in their national programme

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level assessment is based on 2020 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x ≥ 95 per cent

x: proportion of 1-year-olds covered by diphtheria-

tetanus-pertussis vaccine

Close to target 95 per cent > x ≥ 90 per cent

Moderate distance to target 90 per cent > x ≥ 80 per cent

Far from target 80 per cent > x ≥ 70 per cent

Very far from target 70 per cent > x

Trend

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2015 to 2020.
The target set is a 90 per cent reduction upon the 2015 level.

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

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Indicator 4.1.2: Primary education completion rate

Note: Primary education completion rate is used for all assessments

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

Completion rates are estimates from the Global Education Monitoring Report
(https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/).

For the region of Europe, Northern America, Australia and New Zealand, values for Europe and
Northern America are reported.

All data are for the primary education completion rate.

Current Level assessment for the world is based on 2020 data, assessment for each regions are
based on national data from 2014 to 2020

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x > 97

x: primary education completion rates

Close to target 94 < x ≤ 97

Moderate distance to target 85 < x ≤ 94

Far from target 75 < x ≤ 85

Very far from target x ≤ 75

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2015 to 2018.

Regional values for 2015 are based on national data from 2011 to 2015.

16
 Regional values for 2020 are based on national data from 2014 to 2020.

The thresholds applied for measuring the trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.50 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 5.3.1: Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a
union before age 18

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level assessment is based on 2021 data.

Data for indicator 5.3.1 submitted in the 2021 round of SDG reporting are drawn from UNICEF
global databases, 2022. Data sources include Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS),
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and other nationally representative sources. For more
details, see the indicator metadata available here:
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-05-03-01.pdf

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x ≤ 1 per cent

x: proportion of women who were married or in a union

before age 18

Close to target 1 per cent < x ≤ 15 per cent

Moderate distance to target 15 per cent < x ≤ 30 per cent

Far from target 30 per cent < x ≤ 45 per cent

17
 Very far from target x > 45 per cent

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

The observed average annual rate of reduction (AARR) in the prevalence of child marriage is
calculated for the last 10-year period using a natural log function:
𝑝0
𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅 = ln ( ) /𝑡
𝑝1
Where:
p1=latest prevalence estimate
p0= starting prevalence estimate
t= number of years elapsed between p0 and p1 (10 years)

The observed AARR is compared to the AARR which would be required to eliminate child marriage
by 2030. For statistical purposes, elimination is defined as a prevalence of 1 per cent or lower.

The AARR is conducted based on the data from 2011 to 2021

Where the baseline year being used for measuring trend is NOT the year 2015, comment is offered
below:

Baseline year used is 2011.

Levels of child marriage typically shift over generations, and are not often subject to rapid change.
Assessing trends over a period of less than ten years is not likely to yield meaningful results.

The thresholds applied for measuring the trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track AARR ≥ required AARR, or prevalence < 1

per cent

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed AARR < required AARR, and AARR ≥ 0.5

Orange Limited or no progress AARR < required AARR, and 0.5 >AARR> -
0.5 or difference is within confidence
intervals

Red Deterioration AARR ≤ - 0.5

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Indicator 5.5.1 (a): Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level assessment is based on 2022 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Target met or almost met 40 per cent ≤ x < 60 per cent

x: Proportion of seats held by women in national
parliaments

Close to target 30 per cent ≤ x < 40 per cent

Moderate distance to target 20 per cent ≤ x < 30 per cent

Far from target 10 per cent ≤ x < 20 per cent

Very far from target x < 10 per cent

Trend

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used. The target set is 40 per cent but not
above 60 per cent

Please note, for the region sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, and Pacific
Island Countries, the trend color have been modified as ‘Fair progress but acceleration needed’
to reflect their progress based on the actual data points from 2015 to 2022

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

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Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water
services

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level assessment is based on 2020 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x > 99 per cent

x: proportion of population using safely managed drinking
water services

Close to target 75 per cent < x ≤ 99 per cent

Moderate distance to target 50 per cent < x ≤ 75 per cent

Far from target 25 per cent < x ≤ 50 per cent

Very far from target x ≤ 25 per cent

Trend

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used. The target is set as 99 per cent of
population using safely managed drinking water services. The CAGR is conducted based on the
data from 2015 to 2020

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

20
Indicator 6.2.1 (a): Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation
services

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level assessment is based on 2020 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x > 99 per cent

x: proportion of population using safely managed

sanitation services

Close to target 75 per cent < x ≤ 99 per cent

Moderate distance to target 50 per cent < x ≤ 75 per cent

Far from target 25 per cent < x ≤ 50 per cent

Very far from target x ≤ 25 per cent

Trend

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used. The target is set as 99 per cent of
population using safely managed sanitation services. The CAGR is conducted based on the data
from 2015 to 2020

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

21
 Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 7.1.1: Proportion of population with access to electricity

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level assessment is based on 2020 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x > 99 per cent

x: Proportion of population with access to electricity

Close to target 96 per cent < x ≤ 99 per cent

Moderate distance to target 85 per cent < x ≤ 96 per cent

Far from target 80 per cent < x ≤ 85 per cent

Very far from target x ≤ 80 per cent

Trend

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used. The target is set as 100 per cent of
population with access to electricity. The CAGR is conducted based on the data from 2015 to
2020

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

22
 Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 7.3.1: Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of current level is not provided in terms of distance to the target. Rather, assessment
of current level is made in terms of energy intensity. Because the target is set for the world only,
the level assessment for regions is relative to the world energy intensity while the world is
medium intensity by the definition.

