This paper consists of 24 pages.

INSTRUCTIONS

- Answer all the questions.

- Show all workings. Marks will be allocated for intermediate steps and not for final answers
only.

- You may use a programmable calculator to obtain some results directly.

- This paper consists of 24 pages, including formulas, factors for three sigma control chart
limits, tables of the cumulative Poisson distribution, the standard normal distribution and the
Student’s t-distribution.

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Question 1
Consider the following data set of ordered sample ages (in years) for students of a third-level
university module:
19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 23, 24, 24, 65.

1.1 Using the given data set, determine the mean, the median and the mode, rounded off to one
decimal place, where applicable. (3)

1.2 Are any outliers found in the data set? If so, write down such data entry/entries. (1)

1.3 Would the mean, as a measure of central tendency, best describe the data set?
Justify your answer. (1)

1.4 Determine the standard deviation of the data set accurate to two decimal places, using the
statistical mode on your calculator. (1)

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1.5 Draw the box-and-whisker plot for the given data set on the axes below. Use the space below
the plot for any calculations you may need to do. (4)

65

24
Age in years

23

22

21

20

19

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1.6 Which distribution should be used to calculate the confidence interval for the population
mean age of all third-level university modules, using the given sample data set? Explain your
reasoning. (1)

1.7 Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the population mean age accurate to two decimal
places. (4)

1.8 Interpret the calculated 95% confidence interval in terms of the population mean. (1)

[16]

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Question 2
The table below shows the number of students who have graduated from a university in 2017 by
qualification and gender.

Male Female Total

Higher certificate (H) 553 769 1 322
Bachelor’s (B) 231 401 632
Master’s (M) 197 270 467
Doctorate (D) 25 20 45
Total 1 006 1 460 2 466

2.1 Decide for each case below if the two events are mutually exclusive or not. Explain your
reasoning. (2)

Case 1
Event A: Randomly select a student who has earned a higher certificate in 2017.
Event B: Randomly select a student who has earned a bachelor’s degree in 2017.

Case 2
Event A: Randomly select a student who has earned a master’s degree.
Event B: Randomly select a student who is female.

2.2 A student who has graduated in 2017 is randomly selected. Determine the probability (accurate
to two decimal places) that the selected person (12)

2.2.1 graduated with a bachelor’s degree.

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2.2.2 graduated with a higher certificate or a bachelor’s degree.

2.2.3 graduated with a master’s degree or is a female.

2.2.4 graduated with a higher certificate and is a male.

2.2.5 is a female, given that the person has earned a bachelor’s degree.

[14]

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Question 3
A brewery wants to study the capability of its 350 ml bottling process. Each hour, for 24 hours,
four bottles are randomly selected and the beer volumes recorded. Using this data, control charts
for the range and the mean are constructed. The control charts have values of R̄ = 2,92 ml and
¯ = 350,58 ml, which indicate that the process is in control. The lower specification limit (LSL)
x̄
is 344,75 ml and the upper limit (USL) is 355,25 ml. The estimated process standard deviation is
1,42 ml.

3.1 Calculate the process capability index, Cpk , accurate to two decimal places. (3)

3.2 Calculate the process capability ratio, Cp , accurate to two decimal places. (2)

3.3 Is the bottling process capable of running at a four-sigma performance level? Justify your
answer. (1)

[6]

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Question 4
A surgical procedure is performed on eight patients. You are told there is an 80% chance of success.

4.1 Which probability distribution should be used to describe the surgery that has taken place?
(1)

4.2 Calculate the mean of the probability distribution for the surgical procedure performed. (2)

4.3 Calculate the standard deviation of the probability distribution for the surgical procedure
performed, accurate to two decimal places. (3)

4.4 Calculate the probability that the surgery has been successful for exactly two persons, accurate
to four decimal places. (2)

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4.5 Calculate the probability that the surgery has been a failure for less than two persons, accurate
to four decimal places. (3)

[11]

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Question 5
A vendor at a soccer stadium wants to determine whether to sell ice cream or soft drinks at the
game on Saturday. The vendor believes that the profit made will depend on the weather. The payoff
table is given below.

Decision State of nature

alternative Cool weather (s1 ) Warm weather (s2 )
Sell ice cream (d1 ) R300 R900
Sell soft drinks (d2 ) R500 R600

Based on his past experience at this time of the year, the vendor estimates the probability of cool
weather as 0,4.

