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This species sings while on the wing, as the Goldfinch is wont to do.
Its notes are sweet, varied, clear and mellow, and although
somewhat resembling those of the bird just mentioned, are yet
perfectly distinct from them. Its flight, however, is almost the same
as that of the Goldfinch. Like that bird, it glides through the air in
graceful deep curves, emitting its common call-note at every effort
which it makes to propel itself.
Those which I saw while in South Carolina, in company with my
esteemed friend John Bachman, fed entirely on the seeds of the Sweet
Gum, each bird hanging to a bur for a while, and passing from one
to another with great celerity. They are fond of open grounds, and
alight on detached trees, when these are high, but at most times
they prefer thickets of bushes.
The specimens represented in the plate, were procured near the
residence of Sir Archibald Campbell, Bart. in New Brunswick, of which
province he is governor; and I have great pleasure in informing you,
that, through his most polite attention and kind hospitality to myself
and my family, our time was passed in the most pleasant manner,
while we sojourned in the pretty village of Frederickton.

Fringilla Pinus, Ch. Bonaparte, Synops. of Birds of the United States, p. 111.
Pine Finch, Fringilla Pinus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. vol. ii. p. 133. pl. 57. fig. 1.—
Nuttall, Manual, part i. p. 511.

Adult Male. Plate CLXXX. Fig. 1.

Bill rather short, conical, very acute; upper mandible a little broader
than the lower, almost straight in its dorsal outline, rounded on the
sides, as is the lower, which has the edges sharp and inflected; the
gap-line almost straight, slightly deflected at the base. Nostrils basal,
roundish, concealed by the feathers. Head of moderate size, the
general form compact. Legs of moderate length, slender; tarsus
compressed, covered anteriorly with a few longish scutella, sharp
behind; toes scutellate above, free, the lateral ones nearly equal, the
hind toe strong; claws arched, much compressed, very acute.
Plumage soft, blended, with very little gloss. Wings of ordinary
length, the first quill longest, the second and third a little shorter;
secondaries short, emarginate. Tail of ordinary length, forked, the
lateral feathers straight, but spreading.
Bill light yellowish-brown, dusky at the tip. Iris brown. Feet purplish-
brown. The general colour of the upper parts is yellowish-grey,
streaked with dark brown; the wings and tail dusky, margined with
greyish-white; the bases of the secondary quills, the tips of their
coverts, and the margins of the rump feathers, cream-coloured. The
lower parts are greyish-white, tinged with brown on the fore neck,
and all streaked with dull brown.
Length 4 9⁄12 inches, extent of wings 8½; bill along the ridge 5⁄12,
along the edge 7⁄12; tarsus 6⁄12.

Adult Female. Plate CLXXX. Fig. 2.

The Female scarcely differs from the Male in external appearance.
This species belongs to the group of Slender-billed Finches which
form the genus Carduelis of authors. The form of its bill, although
much thicker than that of Sylvia celata, bears a great resemblance to
it, the latter forming the transition between the Slender-billed
Finches and some of the Sylviæ.

The Black Larch.