Current level assessment is based on 2019 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Low intensity x < 4.0

x: Megajoules per USD constant 2017 purchasing power

parity [PPP] GDP

Medium-low intensity 4.5 ≥ x > 4.0

Medium intensity 5.5≥ x > 4.5

Medium-high intensity 6.0 ≥ x > 5.5

High intensity x > 6.0

Trend

A slight alternative to the standard CR methodology suggested by UNSD is applied. CR = actual

compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon a required CAGR of -2.6 per cent is applied. The
same thresholds as used in the standard CR methodology suggested by UNSD are used. The
CAGR is conducted based on the data from 2010 to 2019

Where the baseline year being used for measuring trend is NOT the year 2015, comment is offered
below:

23
 The baseline year for measuring trend is 2010.

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 8.1.1: Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita

General comment

The assessment of progress for indicators are derived from flow values (such as GDP or the number of
new toilets build in one year) as opposed to stock values (such as the cumulative number of toilets
available).

Changes in flow values are independent from each other from one period to another and as such cannot
be used to assess progress (for example, the number of toilets built in period 1 is not related to the
number build in period 2, but represents to flow related to each respective period). However, the total
number of toilets available (stock of toilets) period 1 can be compared with the total number in period 2
to reflect progress or not.

It is therefore not good practise to use changes in the percentage change of a flow values to assess
progress (i.e. the percentage changes of the percentage change of GDP).

It is also not good practise to use a single year as baseline for a flow indicator, which is only relevant in
the case of a stock value. To overcome this problem the cumulated growth of the volume of the flow
value over more than one period needs to be used as baseline for assessing progress.

Although it is possible to compare the change of a flow value in a particular period with the value of the
baseline, it is preferable to the compare cumulated growth of the volume of the flow value over a more
than one period with the baseline. (i.e. the compound growth rate of real GDP per capita from 2000 to
2015 as baseline value and the compound growth rate of real GDP from 2015 to 2030).

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

There is no numerical target for sustain per capita economic growth as reflected by the annual
growth rate of real GDP per capita. As real GDP per capita represents a flow of economic activity

24
 per head of the population, the assessment of progress cannot be determined by the change in
the percentage changes of real GDP per capita, recorded for example, in 2015 and in 2020. The
cumulated growth of real GDP per capita over more than one period needs to be used for
assessing progress.
The current level of sustained per capita economic growth was therefore assessed as follows:
According to the UN/DESA World Economic Forecasting Model3, world real GDP per capita is
projected to increase at an average annual growth rate of 2.0 per cent per year from 2015 to
2030. It is therefore assumed that the numerical target for sustain per capita economic growth is
2 per cent and the average annual real GDP per capita growth rate from 2015 to 2020 is compared
with the assumed target of 2 per cent to assess progress.
It is assumed that the current level of the SDG indicator by region is achieved when the average
annual real GDP per capita growth rate from 2015 to 2020 of a particular region is more than 2
per cent.
When the average annual real GDP per capita growth rate from 2015 to 2020 is between 1.5 and
2 per cent, it is considered that progress towards close to the target is achieved.
When the average annual real GDP per capita growth rate from 2015 to 2020 is between 1.0 and
1.5 per cent, it is considered that there is still a moderate distance from the target.
When the average annual real GDP per capita growth rate from 2015 to 2020 is between 0.5 and
1.0 per cent, it is considered that growth is far from the target.
When the average annual real GDP per capita growth rate from 2015 to 2020 is less than 0.5 per
cent, it is considered that growth is very far from the target.

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met More than 2 per cent average annual real GDP per capita
growth from 2015 to 2020

Close to target Between 1.5 and 2 per cent average annual real GDP per
capita growth from 2015 to 2020

Moderate distance to target Between 1.0 and 1.5 per cent average annual real GDP per
capita growth from 2015 to 2020

Far from target Between 0.5 and 1.0 per cent average annual real GDP per
capita growth from 2015 to 2020

Less than 0.5 per cent average annual real GDP per capita
Very far from target growth from 2015 to 2020

3
https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2020_FullReport.pdf

25
Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

Trend towards 2030

There is no numerical target for sustain per capita economic growth as reflected by the annual
growth rate of real GDP per capita. As real GDP per capita represents a flow of economic activity
per head of the population, the assessment of progress cannot be determined by the change in
the percentage changes of real GDP per capita.
The assessment of progress for indicators that are derived from flow values (such as GDP or the
number of new toilets build in one year) as opposed to stock values (such as the cumulative
number of toilets available). Changes in flow values are independent from each other from one
period to another and as such cannot be used to assess progress (for example, the number of
toilets built in period 1 is not related to the number build in period 2, but represents to flow
related to each respective period). However, the total number of toilets available (stock of toilets)
period 1 can be compared with the total number in period 2 to reflect progress or not.