5.1 Set up a decision tree in the space below, clearly showing all the alternatives, different states,
payoffs and probabilities. (4)

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5.2 What would the vendor’s decision be according to the expected value approach? Show all your
calculations. (3)

5.3 What is the maximum amount the vendor would be prepared to pay for perfect information?
Show all your calculations. (3)

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5.4 The vendor is doubting his ability to forecast the weather and the effect this might have on
his chosen decision alternative. He asks you to do a sensitivity analysis for him.
Draw a sensitivity analysis graph, using the axes below. Show clearly on your graph the value
of the probability, where the expected values of d1 and d2 are equal.
Show all your calculations below the graph. (3)

1 000
Expected value (R)

800

600

400

200

0 ✲
p
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

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5.5 What would you tell the vendor in terms of the probability range for his current decision
alternative to remain optimal? (1)

[14]

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Question 6
An accounting firm is installing a new computer system. Several activities must be done to ensure
that the system works properly before all the accounts are transferred to the new system. The
following table provides information on the project and its activities.

Immediate Time
Activity predecessor(s) (weeks)
A – 3
B – 4
C A 6
D B 6
E C 5
F A, D 2
G A 4
H E, F, G 5
I F, G 6
J H, I 5

Using the information given in the table, draw an activity-on-arc project network diagram in the
space provided below. Determine and show the early and late times for each node.

[12]

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Question 7
The diagram below shows the available capacity for the oil pipeline network of an oil company. The
company would like to transport oil from its new well near A to its refinery at G.

7.1 Use the maximum-flow algorithm to find the maximum number of units that can flow from
node A to node G in the following network. Show all your workings. (6)
Use the following network diagram for all calculations:
0 F
7 0 9
0 B 5
9 0 E 4
13 6
A 0 0
10
6 0 G
0
0 3
0 D 12
0 0
C 8

The final flow units per arc from node A to node G must be shown in the following
network diagram:
F
B
E
A
G

D
C

7.2 What is the maximum number of units that can flow from the well at A to the refinery at G?
(1)

[7]
c
UNISA 2019 Total: [80]

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Formulas
n Pn
1X fi xi s
x̄ = xi x̄ = Pi=1
n cv =
n i=1 i=1 fi x̄
Pn Pn Pn
2 n( i=1 x2i ) − ( i=1 xi )2 2
2
i=1 fi xi − nx̄
2
s = s =
n(n − 1) n−1
Discrete probability distribution:
n
Pn X
µ= i=1 xi p(xi ) σ2 = [xi − µ]2 p(xi )
i=1
Binomial distribution:
n!
p(x) = px (1 − p)n−x µ = np σ 2 = npq
x!(n − x)!

Poisson distribution:
λx e−λ
p(x) = µ=λ σ2 = λ
x!
1 2 2
Normal distribution: f (x) = √1 e− 2 (x−λ) /σ
σ 2π

Exponential distribution: f (x) = λ1 e−x/λ for x ≥ 0, λ > 0

 1

for a ≤ x ≤ b,
Uniform distribution: f (x) = b − a
0 elsewhere.


UCLR = D4 R̄ and LCLR = D3 R̄

¯ + A2 R̄ and LCLx̄ = x̄
UCLx̄ = x̄ ¯ − A2 R̄

¯ + zσx̄
UCLx̄ = x̄ ¯ − zσx̄
and LCLx̄ = x̄

UCLp = p̄ + zσp and LCLp = p̄ − zσp

√ √
UCLc = c̄ + z c̄ and LCLc = c̄ − z c̄

¯ − Lower specification Upper specification − x̄

¯
 
x̄
Cpk = Minimum of ;
3σ 3σ
Upper specification − Lower specification
Cp = .
6σ

P (A ∩ B)
P (A) = P (A ∩ B) + P (A ∩ B̄) P (A|B) =
P (B)
a + 4m + b (b − a)2
E(Tij ) = Var(Tij ) =
6 36
T F (i; j) = LT (j) − ET (i) − tij F F (i; j) = ET (j) − ET (i) − tij
due date expected date of completion
IF (i; j) = ET (j) − LT (i) − tij z =
−
σ