Pinus pendula, Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. vol. ii. p. 645. Lambert, Monogr. p. 55. pl.
36.—Monœcia Polyandria, Linn. Coniferæ, Juss.
Abundant in the Northern States, where it attains a great size. It
resembles the European Larch (Pinus Larix) in appearance, and in
the quality of its wood. The leaves are deciduous and fasciculate, the
cones small, oblong, their scales rounded with inflected margins. It
is usually known by the names of Tamarack or Hackmatack.
 JOURNEY IN NEW BRUNSWICK AND MAINE.
The morning after that which we had spent with Sir Archibald
Campbell and his delightful family, saw us proceeding along the
shores of the St John's River in the British province of New
Brunswick. As we passed the Government-house, our hearts bade its
generous inmates adieu; and as we left Frederickton behind, the
recollection of the many acts of kindness which we had received
from its inhabitants, came powerfully on our minds. Slowly
advancing over the surface of the translucent stream, we still fancied
our ears saluted by the melodies of the unrivalled band of the 43d
Regiment. In short, with the remembrance of kindness experienced,
the feeling of expectations gratified, the hope of adding to our
knowledge, and the possession of health and vigour, we were
luxuriating in happiness.
The "Favourite," the bark in which we were, contained not only my
whole family, but nearly a score and a half individuals of all
descriptions, so that the crowded state of her cabin soon began to
prove rather disagreeable. The boat itself was a mere scow,
commanded by a person of rather uncouth aspect and rude
manners. Two sorry nags he had fastened to the end of a long tow-
line, on the nearer of which rode a Negro youth, less than half clad,
with a long switch in one hand, and the joined bridles in the other,
striving with all his might to urge them on at the rate of something
more than two miles an hour.
How fortunate it is for one to possess a little of the knowledge of a
true traveller! Following the advice of a good and somewhat aged
one, we had provided ourselves with a large basket, which was not
altogether empty when we reached the end of our aquatic
excursion. Here and there the shores of the river were delightful, the
space between it and the undulating hills that bounded the prospect
being highly cultivated, while now and then its abrupt and rocky
banks assumed a most picturesque appearance. Although it was late
in September, the mowers were still engaged in cutting the grass,
and the gardens of the farmers shewed patches of green pease. The
apples were still green, and the vegetation in general reminded us
that we were in a northern latitude.
Gradually and slowly we proceeded, until in the afternoon we landed
to exchange our jaded horses. We saw a house on an eminence,
with groups of people assembled round it, but there no dinner could
be obtained, because, as the landlord told us, an election was going
on. So the basket was had recourse to, and on the green sward we
refreshed ourselves with its contents. This done, we returned to the
scow, and resumed our stations. As usual in such cases, in every
part of the world that I have visited, our second set of horses was
worse than the first. However, on we went. To tell you how often the
tow-line gave way, would not be more amusing to you than it was
annoying to us. Once our commander was in consequence plunged
into the stream, but after some exertion, he succeeded in regaining
his gallant bark, when he consoled himself by giving utterance to a
volley of blasphemies, which it would as ill become me to repeat as
it would be disagreeable to you to hear. We slept somewhere that
night; it does not suit my views of travelling to tell you where.
Before day returned to smile on the Favourite, we proceeded. Some
rapids we came to, when every one, glad to assist her, leaped on
shore, and tugged à la cordelle. Some miles farther we passed a
curious cataract, formed by the waters of the Pokioke. There Sambo
led his steeds up the sides of a high bank, when, lo! the whole party
came tumbling down, like so many hogsheads of tobacco rolled from
a storehouse to the banks of the Ohio. He at the steering oar hoped
"the black rascal" had broken his neck, and congratulated himself in
the same breath for the safety of the horses, which presently got on
their feet. Sambo, however, alert as an Indian chief, leaped on the
naked back of one, and, shewing his teeth, laughed at his master's
curses. Shortly after this we found our boat very snugly secured on
the top of a rock, midway in the stream, just opposite the mouth of
Eel River.
Next day at noon, none injured, but all chop-fallen, we were landed
at Woodstock village, yet in its infancy. After dining there, we
procured a cart and an excellent driver, and proceeded along an
execrable road towards Houlton in Maine, glad enough, after all our
mishaps, at finding ourselves in our own country. But before I bid
farewell to the beautiful river of St John, I must tell you, that its
navigation seldom exceeds eight months each year, the passage
during the rest being performed on the ice, of which we were told
that last season there was an unusual quantity, so much, indeed, as
to accumulate, by being jammed at particular spots, to the height of
nearly fifty feet above the ordinary level of the river, and that when
it broke loose in spring, the crash was awful. All the low grounds
along the river were suddenly flooded, and even the elevated plain
on which Frederickton stands was covered to the depth of four feet.
Fortunately, however, as on the greater streams of the Western and
Southern Districts, such an occurrence seldom takes place.
Major Clarke, commander of the United States garrison, received us
with remarkable kindness. The next day was spent in a long though
fruitless ornithological excursion, for although we were accompanied
by officers and men from the garrison, not a bird did any of our
party procure that was of any use to us. We remained a few days,
however, after which, hiring a cart, two horses, and a driver, we
proceeded in the direction of Bangor.
Houlton is a neat village, consisting of some fifty houses. The fort is
well situated, and commands a fine view of Mar's Hill, which is about
thirteen miles distant. A custom-house has been erected here, the
place being on the boundary line of the United States and the British