It is also not good practise to use a single year as baseline for a flow indicator such as real GDP per
capita. The cumulated growth of real GDP per capita over more than one period needs to be used
for the baseline and for assessing progress.
The trend towards 2030 of sustained per capita economic growth was therefore assessed as
follows:
The projected average annual growth rates of real GDP per capita from 2015 to 2030 are then
compared with the baseline values to assess progress. For the world as a whole the average
annual growth rate of real GDP per capita from 2000 to 2015 (the 2015 baseline value) is 1.8 per
cent. According to the UN/DESA World Economic Forecasting Model4, world real GDP per capita is
projected to increase at an average annual growth rate of 2.0 per cent per year from 2015 to
2030. It is therefore assumed that the numerical target for sustain per capita economic growth is
2 per cent.
It is assumed that when the projected average annual growth of a particular region is above 2 per
cent from 2015 to 2030, progress towards the SDG is on track, and the region is marked green.
When the projected average annual growth is less than the world average, but it is projected to
be higher than the baseline value, it is considered that progress towards sustainable growth will
be achieved, and the region is marked yellow.
When the projected average annual growth is less 1.5 per cent and it is projected that the average
annual growth would be more than or equal to the level of the baseline value, it is considered that
little progress towards sustainable growth will be achieved, and the region is marked orange.
When the projected average annual growth is less than the world average, and it is projected that
the average annual growth would be less than the baseline value, it is considered that growth
deteriorated, and the region is marked red.

Where the baseline year being used for measuring trend is NOT the year 2015, comment is offered
below:

4
https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2020_FullReport.pdf

26
 As real GDP per capita represents a flow of economic activity per head of the population, the
assessment of progress cannot be determined by the change in the percentage changes of real
GDP per capita. It is also not good practise to use a single year as baseline for a flow indicator such
as real GDP per capita. The cumulated growth of real GDP per capita over more than one period
needs to be used for the baseline and for assessing progress. The baseline value for 2015 is
therefore calculated as the average annual growth rate of real GDP per capita from 2000 to 2015.

Please define the calculation thresholds applied for measuring the trend in the table below:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track More than 2 per cent average annual
growth 2015-2030

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed Less than 2 per cent average annual growth,
but more than the baseline growth

Orange Limited or no progress Less than 1.5 per cent average annual
growth, but more or equal to the baseline
growth

Red Deterioration Less than 2 per cent average annual growth,

and less than the baseline growth

Use of a nowcasting or forecasting technique

The nowcasting or forecasting technique which was applied in the contribution for the progress chart is
briefly described below:

The forecasting is built from 2020 to 2030

The real GDP per capita growth projections of the UN/DESA World Economic Forecasting Model is
used. See https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-
content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2020_FullReport.pdf and
https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-
content/uploads/sites/45/publication/WESP2020_MYU_Report.pdf

Indicator 8.5.2: Unemployment rate

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

The thresholds recommended by UNSD was used. The current level assessment is based on 2021
data.

27
Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x ≤ 3 per cent

x: Unemployment rate

Close to target 3 per cent < x ≤ 6 per cent

Moderate distance to target 6 per cent < x ≤ 10 per cent

Far from target 10 per cent < x ≤ 15 per cent

Very far from target x > 15 per cent

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used. The actual annual growth rate (CAGR) is
conducted based on the data from 2015 to 2021. The target set is 3 per cent by 2030.

Please define the calculation thresholds applied for measuring the trend in the table below:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR > 0.95 or Target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR ≤ 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 9.2.1: Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

28
 The thresholds recommended by UNSD was used. The current level assessment is assessed based
on 2021 data.

However, this methodology may yield results which mask the below concerns:

The SDG 9.2 target states to “promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and by 2030
raise significantly industry’s share of employment and GDP in line with national circumstances,
and double its share in least developed countries (LDCs)”. The national circumstances play a very
important role in the development of industrial policies. An explicit target is given only for the
LDCs. In general, assessing progress made on a regional or global level is difficult as countries can
behave very heterogeneously within each group.

UNIDO conducted an exercise on forecasting the share of manufacturing value added in GDP for
LDCs to see prospects of the group on achieving the target 9.2. The target clearly states to double
the industry’s share in GDP for LDCs by 2030 and thus it enables us to set up the explicit target
value. The forecasting exercise was based on time series from 1990 to 2018 and the results show
diverging behavior if we split the group by region – African LDCs, Asian LDCs. While African LDCs
show stagnation in terms of manufacturing, Asian LDCs reveal very positive prospects towards
reaching the SDG target 9.2 by 2030 and thus they clearly drive the growth of the LDC group.

Another important aspect is the economic interpretation of the 9.2.1 indicator. Manufacturing is
considered to be a driver of economic growth but the share of manufacturing varies by different
stages of industrial development. As per capita incomes rise, the share of the manufacturing
sector in GDP typically follows an inverted U-shaped path peaking at a threshold level of income
and declining as income rises further. Once the peak has been reached, the share of
manufacturing tends to gradually decrease and the share of the services sector rises. There is no
predetermined or unique path to development, and individual countries have specific features
that influence the extent to which they may deviate from the general or average pattern.
Moreover, such a structural transformation is a long-term process which is difficult to evaluate
based on a few recent years.