 √ √ 
100(1 − α)% confidence interval for µ: X̄ − tα/2;n−1 s/ n; X̄ + tα/2;n−1 s/ n
 √ √ 
100(1 − α)% confidence interval for µ: X̄ − zα/2 σ/ n; X̄ + zα/2 σ/ n
 q q 
p̂(1−p̂) p̂(1−p̂)
100(1 − α)% confidence interval for p̂: p̂ − zα/2 n ; p̂ + zα/2 n

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Factors for calculating three sigma limits for the x̄-chart and R-chart

Size of Factor for UCL and LCL for Factor for LCL for Factor for UCL for
sample x̄-chart (A2 ) R-chart (D3 ) R-chart (D4 )
2 1,880 0 3,267
3 1,023 0 2,575
4 0,729 0 2,282
5 0,577 0 2,115
6 0,483 0 2,004
7 0,419 0,076 1,924
8 0,373 0,136 1,864
9 0,337 0,184 1,816
10 0,308 0,223 1,777

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The cumulative Poisson distribution

c
X λx e−λ
The table entries give the probabilities, P (x ≤ c) = .
x=0
x!

c
np 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
,05 ,951 ,999 1,000
,10 ,905 ,995 1,000
,15 ,861 ,990 ,999 1,000
,20 ,819 ,982 ,999 1,000
,25 ,779 ,974 ,998 1,000
,30 ,741 ,963 ,996 1,000
,35 ,705 ,951 ,994 1,000
,40 ,670 ,938 ,992 ,999 1,000
,45 ,638 ,925 ,989 ,999 1,000
,50 ,607 ,910 ,986 ,998 1,000
,55 ,577 ,894 ,982 ,998 1,000
,60 ,549 ,878 ,977 ,997 1,000
,65 ,522 ,861 ,972 ,996 ,999 1,000
,70 ,497 ,844 ,966 ,994 ,999 1,000
,75 ,827 ,959 ,993 ,993 ,999 1,000
,80 ,449 ,809 ,953 ,991 ,999 1,000
,85 ,427 ,791 ,945 ,989 ,998 1,000
,90 ,407 ,772 ,937 ,987 ,998 1,000
,95 ,387 ,754 ,929 ,984 ,997 1,000
1,0 ,368 ,736 ,920 ,981 ,996 ,999 1,000
1,1 ,333 ,699 ,900 ,974 ,995 ,999 1,000
1,2 ,301 ,663 ,879 ,966 ,992 ,998 1,000
1,3 ,273 ,627 ,857 ,957 ,989 ,998 1,000
1,4 ,247 ,592 ,833 ,946 ,986 ,997 ,999 1,000
1,5 ,223 ,558 ,809 ,934 ,981 ,996 ,999 1,000
1,6 ,202 ,525 ,783 ,921 ,976 ,994 ,999 1,000
1,7 ,183 ,493 ,757 ,907 ,970 ,992 ,998 1,000
1,8 ,165 ,463 ,731 ,891 ,964 ,990 ,997 ,999 1,000
1,9 ,150 ,434 ,704 ,875 ,956 ,987 ,997 ,999 1,000
2,0 ,135 ,406 ,677 ,857 ,947 ,983 ,995 ,999 1,000
2,2 ,111 ,355 ,623 ,819 ,928 ,975 ,997 ,999 1,000
2,4 ,091 ,308 ,570 ,779 ,904 ,964 ,988 ,997 ,999 1,000
2,6 ,074 ,267 ,518 ,736 ,877 ,951 ,983 ,995 ,999 1,000
2,8 ,061 ,231 ,469 ,692 ,848 ,935 ,976 ,992 ,998 ,999 1,000
3,0 ,050 ,199 ,423 ,647 ,815 ,916 ,966 ,988 ,996 ,999 1,000
3,2 ,041 ,171 ,380 ,603 ,781 ,895 ,955 ,983 ,994 ,998 1,000
3,4 ,033 ,147 ,340 ,558 ,744 ,871 ,942 ,977 ,992 ,997 ,999 1,000
3,6 ,027 ,126 ,303 ,515 ,706 ,844 ,927 ,969 ,988 ,996 ,999 1,000
3,8 ,022 ,107 ,269 ,473 ,668 ,816 ,909 ,960 ,984 ,994 ,998 ,999 1,000
4,0 ,018 ,092 ,238 ,433 ,629 ,785 ,889 ,949 ,979 ,992 ,997 ,999 1,000
4,2 ,015 ,078 ,210 ,395 ,590 ,753 ,867 ,936 ,972 ,989 ,996 ,999 1,000
4,4 ,012 ,066 ,185 ,359 ,551 ,720 ,844 ,921 ,964 ,985 ,994 ,998 ,999 1,000
4,6 ,010 ,056 ,163 ,326 ,513 ,686 ,818 ,905 ,955 ,980 ,992 ,997 ,999 1,000
4,8 ,008 ,048 ,143 ,294 ,476 ,651 ,791 ,887 ,944 ,975 ,990 ,996 ,999 1,000
5,0 ,007 ,040 ,125 ,265 ,440 ,616 ,762 ,867 ,932 ,968 ,986 ,995 ,998 ,999
5,2 ,006 ,034 ,109 ,238 ,406 ,581 ,732 ,845 ,918 ,960 ,982 ,993 ,997 ,999
5,4 ,005 ,029 095 ,213 ,373 ,546 ,702 ,822 ,903 ,951 ,977 ,990 ,996 ,999
5,6 ,004 ,024 ,082 ,191 ,342 ,512 ,670 ,797 ,886 ,941 ,972 ,988 ,995 ,998