Provinces. The road which was cut by the soldiers of this garrison,
from Bangor to Houlton, through the forests, is at this moment a
fine turnpike, of great breadth, almost straight in its whole length,
and perhaps the best now in the Union. It was incomplete, however,
for some miles, so that our travelling over that portion was slow and
disagreeable. The rain, which fell in torrents, reduced the newly
raised earth to a complete bed of mud, and at one time our horses
became so completely mired, that had we not been extricated by
two oxen, we must have spent the night near the spot. Jogging
along at a very slow pace, we were overtaken by a gay waggoner,
who had excellent horses, two of which a little "siller" induced him to
join to ours, and we were taken to a tavern at the "Cross Roads,"
where we spent the night in comfort. While supper was preparing, I
made inquiries respecting birds, quadrupeds, and fishes, and was
pleased to hear that all these animals abounded in the
neighbourhood. Deer, bears, trouts, and grouse were quite plentiful,
as was the Great Grey Owl!
When we resumed our journey next morning, Nature displayed all
her loveliness; and Autumn, with her mellow tints, her glowing
fruits, and her rich fields of corn, smiled in placid beauty. Many of
the fields had not yet been reaped, the fruits of the forests and
orchards hung clustering around us, and as we came in view of the
Penobscot River, our hearts thrilled with joy. Its broad transparent
waters here spread out their unruffled surface, there danced along
the rapids, while canoes filled with Indians swiftly glided in every
direction, raising before them the timorous waterfowl that had
already flocked in from the north. Mountains, which you well know
are indispensable in a beautiful landscape, reared their majestic
crests in the distance. The Canada Jay leaped gaily from branch to
twig; the Kingsfisher, as if vexed at being suddenly surprised, rattled
loudly as it swiftly flew off; and the Fish Hawk and Eagle spread
their broad wings over the waters. All around was beautiful, and we
gazed on the scene with delight, as seated on a verdant bank, we
refreshed our frames from our replenished stores. A few rare birds
were procured here, and the rest of the road being level and firm,
we trotted on at a good pace for several hours, the Penobscot
keeping company with us.
Now we came to a deep creek of which the bridge was undergoing
repairs, and the people saw our vehicle approach with much
surprise. They however assisted us with pleasure, by placing a few
logs across, along which our horses one after the other were
carefully led, and the cart afterwards carried. These good fellows
were so averse to our recompensing them for their labour, that after
some altercation we were obliged absolutely to force what we
deemed a suitable reward upon them.
Next day we continued our journey along the Penobscot, the country
changing its aspect at every mile, and when we first descried Old
Town, that village of saw-mills looked like an island covered with
manufactories. The people here are noted for their industry and
perseverance, and any one possessing a mill, and attending to his
saws and the floating of the timber into his dams, is sure to obtain a
competency in a few years. Speculations in land covered with pine,
lying to the north of this place, are carried on to a great extent, and
to discover a good tract of such ground many a miller of Old Town
undertakes long journeys. Reader, with your leave, I will here
introduce one of them.
Good luck brought us into acquaintance with Mr Gillies, whom we
happened to meet in the course of our travels, as he was returning
from an exploring tour. About the first of August he formed a party
of sixteen persons, each carrying a knapsack and an axe. Their
provisions consisted of 250 pounds of pilot bread, 150 of salted
pork, 4 of tea, 2 large loaves of sugar, and some salt. They
embarked in light canoes, twelve miles north of Bangor, and followed
the Penobscot as far as Wassataquoik River, a branch leading to the
north-west, until they reached the Seboeis Lakes, the principal of
which lie in a line, with short portages between them. Still
proceeding north-west, they navigated these lakes, and then turning
west, carried their canoes to the great lake "Baamchenunsgamook;"
thence north to Wallaghasquegantook Lake, then along a small
stream to the upper Umsaskiss Pond, when they reached the
Albagash River, which leads into the St John's, in about latitude 47°
3´. Many portions of that country had not been visited before even
by the Indians, who assured Mr Gillies of this fact. They continued
their travels down the St John's to the Grand Falls, where they met
with a portage of half a mile, and having reached Meduxmekeag
Creek, a little above Woodstock, the party walked to Houlton, having
travelled twelve hundred miles, and described almost an oval over
the country by the time they returned to Old Town, on the
Penobscot.
While anxiously looking for "lumber lands," they ascended the
eminences around, then climbed the tallest trees, and by means of a
good telescope, inspected the pine woods in the distance. And such
excellent judges are these persons of the value of the timber which
they thus observe, when it is situated at a convenient distance from
water, that they never afterwards forget the different spots at all
worthy of their attention. They had observed only a few birds and
quadrupeds, the latter principally porcupines. The borders of the
lakes and rivers afforded them fruits of various sorts, and abundance
of cranberries, while the uplands yielded plenty of wild white onions,
and a species of black plum. Some of the party continued their
journey in canoes down the St John's, ascended Eel River, and the
lake of the same name, to Matanemheag River, due southwest of the
St John's, and after a few portages fell into the Penobscot.
I had made arrangements to accompany Mr Gillies on a journey of
this kind, when I judged it would be more interesting as well as
useful to me to visit the distant country of Labrador.
The road which we followed from Old Town to Bangor was literally
covered with Penobscot Indians returning from market. On reaching
the latter beautiful town, we found very comfortable lodging in an
excellent hotel; and next day we proceeded by the mail to Boston.
 THE GOLDEN EAGLE.