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x > 20 per cent

x: Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP

Close to target 15 per cent < x ≤ 20 per cent

Moderate distance to target 10 per cent < x ≤ 15 per cent

Far from target 5 per cent < x ≤ 10 per cent

Very far from target x ≤ 5 per cent

29
Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

The methodology recommended by UNSD was used; the actual compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) is conducted based on 2015 to 2021 data

Please define the calculation thresholds applied for measuring the trend in the table below:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track Actual CAGR > 1 per cent or Target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 per cent ≤ Actual CAGR ≤ 1 per cent

Orange Limited or no progress -1 per cent ≤ Actual CAGR < 0.5 per cent

Red Deterioration Actual CAGR < -1 per cent

Use of a nowcasting or forecasting technique

The nowcasting or forecasting technique which was applied in the contribution for the progress chart is
briefly described below:

Nowcasting methods are used to provide the most recent data of MVA and GDP.

Nowcasting methods are applied on MVA and GDP data on a country level to fill in the missing
data up to the current year. The technique considers the relationship between MVA and GDP and
the fact that accurate nowcasts of current GDP are available from external sources. The detailed
methodology is described in the following article.

Boudt K, Todorov V and Upadhyaya S (2009). Nowcasting manufacturing value added for cross-
country comparison. Statistical Journal of the IAOS: Journal of the International Association of
Official Statistics, 26, 15-20.
https://content.iospress.com/articles/statistical-journal-of-the-iaos/sji00694

Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

For the SDG indicator 9.5.1, i.e. Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of
GDP, there is no numerical target and the term “significant” progress/increase is used in the

30
 formulation of the same. Therefore, in the absence of a globally recommended numerical target,
the current level reached for R&D expenditure as a proportion of GDP is assessed by reviewing the
range within which this indicator varies at present and the distribution of figures by country and
region. Accordingly, the following levels of investments are identified: Very high investment, high
investment, moderate investment, low investment, very low investment. Further, the following
groupings are respectively determined, to measure the current levels reached: 3.0 per cent and
above, 2.0 per cent - 3.0 per cent, 1.0 per cent - 2.0 per cent, 0.5 per cent - 1.0 per cent, and less
than 0.5 per cent.

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Very high investment If R&D expenditure as a proportion of GDP ( per cent):≥

3.0 per cent

High investment If R&D expenditure as a proportion of GDP ( per cent):≥

2.0 per cent and < 3.0 per cent

Moderate investment If R&D expenditure as a proportion of GDP ( per cent):≥

1.0 per cent and < 2.0 per cent

Low investment If R&D expenditure as a proportion of GDP ( per cent):≥

0.5 per cent and < 1.0 per cent

Very low investment If R&D expenditure as a proportion of GDP ( per cent): <
0.5 per cent

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

In order to measure the trend for the SDG indicator 9.5.1 (R&D expenditure as a proportion of
GDP), first simple projections until 2030 were produced. Second, as described above, due to the
fact that there is no numerical target for this indicator, the compound annual growth (CAGR) of
R&D expenditure as a proportion of GDP between 2015 – 2030 is considered to determine if there
is a significant progress/increase in the level of investment. Accordingly, the following growth
levels are identified: Very high increase in the level of investment, high increase in the level of
investment, little increase in the level of investment, and deterioration in the level of investment.
Further, the following thresholds are respectively determined, to assess the increase in the level
of investment: 2.5 per cent and above, 1.0 per cent to 2.5 per cent, between 1.0 per cent and -1.0
per cent, and less than -1.0 per cent.

The thresholds applied for measuring the trend:

31
 Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track Projected to achieve a very high increase in

the level of investment by 2030: if
compound annual growth of R&D
expenditure as a proportion of GDP
between 2015 – 2030: ≥ 2.5 per cent

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed Projected to achieve a high increase in the
level of investment by 2030: if compound
annual growth between 2015 – 2030: ≥ 1
per cent and <2.5 per cent

Orange Limited or no progress Projected to achieve a little increase in the

level of investment by 2030: if compound
annual growth between 2015 – 2030: <1 per
cent and >= -1 per cent

Red Deterioration Projected to achieve a deterioration in the

level of investment by 2030: if compound
annual growth between 2015 – 2030: <-1
per cent

Use of a nowcasting or forecasting technique

The nowcasting or forecasting technique which was applied in the contribution for the progress chart is
briefly described below:

The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) produces global and regional totals for the SDG indicator
9.5.1 (R&D expenditure as a proportion of GDP) for the period of 1996-2018. At present, neither
did it publish any projections until 2030 nor did it develop a substantive methodology to produce
the same. Such projection methodology is yet to be developed by taking into account all possible
factors, such as rate of growths in R&D expenditure, GDP, R&D expenditure as a proportion of
GDP itself, and their relationships/behaviours. This entails developing a best-fitting regression
model in order to produce reliable projections until 2030. Amidst the above situation, simple
projections for 2018-2030 were produced by applying the compound annual growth rate (CAGR)
between 2000-2015, for the latest available year (2018) and onward, for global and regional level.

Indicator 9.c.1: Proportion of population covered by a mobile network

General comment

Data used for assessing the current level and trend of this indicator is “Proportion of the population
covered by at least a 3G”.

32
Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

The current level is assessed based on 2020 data.