Falco Chrysaëtos, Linn.

PLATE CLXXXI.

In the early part of February 1833, while at Boston in

Massachusetts, I chanced to call on Mr Greenwood, the proprietor of
the Museum of that city, who informed me that he had purchased a
very fine Eagle, the name of which he was desirous of knowing. The
bird was produced, and as I directed my eye towards its own deep,
bold and stern one, I recognised it at once as belonging to the
species whose habits I have here to describe, and I determined to
obtain possession of it. Mr Greenwood, who is a very kind as well as
talented person, being asked if he would part with the noble bird,
readily answered in the affirmative, and left to me to determine its
value, which I accordingly did, and carried off my purchase. His
report of the manner in which the royal prisoner had been secured,
was as follows:—"The man from which I bought it had it in the same
cage it is now in, on the top of his market-waggon, and when I
asked its price, said that the Eagle had been caught in a spring-trap
set for foxes on the white mountains of New Hampshire. One
morning the trap was missing, but on searching for it, it was at last
discovered more than a mile from its original place, and held the bird
by one of its toes only. The eagle flew about through the woods for
several hundred yards, but was at last with difficulty secured. This
took place a few days ago."
The Eagle was immediately conveyed to my place of residence,
covered by a blanket, to save him, in his adversity, from the gaze of
the people. I placed the cage so as to afford me a good view of the
captive, and I must acknowledge that as I watched his eye, and
observed his looks of proud disdain, I felt towards him not so
generously as I ought to have done. At times I was half inclined to
restore to him his freedom, that he might return to his native
mountains; nay, I several times thought how pleasing it would be to
see him spread out his broad wings and sail away towards the rocks
of his wild haunts; but then, reader, some one seemed to whisper
that I ought to take the portrait of the magnificent bird, and I
abandoned the more generous design of setting him at liberty, for
the express purpose of shewing you his semblance.
I occupied myself a whole day in watching his movements; on the
next I came to a determination as to the position in which I might
best represent him; and on the third thought of how I could take
away his life with the least pain to him. I consulted several persons
on the subject, and among others my most worthy and generous
friend, George Parkman, Esq. M.D., who kindly visited my family every
day. He spoke of suffocating him by means of burning charcoal, of
killing him by electricity, &c. and we both concluded that the first
method would probably be the easiest for ourselves, and the least
painful to him. Accordingly the bird was removed in his prison into a
very small room, and closely covered with blankets, into which was
introduced a pan of lighted charcoal, when the windows and door
were fastened, and the blankets tucked in beneath the cage. I
waited, expecting every moment to hear him fall down from his
perch; but after listening for hours, I opened the door, raised the
blankets, and peeped under them amidst a mass of suffocating
fumes. There stood the Eagle on his perch, with his bright
unflinching eye turned towards me, and as lively and vigorous as
ever! Instantly reclosing every aperture, I resumed my station at the
door, and towards midnight, not having heard the least noise, I
again took a peep at my victim. He was still uninjured, although the
air of the closet was insupportable to my son and myself, and that of
the adjoining apartment began to feel unpleasant. I persevered,
however, for ten hours in all, when finding that the charcoal fumes
would not produce the desired effect, I retired to rest wearied and
disappointed.
Early next morning I tried the charcoal anew, adding to it a quantity
of sulphur, but we were nearly driven from our home in a few hours
by the stifling vapours, while the noble bird continued to stand
erect; and to look defiance at us whenever we approached his post
of martyrdom. His fierce demeanour precluded all internal
application, and at last I was compelled to resort to a method always
used as the last expedient, and a most effectual one. I thrust a long
pointed piece of steel through his heart, when my proud prisoner
instantly fell dead, without even ruffling a feather.
I sat up nearly the whole of another night to outline him, and
worked so constantly at the drawing, that it nearly cost me my life. I
was suddenly seized with a spasmodic affection, that much alarmed
my family, and completely prostrated me for some days; but, thanks
to my heavenly Preserver, and the immediate and unremitting
attention of my most worthy friends Drs Parkman, Shattuck, and
Warren, I was soon restored to health, and enabled to pursue my
labours. The drawing of this Eagle took me fourteen days, and I had
never before laboured so incessantly excepting at that of the Wild
Turkey.
The Golden Eagle, although a permanent resident in the United
States, is of rare occurrence there, it being seldom that one sees
more than a pair or two in the course of a year, unless he be an
inhabitant of the mountains, or of the large plains spread out at their
base. I have seen a few of them on the wing along the shores of the
Hudson, others on the upper parts of the Mississippi, some among
the Alleghanies, and a pair in the State of Maine. At Labrador we
saw an individual sailing, at the height of a few yards, over the
moss-covered surface of the dreary rocks.
Although possessed of a powerful flight, it has not the speed of
many Hawks, nor even of the White-headed Eagle. It cannot, like
the latter, pursue and seize on the wing the prey it longs for, but is
obliged to glide down through the air for a certain height to insure
the success of its enterprise. The keenness of its eye, however,
makes up for this defect, and enables it to spy, at a great distance,
the objects on which it preys; and it seldom misses its aim, as it falls
with the swiftness of a meteor towards the spot on which they are
concealed. When at a great height in the air, its gyrations are
uncommonly beautiful, being slow and of wide circuit, and becoming
the majesty of the king of birds. It often continues them for hours at
a time, with apparently the greatest ease.
The nest of this noble species is always placed on an inaccessible
shelf of some rugged precipice,—never, that I am aware of, on a
tree. It is of great size, flat, and consists merely of a few dead sticks
and brambles, so bare at times that the eggs might be said to be
deposited on the naked rock. They are generally two, sometimes
three, having a length of 3½ inches, and a diameter at the broadest
part of 2½. The shell is thick and smooth, dull white, brushed over,
as it were, with undefined patches of brown, which are most
numerous at the larger end. The period at which they are deposited,
is the end of February or the beginning of March. I have never seen
the young when newly hatched, but know that they do not leave the
nest until nearly able to provide for themselves, when their parents
drive them off from their home, and finally from their hunting
grounds. A pair of these birds bred on the rocky shores of the
Hudson for eight successive years, and in the same chasm of the
rock.
Their notes are harsh and sharp, resembling at times the barking of
a dog, especially about the breeding season, when they become
extremely noisy and turbulent, flying more swiftly than at other
times, alighting more frequently, and evincing a fretfulness which is
not so observable after their eggs are laid.
They are capable of remaining without food for several days at a
time, and eat voraciously whenever they find an opportunity. Young
fawns, racoons, hares, wild turkeys, and other large birds, are their
usual food, and they devour putrid flesh only when hard pressed by
hunger, none alighting on carrion at any other time. They are nice in
cleaning the skin or plucking the feathers of their prey, although
they swallow their food in large pieces, often mixed with hair and
bones, which they afterwards disgorge. They are muscular, strong,
and hardy, capable of bearing extreme cold without injury, and of
pursuing their avocations in the most tempestuous weather. A full
grown female weighs about twelve pounds, the male about two
pounds and a half less. This species seldom removes far from its
place of residence, and the attachment of two individuals of different
sexes appears to continue for years.
They do not obtain the full beauty of their plumage until the fourth
year, the Ring-tailed Eagle of authors being the young in the dress of
the second and third years. Our north-western Indians are fond of
ornamenting their persons and implements of war with the tail-
feathers of this Eagle, which they kill or raise expressly for that
purpose.
I conclude my account of this species with an anecdote relating to it
given in one of Dr Rush's lectures upon the effects of fear on man.
During the revolutionary war, a company of soldiers were stationed
near the highlands of the Hudson River. A Golden Eagle had placed
her nest in a cleft of the rocks half way between the summit and the
river. A soldier was let down by his companions suspended by a rope
fastened around his body. When he reached the nest, he suddenly
found himself attacked by the Eagle; in self defence he drew the
only weapon about him, his knife, and made repeated passes at the
bird, when accidentally he cut the rope almost off. It began
unravelling; those above hastily drew him up, and relieved him from
his perilous situation at the moment when he expected to be
precipitated to the bottom. The Doctor stated that so powerful was
the effect of the fear the soldier had experienced whilst in danger,
that ere three days had elapsed his hair became quite grey.

Falco Chrysaëtos and F. fulvus, Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 125.—Lath. Ind.
Ornith. vol. i. p. 10.
Falco fulvus, Ch. Bonaparte, Synops. of Birds of the United States, p. 25.
Aquila Chrysaëtos, Swains. and Richards. Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. ii. p. 12.
Ring-tailed Eagle, F. fulvus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. vol. vii. p. 13. pl. 55. fig. 1.
Young.
Royal or Golden Eagle, Nuttall, Manual, part. i. p. 62.

Adult Female. Plate CLXXXI.