The majority of the countries are reaching saturation for this indicator, therefore the range of 98
to 100 per cent is used as the target. Since almost all countries have more than 80 per cent of the
population covered by a mobile network, this has been applied as the lower bound. The other
ranges are selected in function of the lower bound and upper bound.

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met 99.9 per cent ≥ x > 98 per cent

x: proportion of population covered by a mobile network

Close to target 98 per cent ≥ x > 90 per cent

Moderate distance to target 90 per cent ≥ x > 85 per cent

Far from target 85 per cent ≥ x > 80 per cent

Very far from target 80 per cent ≥ x > 0

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

For this indicator, where a majority of countries are reaching saturation, the CAGR > 1 per cent
criteria does not apply. The trend was determined using the 2015 to 2020 data taking into
consideration that most countries are reaching saturation (most countries have more than 90 per
cent of their population were covered by mobile signal). Regions that were still relatively far from
the target would get the rating “Fair progress but acceleration needed”, despite having positive
growth.

Indicator 10.4.2: Gini Coefficient

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

33
 The current level is assessed based on 2019 data.

Where no data for the target year (2019) are available, the closest available data point (up to 2
years either side) is used.
For the regional and global averages, unweighted means are used. These provide a measure of
average within-country inequality (not global or regional inequality).
The number of countries with comparable data over time is limited.

Assessment of current level is not provided in terms of distance to the target. Rather, assessment
of current level is made in terms of the degree of inequality. Refer to categorizations and
thresholds in table below.

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met (Low x ≤ 25 per cent

inequality)
x: Gini Coefficient

Close to target (Moderately low 25 per cent < x ≤ 30 per cent

inequality)

Moderate distance to target 30 per cent < x ≤ 40 per cent

(Moderately high inequality)

Far from target (High inequality) 40 per cent < x ≤ 45 per cent

Very far from target (Very high x > 45 per cent

inequality)

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

Where no data are available for the baseline (2010) and latest (2019) year are available, the
closest available data point (up to 2 years either side) is used.
For the regional and global averages, unweighted means are used. The trends show changes in
average within-country inequality, not global or regional inequality.
The number of countries with comparable data over time is limited.

The methodology recommended by UNSD along with the actual percentage point changed in Gini
were used. The thresholds are shown below

34
Where the baseline year being used for measuring trend is NOT the year 2015, comment is offered
below:

2010 to 2019 used to measure trend. Measuring trend over 2 years (2017-2019) is not feasible
given the methodology used and is also likely to provide limited insight due to the short time
period.

Please define the calculation thresholds applied for measuring the trend in the table below:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track Actual CAGR < -1 per cent AND percentage
point change in Gini < -1

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed Percentage point change in Gini < -1

Orange Limited or no progress -1 < percentage point change in Gini < 1

Red Deterioration Percentage point change in Gini > 1

Indicator 11.1.1: Proportion of urban population living in slums

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

The current level assessment is based on 2018 data.

The full computation methodology is available from the SDG 11 metadata document and step by
step guide notes accessible from.
https://guo-un-
habitat.maps.arcgis.com/sharing/rest/content/items/fa14983ef1c849518306484bc6daa406/data

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x ≤ 0.1 per cent

x: proportion of urban population living in slums

Close to target 0.1 < x ≤ 5 per cent

Moderate distance to target 5 per cent < x ≤ 20 per cent

35
 Far from target 20 per cent < x ≤ 40 per cent

Very far from target x > 40 per cent

Trend

The actual compound annual growth rate from 2014 to 2018 is used to assess the trend. Refer to
the thresholds in table below:

The thresholds applied for measuring the trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track Actual CAGR < -1 per cent or Target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed -1 per cent ≤ Actual CAGR < -0.5 per cent

Orange Limited or no progress -0.5 per cent < Actual CAGR ≤ 0.5 per cent

Red Deterioration Actual CAGR > 1 per cent

Where the baseline year being used for measuring trend is NOT the year 2015, comment is offered
below:

Baseline year is 2014, based on the last data production year that was used to close MDGs slums
monitoring progress, and open a new baseline for monitoring SDGs in 2015. Data updates happen
every 2-3 years for tracking progress on this indicator and target.

Indicator 12.2.2: Domestic material consumption per unit of GDP

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

The current level assessment is based on 2019 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x < 0.5

36
 x: Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) kilograms per
constant 2010 US dollar GDP

Close to target 0.5 ≤ x < 1

Moderate distance to target 1 ≤ x < 1.5

Far from target 1.5 ≤ x < 2

Very far from target x≥2

Trend

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2015 to 2019.
The target set is 0.5 kilograms per constant 2015 US dollar.

Please note the region ‘Central and Southern Asia’ is modified as yellow to reflect its progress
from 2015 to 2019 based on the actual data points.

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 12.c.1 (a): Amount of fossil-fuel subsidies per unit of GDP

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

The current level assessment is based on 2020 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

37
 Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x ≤ 0.1 per cent

x: fossil-fuel pre-tax subsidies as a proportion of GDP

(production and consumption)

Close to target 0.1 per cent < x ≤ 0.5 per cent

Moderate distance to target 0.5 per cent < x ≤ 1 per cent

Far from target 1 per cent < x ≤ 1.5 per cent

Very far from target x > 1.5 per cent

Trend

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2015 to 2020.
The target set is 0.1 per cent fossil-fuel pre-tax subsidies as a proportion of GDP (production
and consumption).

Please note the region ‘Central and Southern Asia’, ‘Northern Africa and Western Asia’, and
‘Latin America and the Caribbean’, the trend assessments are modified as yellow (Fair progress
but acceleration needed) to reflect their progress from 2015 to 2020 based on the actual data
points.

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 13.2.2: Total greenhouse gas emissions per year

38
Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Assessment made at global level only. Data, for the year 2021, are sourced from the World
Meteorological Organization. Source:
https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=21620#.XvK7CpMza3J

Both Current Level and Trend assessment are at the world level only.

Indicator 14.4.1: Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level assessment is based on 2019 data and is measured using the “distance to target”
method. The assessment is performed at the world level only.

The actual target is 100 per cent, but is here operationalized with a threshold of 95 per cent to
account for measurement errors.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)
Target met or almost met x ≥ 95 per cent
x: proportion of fish stocks within biologically
sustainable levels
Close to target 85 per cent ≤ x < 95 per cent
Moderate distance to target 75 per cent ≤ x < 85 per cent
Far from target 65 per cent ≤ x < 75 per cent
Very far from target x < 65 per cent

Trend

The CR methodology (CR= actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2015 to 2019.
The trend is performed at the world level only.

39
The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in the methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or Target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.10 < CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.10 ≤ CR ≤ 0.10

Red Deterioration CR < -0.10

Indicator 14.5.1: Proportion of marine Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) covered by

protected areas

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level is assessed based on 2021 data

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Target met or almost met 83 < x ≤ 100

X: Proportion of marine Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)

covered by protected areas

Close to target 67 < x ≤ 83

Moderate distance to target 33 < x ≤ 67

Far from target 17 < x ≤ 33

Very far from target x ≤ 17

Trend

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2015 to 2021.

40
 The target CAGR is set based on 2020 as the deadline and 83 per cent of marine Key
Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) covered by protected areas as the target.

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 15.1.2: Proportion of important sites for terrestrial biodiversity that are
covered

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level is assessed based on 2021 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x > 83 per cent

x: proportion of important sites for terrestrial biodiversity

that are covered by protected areas

Close to target 67 per cent < x ≤ 83 per cent

Moderate distance to target 33 per cent < x ≤ 67 per cent

Far from target 17 per cent < x ≤ 33 per cent

Very far from target x ≤ 17 per cent

Trend

41
 The actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) recommended by UNSD was used to assess
the trend from 2015 to 2021. The target CAGR is set based on 2021 as the deadline and 83 per
cent important sites for terrestrial biodiversity that are covered by protected areas as the
target.

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 15.4.1: Proportion of important sites for mountain biodiversity that are
covered

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level is assessed based on 2021 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x > 83 per cent

x: proportion of important sites for mountain biodiversity

that are covered by protected areas

Close to target 67 per cent < x ≤ 83 per cent

Moderate distance to target 33 per cent < x ≤ 67 per cent

Far from target 17 per cent < x ≤ 33 per cent

Very far from target x ≤ 17 per cent

Trend

42
 The actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) recommended by UNSD was used to assess
the trend from 2015 to 2021. The target CAGR is set based on 2021 as the deadline and 83 per
cent important sites for mountain biodiversity that are covered by protected areas as the
target.

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index

Note: Level and trend assessment are based on the Red List Index and regional disaggregations of the
index.

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring current level:

Current level is assessed based on 2022 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring current level:

Assessment of the current level (or Thresholds applied in the methodology used
distance to the target)

Extinction risk below global average x > global red list index (RLI)

x: regional RLI

Extinction risk at global average Global RLI

Extinction risk above global average X < global RLI

Trend

43
 The actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) recommended by UNSD was used to assess
the trend from 2015 to 2022. Since this target is matured in 2020, the target CAGR is set based
on 2020 as the deadline and ‘1’ as the red list index target.

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 16.1.1: Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000

population

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

Due to the absence of a numerical target for the SDG 16.1.1 (Number of victims of intentional
homicide per 100,000 population, by sex), UNODC has defined the categories to assess the levels
of the SDG 16.1.1 based on the distribution of homicide rates observed in 2020 at national level.
The thresholds are in line with the 20th, 40th, 60th and 80th percentile.
UNODC suggested a different terminology to be used for level categories: Very low, low,
moderate, high, very high

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current Thresholds applied in the

level methodology used

Very low x≤1

x: number of victims of intentional

homicide per 100,000 population

Low 1< x ≤ 2.5

Moderate 2.5 < x ≤ 5

44
 High 5 < x ≤ 10

Very high 10 > x

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2015 to 2020.
The target CAGR is set based on 2030 as the deadline and 1 victims of intentional homicide per
100,000 population as the target.

The thresholds applied for measuring trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Use of a nowcasting or forecasting technique

The nowcasting or forecasting technique which was applied in the contribution for the progress chart is
briefly described below:

No nowcasting or forecasting techniques have been applied, however when at least two values in
a country’s time series were available, missing values were imputed using the Exponentially
Weighted Moving Average (EWMA).