Bill shortish, deep, compressed, strong, cerate at the base; upper
mandible with the dorsal outline nearly straight and sloping at the
base, from the margin of the cere to the end curved so as to form
the fourth of a circle, the sides sloping and slightly convex, the
edges sharp, nearly straight, with a slight convexity and a shallow
sinus close to the strong subtrigonal tip, which is concave or
channelled beneath; lower mandible convex on its dorsal outline, the
sides convex, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip obliquely
truncate. Nostrils in the fore part of the cere, lateral, oblique, oval,
open, with a process at their anterior margin. Head of moderate
size, neck short, body full. Legs of ordinary length; the tibia
proportionally long; the tarsus short, rounded, robust, feathered to
the toes, which are rather short, very strong, united at the base by a
short web, marginate, covered above with series of angular scales,
and towards the end with large broad scutella, of which there are
four on the hind toe, three on the next, four on the middle toe, and
three on the outer; the first and second toes are about equal, the
hind one stronger, the middle toe longest, the outer shortest and
smallest; claws long, curved, rounded, flat beneath, middle claw
with a deep groove and an edge on the inner side.
Plumage compact, imbricated, glossy; feathers of the head and neck
narrow and pointed, of the back and breast broader, but still
pointed. Space between the bill and eye covered with small bristle-
pointed feathers disposed in a radiating manner; both eyelids
ciliated; a bare projecting space over the eye. Wings long; the fourth
quill longest, the third almost equal, the second considerably shorter,
the first short; the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth,
abruptly cut out on the inner webs; the secondaries long, broad, and
rounded. Tail rather long, ample, rounded, of twelve broad, rounded,
and acuminate feathers.
Bill light bluish-grey at the base, black at the tip; cere and basal
margins yellow. Eyebrows and margins of the eyelids light blue; iris
chestnut. Toes rich yellow; claws bluish-black. Fore part of the head,
cheeks, throat, and under parts, deep brown. Hind head, and
posterior and lateral parts of the neck, light brownish-yellow, the
shafts and concealed parts of the feathers deep brown. The back is
deep brown, glossy, with purplish reflections; the wing-coverts
lighter. The primary quills brownish-black, the secondaries with their
coverts brown, and those next the body more or less mottled with
brownish-white, excepting at the ends; the edge of the wing at the
flexure pale yellowish-brown. Tail dark brown, lighter towards the
base, and with a few irregular whitish markings, like fragments of
transverse bands; its coverts pale brown, mottled with white at the
base, and paler at the ends. The short feathers of the legs and tarsi
are light yellowish-brown, each with a dark shaft; the outer
elongated feathers dark brown; the lower tail-coverts light yellowish-
brown. The base of the feathers on the upper parts of the body is
white, on the lower pale dusky grey.
Length 3 feet 2 inches, extent of wings 7 feet; bill along the back
2¾, edge of lower mandible 2½; tarsus 4½, middle toe and claw
4½, hind claw 2¾. The extremities of the wings are 1 inch short of
that of the tail.
 The Northern Hare.
The species of Hare here represented, is found in the more northern
parts of the State of New York, and from thence to the extremities of
Nova Scotia. During the summer months it is of a deep greyish-
brown colour above, darker on the shoulders and rump, and dull
white beneath. About the beginning of October, the tips of the hairs
become whitish, not unfrequently in spots, and at length the fur
acquires a snowy hue all over, although its under parts remain
greyish at all seasons. Its flesh resembles that of the European Hare
in taste, but is much lighter in colour. The markets of Boston and our
eastern cities are generally well supplied with them during winter,
when they are brought from the mountainous districts or highlands
of the interior, where they prefer living. They are easily caught with
snares, or run down by fleet dogs during deep snows. Being a true
Hare, it has a form, to which it returns on being chased.
While at Newfoundland, I procured a remarkably large Hare, which
has been described by Dr Richardson under the name of Lepus
glacialis. The greater part of its hair was of a fine pearl-grey colour
above, and white beneath. The ears were black at the extremities,
and perhaps those parts remain so at all seasons. The tread of its
hind foot measured fully three inches in width, when the toes were
extended. The head was much longer and more curved in its frontal
line, than in any other hare that I have seen. The flesh was white,
tender, and excellent eating. The animal weighed 7½ lb.
avoirdupois. The species is rather common at Newfoundland, but I
could not ascertain its habits. The feet are in great request in the
manufacturing districts for the use of hatters, who employ it for
smoothing the pile of their fabric.
 THE GROUND DOVE.

Columba passerina, Linn.

PLATE CLXXXII. Male, Female, and Young.

If the different species of Pigeons and Doves which I have

described, have interested you sufficiently to render you desirous of
holding further converse with that interesting family, and of
examining for yourself, which I sincerely wish you would resolve to
do, you may perhaps visit the islands, which, like so many bastions,
protect the shores of South Carolina, Georgia, and the Floridas,
those spots where, in the calm of every spring morn, the air is
rendered balmy by the effluvia of thousands of flowers, each of
which rivals its neighbour in the brilliancy of its hues. Stop there,
kind reader, and seat yourself beneath the broadly extended arms of
the thickly-leaved evergreen oak, and at that joyous moment when
the first beams of the sun reach your eye, see the Owl passing low
and swiftly over the ground, in haste to reach his diurnal retreat
before the increasing light render all things dim to his sight; observe
the leathern-winged Bat, pursuing his undulating course through the
dewy air, now deflecting downwards to seize the retiring nocturnal-
insect, now upwards to pursue another species, as it rises to meet
the genial warmth emitted by the orb of day. Listen,—for at such a
moment your soul will be touched by sounds,—to the soft, the
mellow, the melting accents, which one might suppose inspired by
Nature's self, and which she has taught the Ground Dove to employ
in conveying the expression of his love to his mate, who is listening
to them with delight.
Before I proceed to describe the habits of this interesting bird, allow
me to present you with the result of my observations relative to the
geographical distribution of the birds of the genus Columba, which
are either resident in the United States, or visit them annually.
The Passenger Pigeon ranges over the whole of the United States,
excepting perhaps the southernmost portions of the Floridas, and
extends to Newfoundland, where it is well known.
The Carolina Dove ranges from Louisiana to the middle parts of the
State of Massachusetts, but is never seen in Maine. It reaches up the
Mississippi, as far as Prairie du Chien, and in that direction extends
to the borders of Upper Canada.
The Ground Dove is met with from the lower parts of Louisiana to
Cape Hatteras, following the coast quite round the Floridas, but very
seldom seen at any great distance in the interior. It is unknown in
the State of Mississippi; and I will venture to add, that one of these
birds has never been seen in Kentucky, although some writers have
alleged that they occur there. They are more abundant on the sea
islands of Georgia, and the middle portions of the coast of East
Florida, than any where else. A search for them an hundred miles
inland would in all probability prove fruitless.
The White-headed Pigeon is confined to about three hundred miles
of the Florida Keys. It seldom, if ever, visits the mainland. It remains
with us about seven months of the year.
The Zenaida Dove seldom reaches farther east, along the Florida
Keys, than Cape Light-House. It never visits the Main. Its residence
with us is shorter than that of the White-headed Pigeon by a full
month.
The Key West Pigeon has never been met with elsewhere than on
the island of that name. It remains there about five months only.
The same is the case with the Blue-headed Ground Pigeon,
commonly called the Cuba Partridge, which is the rarest of all the
species known to me that resort to the Floridas.
In the above account, I have placed the species according to the
number of individuals of each that occur in our country, beginning
with the Passenger Pigeon, which is the most numerous, and ending
with the Blue-headed Pigeon, which is the rarest; and I beg of you,
kind reader, to recollect that hear-say has no part as a foundation for
the results in this statement. I may also inform you, that curiosity, in
part, prompted me to present it, it having been written in 1832, with
the view of seeing if any of these birds shall become more or less
numerous, or extend or diminish their range.
The flight of the Ground Dove is low, easy, and accompanied with a
whistling sound, produced by the action of the wings, when the bird
is surprised and forced to fly. It is less protracted than that of any
other species with which I am acquainted in the United States, with
the exception of the Blue-headed Pigeon. The crossing of the Gulf
Stream by the latter bird is more surprising than the extended flight
of the European Quail. The Ground Dove seldom flies more than a
hundred yards at a time, and indeed is extremely attached to the
spot which it has selected for the season. You may drive it to the
opposite end of a large field, and yet, in a few hours after, it may be
found in the place whence you raised it. Although it alights on trees
or low bushes, on the branches of which it walks with ease, and on
which its nest is most frequently placed, the ground is its usual
resort. There it runs with facility, keeping its tail considerably
elevated, as if to save it from being soiled. It is also fond of alighting
on fences, where it is easily observed, and where it may be heard
cooing for half an hour at a time.
These Pigeons are met with in groups of four or five, and it is
seldom that more than a dozen are seen together. They prefer the
thinly grassed sandy portions of cotton fields, pea-patches, and such
places. In East Florida they are seen in the villages, and resort to the
orange groves about them, where they frequently breed. I have
often found them in the inner court of the famous Spanish fort of St
Augustine, where I have been surprised to see them rise almost
perpendicularly, to reach above the parapets, by which they insured
their escape. They are easily caught in traps, and at that place are
sold at 6¼ cents each. They readily become domesticated, and
indeed so very gentle are they, that I have seen a pair which, having
been caught at the time when their young were quite small, and
placed in an aviary, at once covered the little ones, and continued to
nourish them until full-grown. They afterwards raised a second
brood in the same nest, and shewed great spirit in keeping the Jays
and Starlings from their charge. In this aviary, which belonged to Dr
Wilson of Charleston, several other species bred, among which were
the Carolina Dove, the Cardinal Bird, the Blue Grosbeak, the White-
throated Sparrow, the Towhe Bunting, the Common Partridge, and
the Wood Duck. The Ground Doves were fed on rice and other small
grain.
The nest of this species is large for the size of the bird, and
compact. Its exterior is composed of dry twigs, its interior of grasses
disposed in a circular form. It is usually placed in low bushes or
hedges, or in orange trees in orchards. Early in April the female
deposits her two pure white eggs; and sometimes three, but more
generally two broods are reared in a season. The male struts before
the female in the manner of the Barbary Ringed Dove.
A few of these birds remain all the year in the vicinity of Charleston,
but the greater number retire either to the sea islands or to the
Floridas. I met with them on the Keys resorted to by the Zenaida
Dove, and saw some on Sandy Island, which lies six miles south
from Cape Sable, the extreme point of the peninsula. They were so
gentle that I approached them within less than two yards. Their nest
was placed on the top of a cactus, not more than two feet high. I
took some pleasure in destroying a pair of Fish Crows, that were
waiting an opportunity to deprive them of their young.
In a wild state, the food of this species consists of grass-seeds and
various small berries, with which they pick up a large proportion of
gravel to assist digestion. They are extremely fond of dusting
themselves in the sand, lying down upon it for a long time, in the
manner of Partridges and other Gallinaceous birds, to which indeed
they are closely allied. Their flesh is excellent.

Columba passerina, Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 285.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. ii. p.
611.—Ch. Bonaparte, Synops. of Birds of the United States, p. 120.
Ground Dove, Columba passerina, Wils. Amer. Ornith. vol. iv. p. 15. pl. 46. fig. 2.
male, fig. 3. female.—Nuttall, Manual, part i. p. 635.

Adult Male. Plate CLXXXII. Fig. 1, 2, 3.

Bill rather short, slender, feeble, compressed, straight; upper
mandible with a tumid fleshy covering at the base, the tip rather
obtuse, its margins sharp; lower mandible nearly straight in its
dorsal outline. Nostrils medial, oblique, linear. Head small, roundish,
neck short, body moderately full. Legs short; tarsus short,
compressed, covered anteriorly with a few transverse scutella; toes
free, slender, scutellate above; hind toe shorter and more slender,
the two lateral equal, the middle one not much longer; claws short,
compressed, deep, acute.
Plumage soft, blended, without gloss. Wings of moderate length;
second quill longest, third nearly as long, first and fourth about
equal; secondaries long and rounded; the first, second and third
primaries slight, cut out on the outer margin. Tail of moderate
length, rounded, of twelve broad, rounded feathers.
Bill pale red, inclining to orange, dusky at the tip. Iris orange-red.
Feet flesh-coloured. Forehead, sides of the head, anterior and lateral
parts of the neck, breast, and sides, light purplish-red or vinaceous,
the central part of the neck-feathers dusky, hind head, and posterior
part of the neck pale blue, the feathers edged with dark grey. Back
brownish-grey, as are the upper tail-coverts and two middle tail-
feathers. Alula brownish-black, as are the ends of the primary-
coverts, of which the bases are deep red; primaries deep red,
broadly margined externally, and tipped with dusky brown.
Secondary quills and their coverts pale grey, tinged with red; the
smaller coverts and scapulars of a reddish colour like that of the
breast, and shewing oblong black spots glossed with purplish blue
and green. Lower wing-coverts and under surface of the wings deep
red; lower tail-coverts brownish-grey, tipped with white. Tail-feathers
grey at the base, bluish-black towards the end, more or less tipped
with grey, the outermost with a touch of white on its outer edge at
the tip.
Length 6¾ inches, extent of wings 11; bill along the back 5½
⁄12,
along the edge 7⁄12; tarsus 7½⁄12.