Applying the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average, for each individual country-year, missing
values in the homicide rate were replaced by the average homicide rate of other years in that
country’s series, using weighting factors that decrease exponentially.

Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) imputes missing values proceeding from the
impact of the central value of the time series on all other years, which decreases exponentially for
more distant time periods. As such, observations located next to a central value i have a weight of
0.5^1, all observations that are two periods away (i+2, i-2) have a weight of 0.5^2, those three
periods away (i+3, i-3) obtain the weight of 0.5^3, etc. For producing a moving average, all years
with actual values are taken into account, but the further an actual value is located from the
actual central value, the lower the weight it is accorded in a country’s time series. This method
has a number of advantages: it differs from a simple moving average that would impute the same
values for each missing year and result in a flat trend without changes between consequently

45
 imputed years; EWMA, on the contrary, produces a value for each missing year depending on the
weights of the actual observations, which in turn depend on their distance from the central value;
this method also has a major advantage in comparison to linear-based approaches which base
their imputation proceeding from the value of a direct neighbor, which could happen to be an
outlier, thus reducing the impact of single outlying observations on the overall trend. For details,
see Moritz, S. & Bartz-Beielstein, T. (2017). imputeTS: Time Series Missing Value Imputation in R.
The R Journal. 9 (1).

A moving average effectively reflects the fact that the homicide rate of most countries is generally
quite stable over time and takes advantage of that property for the calculation of trend estimates.
In addition, by using a moving average, all estimated homicide rates were limited by the range of
all other available homicide rates of that same country, thus avoiding the generation of outliers
that were either too high, or too low. Finally, this methodology was purposefully developed to be
simple. A single estimation formula is applied to all data without exception, thus generating
estimates that are objective, easy to communicate and to replicate.

Indicator 16.3.2: Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison

population

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

Due to the absence of a numerical target for the SDG 16.3.2, UNODC has defined the categories to
assess the levels of the SDG 16.3.2 based on the distribution of the percentage of unsentenced
detainees as a proportion of overall prison population observed in 2020. The thresholds are in line
with the 20th, 40th, 60th percentile, while the highest category threshold has been based on expert
assessment. UNODC suggested a different terminology to be used for level categories: : Very low,
low, moderate, high, very high

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

Very low x ≤ 15 per cent

x: proportion of unsentenced detainees in overall prison

population

Low 15 per cent < x ≤ 20 per cent

Moderate 20 per cent< x ≤ 30 per cent

46
 High 30 per cent < x ≤ 40 per cent

Very high 40 per cent >x

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required
CAGR to meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend
from 2015 to 2020. The target CAGR is set based on 2030 as the deadline and 15 per
cent of unsentenced detainees in overall prison population as the target.

The thresholds applied for measuring the trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR ≥ 0.95 or target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR < 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Use of a nowcasting or forecasting technique

The nowcasting or forecasting technique which was applied in the contribution for the progress chart is
briefly described below:

No nowcasting or forecasting techniques have been applied. However, UNODC has imputed
missing values in the series with the average of the available values observed in the previous
three years.

Indicator 16.a.1: Existence of independent national human rights institutions in

compliance with the Paris Principles

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

Current level is assessed based on 2021 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

47
 Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met x ≥ 75 per cent

x: proportion of countries in each region with independent

National Human Rights Institutions in compliance with the
Paris Principles

Close to target 75 per cent > x ≥ 50 per cent

Moderate distance to target 50 per cent > x ≥ 25 per cent

Far from target 25 per cent > x ≥ 10 per cent

Very far from target x < 10 per cent

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

The CR methodology (CR = actual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) upon required CAGR to
meet target by 2030) recommended by UNSD was used to assess the trend from 2015 to 2021.
The target set is 75 per cent by 2030.

Please define the calculation thresholds applied for measuring the trend in the table below:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track CR > 0.95 or Target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 ≤ CR ≤ 0.95

Orange Limited or no progress -0.1 ≤ CR < 0.5

Red Deterioration CR < -0.1

Indicator 17.2.1: Net official development assistance, total and to least developed
countries, as a proportion of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee donors’ gross national
income (GNI)

48
Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

For this indicator, the current level assessment is only applied to the world level. Given this is a
measure of ODA/GNI in relation to the 0.7 per cent target, it is considered “Low ODA” on this
basis. The current level assessment is based on 2021 data.

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

For this indicator, the trend assessment is only applied to the world level. There is a compound
annual growth rate of 0.02 per cent between 2015 and 2021. This is regarded as ‘limited or no
progress’.

Indicator 17.8.1: Proportion of individuals using the Internet

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

The Connect 2020 states that “Worldwide, 60 per cent of individuals should be using the Internet
by 2020”. This is however only an intermediate goal towards universal Internet usage, which is
defined as 90 per cent or more of the population using the Internet. Therefore, only regions that
have reached universal usage receive the rating “Target met or almost”. 60 per cent is defined as
the threshold between close to target and moderate distance to target.

The current level is assessed based on 2020 data with the thresholds below.

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

(or distance to the target)

Target met or almost met 99.9 per cent ≥ x > 90 per cent

x: proportion of individuals using the internet

Close to target 90 per cent ≥ x > 60 per cent

Moderate distance to target 60 per cent ≥ x > 40 per cent

Far from target 40 per cent ≥ x > 30 per cent

49
 Very far from target 30 per cent ≥ x > 0

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is used to assess the indicator trend as UNSD
proposed. The suggested thresholds were used as below. The trend assessment is conducted
based on the period of 2015 to 2020.