Adult Female. Plate CLXXXII. Fig. 4.

The female is paler in the tints, the colour above being light
brownish-grey, the lower parts much lighter, the throat-feathers
broadly margined with dull white. The forehead and wing-coverts
are but slightly tinged with red, and the hind neck is less blue than
in the male.
Length 6¼ inches.

Young Bird. Plate CLXXXII. Fig. 5.

The young resembles the female.

The Wild Orange.

Citrus aurantium, Linn.

You will find all that I know respecting this tree at pages 260 and
360 of the present volume.
 AMERICAN GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN.

Regulus tricolor, Nuttall.

PLATE CLXXXIII. Male and Female.

This active little bird breeds in Labrador, where I saw it feeding its
young in August, when the species appeared already moving
southward; but although it was common there and in Newfoundland,
as was the Ruby-crowned Regulus, we did not succeed in our search
for its nest. It enters the United States late in September, and
continues its journey beyond their limits, as I have met with it on
the borders of our most Southern Districts during winter. Individuals
remain in all the Southern and Western States the whole of that
season, and leave them again about the beginning of March.
They generally associate in groups, composed each of a whole
family, and feed in company with the Titmice, Nuthatches, and
Brown Creepers, perambulating the tops of trees and bushes,
sometimes in the very depth of the forests or the most dismal
swamps, while at other times they approach the plantations, and
enter the gardens and yards. Their movements are always extremely
lively and playful. They follow minute insects on the wing, seize
them among the leaves of the pines, or search for the larvæ in the
chinks of the branches. Like the Titmice they are seen hanging to
the extremities of twigs and bunches of leaves, sometimes fluttering
in the air in front of them, and are unceasingly occupied. They have
no song at this season, but merely emit now and then a low screep.
On the 23d of January last, while in company with my friend John
Bachman, I saw great numbers of them in the woods near Charleston,
searching for food high in the trees as well as low down, and so
careless of us, that although we would approach within a few feet of
them, they were not in the least disconcerted. Their feeble chirp was
constantly repeated. We killed a great number of them in hopes of
finding among them some individuals of the species known under
the name of Regulus ignicapillus, but in this we did not succeed. At
times they uttered a strong querulous note, somewhat resembling
that of the Black-headed Titmouse. The young had acquired their full
plumage, but the females were more abundant than the males. At
this season the yellow spot on their head is less conspicuous than
towards spring, when they raise their crest feathers while courting.
The young shot in Newfoundland in August, had this part of the
head of a uniform tint with the upper parts of the body. While with
us they are amazingly fat, but at Newfoundland we found them the
reverse. I have represented a pair of them on a plant that grows in
Georgia, and which I thought might prove agreeable to your eye.

Regulus cristatus, Ch. Bonaparte, Synops. of Birds of the United States, p. 91.
Golden-crowned Gold-crest, Regulus cristatus, Ch. Bonaparte, Amer. Ornith. vol.
i. p. 22. pl. 2. fig. 4. Female.
Regulus reguloides, Jardine in his Edition of Wilson's Amer. Ornith. vol. i. p.
127.
American Fiery-crowned Wren, Regulus tricolor, Nuttall, Manual, part i. p. 420.

Adult Male. Plate CLXXXIII. Fig. 1.

Bill short, straight, subulate, very slender, depressed at the base,
compressed towards the end. Upper mandible with the dorsal outline
nearly straight, the sides convex, the edges inflected towards the
end, the tip slightly declinate, with an obscure notch on each side;
lower mandible straight, acute. Nostrils basal, elliptical, half-closed
above by a membrane, covered over by a single adpressed feather
with disunited barbs. Head rather large, neck short, body small. Legs
rather long; tarsus slender, much compressed, covered anteriorly
with a long undivided plate above, and a few scutella beneath; toes
slender, the lateral ones nearly equal and free, the hind toe
proportionally large; claws arched, compressed, acute.
Plumage very loose and tufty. Bristles at the base of the bill. Wings
of ordinary length; the first primary extremely short and narrow, the
third, fourth, and fifth almost equal, but the fourth longest. Tail of
ordinary length, slender, emarginate, of twelve narrow, acuminate
feathers, the outer curved outwards towards the end.
Bill black. Iris brown. Feet brownish-yellow, the under part of the
toes yellow. The general colour of the upper parts is ash-grey on the
neck and sides of the head, tinged with olive on the back, and
changing to yellowish-olive on the rump. There is a band of greyish-
white across the lower part of the forehead, which at the eye
separates into two bands, one extending over, the other under the
eye; above this is a broadish band of black, also margining the head
on either side, the inner webs and tips of these black feathers being
of a bright pure yellow, of which colour are some of the feathers in
the angle formed anteriorly by the dark band; the crown of the head
in the included spaces covered with shorter flame-coloured silky
feathers; an obscure line of dusky feathers from the angle of the
mouth, to beneath the eye, which is margined anteriorly and
posteriorly with the same colour; the throat and lower parts are
greyish-white, tinged anteriorly with yellowish-brown. Quills and
coverts dusky, the quills margined with greenish-yellow, the
secondary coverts broadly tipped with the same, as is the first row
of smaller coverts; the base of all the quills, excepting the four outer,
white; from the seventh primary to the innermost secondary but
two, a broad bar of blackish-brown. Tail of the same colour as the
quills.
Length 4 inches, extent of wings 7; bill along the back 3⁄12, along the
edge 5½⁄12; tarsus 8⁄12.
Adult Female. Plate CLXXXIII. Fig. 2.
The female is somewhat smaller than the male, from which it differs
in external appearance, chiefly in having pure yellow substituted for
the flame-colour of the crown, and in having less grey on the hind
neck.