The thresholds applied for measuring the trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track Actual CAGR > 1 per cent or Target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 0.5 per cent ≤ Actual CAGR ≤ 1 per cent

Orange Limited or no progress -1 per cent ≤ Actual CAGR < 0.5 per cent

Red Deterioration Actual CAGR < -1 per cent

Indicator 17.18.3: Number of countries with a national statistical plan that is fully
funded and under implementation

Current level

Description of the methodology applied for measuring the current level:

The level is measured through the share of qualified countries, i.e. the ones who have
national statistical plans fully funded and under implementation. It can be calculated as:
𝑥
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =
𝑌
Where 𝑥 is the number of countries with a national statistical plan fully funded and under
implementation, and 𝑌 is the number of countries that reported their information on
national statistical plans.

The current level is assessed based on 2020 data.

Thresholds applied for measuring level:

Assessment of the current level Thresholds applied in the methodology used

50
 Target met or almost met More than 80 per cent of countries have a national
statistical plan that is fully funded and under
implementation

Close to target 60-80 per cent of countries have a national statistical

plan that is fully funded and under implementation

Moderate distance to target 40-60 per cent of countries have a national statistical
plan that is fully funded and under implementation

Far from target 20-40 per cent of countries have a national statistical
plan that is fully funded and under implementation

Very far from target Less than 20 per cent of countries have a national
statistical plan that is fully funded and under
implementation

Trend

Description of the methodology applied for measuring trend (or progress made since 2015 or other
baseline year):

Trend assessment is conducted based on the period of 2017 to 2020.

Simply comparing the total number of countries, as suggested in the default methodology,
cannot show real progress. As the indicator only became available after 2016 and the
coverage has increased steadily, the total number of countries with fully funded and under
implementation will almost certainly increase over time. Countries may begin to report to
the survey in later years despite having a fully funded and under-implementation national
statistical plan prior to 2016. The increase in sample size will also make it difficult to
calculate the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).

If the current level is in category i (i.e. target met or almost met), no trend analysis is
needed. If the current level is in categories ii-v. The progress of indicator 17.18.3 is
measured through the actual Average Annual Growth Rate (𝐴𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 ):

𝑛
1
𝐴𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 = ( ) ∑ ∆𝑥𝑡𝑘→𝑡𝑘+1
𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡0
𝑘=0
Where ∆𝑥𝑡𝑘 →𝑡𝑘+1 is the actual growth from year 𝑡𝑘 to year 𝑡𝑘+1 . It is defined as number of
countries who 1) didn’t have a national statistical plan fully funded and under
implementation in year 𝑡𝑘 , and 2) advanced to having one in the next year 𝑡𝑘+1 . 𝑡0 is the
baseline year while 𝑡𝑛 is the most recent year. 𝑦𝑛 is the total number of countries with
available information, i.e. the total number of countries who reported their data on this
indicator.

51
 It is important to distinguish between the actual growth and “nominal” growth, which can
be defined as the difference between number of countries in year 𝑡𝑘+1 and year 𝑡𝑘 . For a
newly established indicator such as 17.18.3, the coverage expanded quickly in the first few
years (from 112 countries in 2017 to 188 in 2019). If use the nominal definition, one may
mistakenly treat the expansion of coverage as actual progress toward the target.

See the example below:

Year Countries reported to Countries reported to Actual growth Nominal

have statistical plans have no statistical from the growth from
fully funded and under plans fully funded and previous year the previous
implementation under implementation year
𝑡1 Country A, B Country C, D
𝑡2 Country A, B, E Country C, D 0 country +1 country
𝑡3 Country A, B, C, E Country D +1 country +1 country

In this example, when comparing with year 𝑡1 , we observed that one more country (country
E) reported to have a statistical plan fully funded and under implementation in year 𝑡2 .
However, it should not be counted as an “actual improvement” because there is not
sufficient evidence to indicate that country E did not have such plan fully funded prior to
year 𝑡2 .

When comparing year 𝑡3 with year 𝑡2 , we also observed that one more country (country C)
reported to have a statistical plan fully funded and under implementation. Because country
C also reported that they didn’t have such plan in the previous year, it can be counted as
an actual improvement.

Where the baseline year being used for measuring trend is NOT the year 2015, comment is offered
below:

2017 is set as the baseline year.

The data on the funding status of national statistical plans first became available for 2016,
which was reported in 2017. In 2018 reporting, the data collection methodology of this
indicator was modified to ensure quality and coverage. 2017 is thus the first year with
available data based on the new methodology.

The thresholds applied for measuring the trend:

Trend Thresholds applied in methodology used

Green Substantial progress/ on track Actual 𝐴𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 > 5 per cent or Target met

Yellow Fair progress but acceleration needed 5 per cent ≥ Actual 𝐴𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 > 2.5 per cent

52
Orange Limited or no progress 2.5 per cent ≥ Actual 𝐴𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 > 0 per cent

Red Deterioration 𝐴𝐴𝐺𝑅𝑎 ≤ 0 per cent

53