If we compare the American Golden-crested Wren with the

European, we find that they agree in general appearance, in the
proportional length of the quills, and in the form of the tail, as well
as that of the bill and legs. Their differences are the following.
Regulus tricolor is longer by half an inch than R. cristatus, its bill is
stronger and 1⁄12 of an inch shorter, its claws are also stronger and
shorter, and the flame-coloured patch on the head is more extended
and brighter. The European species has never so much grey on the
neck and back, and its lower parts are always more tinged with
brownish-yellow. The other differences are not very obvious, but the
difference in the size of the bill, were there no other characters,
would be enough, in a family of birds so closely resembling each
other as the Reguli, to point out the American as distinct from the
European species.

Thalia dealbata, Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. vol. ii. p. 584. Gynandria Monandria, Linn.
—Orchideæ, Juss.

This beautiful plant is a native of Georgia and South Carolina, where,

according to Pursh, it was discovered by J. Millington, Esq. of the
latter State. It is perennial, flowers in August and September, attains
a height of four feet, and grows in swampy places. The leaves are
large, ovate, with parallel oblique ribs, and a revolute apex; the
flowers are pale purple, in pairs, in a large panicle. I am indebted to
Mr Noisette for the specimen which I have represented.
 THE MANGO HUMMING BIRD.

Trochilus mango, Linn.

PLATE CLXXXIV. Male and Female.

I am indebted to my learned friend the Reverend John Bachman for

this species of Humming Bird, of which he received a specimen from
our mutual friend Dr Strobel, and afterwards presented it to me.
"Hitherto," says he, "it has been supposed that only one species of
Humming Bird (the Trochilus Colubris) ever visits the United States.
Although this is a genus consisting of upwards of a hundred species,
all of which are peculiar to the Continent of America and the
adjoining islands, yet with few exceptions they are confined to the
tropics. In those warm climates, where the Bignonias and other
tubular flowers that bloom throughout the year, and innumerable
insects that sport in the sun-shine, afford an abundance of food,
these lively birds are the greatest ornaments of the gardens and
forests. Such in most cases is the brilliancy of their plumage, that I
am unable to find apt objects of comparison unless I resort to the
most brilliant gems and the richest metals. So rapid is their flight
that they seem to outstrip the wind. Almost always on the wing, we
scarcely see them in any other position. Living on the honeyed
sweets of the most beautiful flowers, and the minute insects
concealed in their corollas, they come to us as etherial beings, and it
is not surprising that they should have excited the wonder and
admiration of mankind.
"It affords me great pleasure to introduce to the lovers of Natural
History a second species of Humming Bird as an inhabitant of the
United States. The specimen which is now in my possession, was
obtained by Dr Strobel at Key West in East Florida. He informed me
that he had succeeded in capturing it from a bush where he had
found it seated, apparently wearied after its long flight across the
Gulf of Mexico, probably from some of the West India Islands, or the
coast of South America. Whether this species is numerous in any
part of Florida, I have had no means of ascertaining. The interior of
that territory, as its name indicates, is the land of flowers, and
consequently well suited to the peculiar habits of this genus; and as
it has seldom been visited by ornithologists, it is possible that not
only this, but several other species of Humming Birds, may yet be
discovered as inhabitants of our southern country.
"I have not seen the splendid engravings of this genus by Messrs
Vieillot and Audebert, in which the Trochilus Mango is said to be
figured; but from the description contained in Latham's Synopsis and
Shaw's Zoology, I have no hesitation in pronouncing it an individual of
this species."
The female figures introduced in the plate were taken from a
specimen procured at Charleston; but whether it had been found in
the United States or not, could not be ascertained.

Trochilus Mango, Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 191.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. i. p.
307.
Mango Humming Bird, Lath. Synops. vol. ii. p. 758.

Adult Male. Plate CLXXXIV. Fig. 1, 2, 3.

Bill long, subulate, depressed at the base, slightly arched, flexible;
upper mandible with the back broad and convex, the sides sloping,
the edges soft; lower mandible with the angle extremely acute,
forming a groove for one-half of its length, the remaining part
narrower on the back, the sides erect; both mandibles deeply
channelled internally, nostrils basal, lateral, linear. Head small, neck
short, body short, moderately robust. Feet very short and feeble;
tarsus very short, roundish; toes very small, the three anterior
united at the base, scutellate above, compressed, differing little in
length; claws small, arched, compressed, acute.
Plumage soft and blended. Wings long, extremely narrow, falciform,
the first quill longest, the other primaries gradually diminishing in
length; the secondaries extremely short, narrow, and rounded. Tail
ample, rather long, of ten broad rounded feathers, the outer
incurvate.
Bill black. Iris brown. Feet dusky. Head, hind-neck and back
splendent with bronze, golden, and green reflections; wings dusky,
viewed in certain lights deep purplish-brown. Middle tail-feathers
black, glossed with green and blue, the rest deep crimson-purple,
tipped and partially margined with steel-blue. Fore part of the neck,
and middle of the breast, velvet-black, margined on each side with
emerald-green, the sides yellowish-green.
Length 4¾ inches, extent of wings 8; bill 1; tarsus 2½
⁄12.

Adult Female. Plate CLXXXIV. Fig. 4, 5.

The bill, feet and sides, as in the Male, as are the upper parts, only
the tail-feathers are more broadly and extensively margined with the
dark colour, and tipped with white. The fore-neck and centre of the
breast are white, with a central longitudinal band of black, and an
emerald-green margin along the sides of the neck, passing beneath
the wing, the lower tail-coverts green, slightly tipped with brownish-
white.
Length 4½ inches.
 Large-flowered Bignonia.

Bignonia grandiflora, Willd.—Didynamia Angiospermia, Linn. Bignoniaceæ, Juss.

Leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate, acuminate, inciso-serrate; flowers in a

terminal panicle, large, the tube of the corolla twice as long as the
calyx. For the beautiful drawing from which this plant has been
engraved, I am indebted to Miss M. Martin.
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