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c
np 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
5,8 ,003 ,021 ,072 ,170 ,313 ,478 ,638 ,771 ,867 ,929 ,965 ,984 ,993 ,997
6,0 ,002 ,017 ,062 ,151 ,285 ,446 ,606 ,744 ,847 ,916 ,95 ,980 ,991 ,996
6,2 ,002 ,015 ,054 ,134 ,259 ,414 ,574 ,716 ,826 ,902 ,949 ,975 ,989 ,995
6,4 ,002 ,012 ,046 ,119 ,235 ,384 ,542 ,687 ,803 ,886 ,939 ,969 ,986 ,994
6,6 ,001 ,010 ,040 ,105 ,213 ,355 ,511 ,658 ,780 ,869 ,927 ,963 ,982 ,992
6,8 ,001 ,009 ,034 ,093 ,192 ,327 ,480 ,628 ,755 ,850 ,915 ,955 ,978 ,990
7,0 ,001 ,007 ,030 ,082 ,173 ,301 ,450 ,599 ,729 ,830 ,901 ,947 ,973 ,987
7,2 ,001 ,006 ,025 ,072 ,156 ,276 ,420 ,569 ,703 ,810 ,887 ,937 ,967 ,984
7,4 ,001 ,005 ,022 ,063 ,140 ,253 ,392 ,539 ,676 ,788 ,871 ,926 ,961 ,980
7,6 ,001 ,004 ,019 ,055 ,125 ,231 ,365 ,510 ,648 ,765 ,854 ,915 ,954 ,976
7,8 ,000 ,004 ,016 ,048 ,112 ,210 ,338 ,481 ,620 ,741 ,835 ,902 ,945 ,971
8,0 ,000 ,003 ,014 ,042 ,100 ,191 ,313 ,453 ,593 ,717 ,816 ,888 ,936 ,966
8,2 ,000 ,003 ,012 ,037 ,089 ,174 ,290 ,425 ,565 ,692 ,796 ,873 ,926 ,960
8,4 ,000 ,002 ,010 ,032 ,079 ,157 ,267 ,399 ,537 ,666 ,774 ,857 ,915 ,952
8,6 ,000 ,002 ,009 ,028 ,070 ,142 ,246 ,373 ,509 ,640 ,752 ,840 ,903 ,945
8,8 ,000 ,001 ,007 ,024 ,062 ,128 ,226 ,348 ,482 ,614 ,729 ,822 ,890 ,936
9,0 ,000 ,001 ,006 ,021 ,055 ,116 ,207 ,324 ,456 ,587 ,706 ,803 ,876 ,926
9,2 ,000 ,001 ,005 ,018 ,049 ,104 ,189 ,301 ,430 ,561 ,682 ,783 ,861 ,916
9,4 ,000 ,001 ,005 ,016 ,043 ,093 ,173 ,279 ,404 ,535 ,658 ,763 ,845 ,904
9,6 ,000 ,001 ,004 ,014 ,038 ,084 ,157 ,258 ,380 ,509 ,633 ,741 ,828 ,892
9,8 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,012 ,033 ,075 ,143 ,239 ,356 ,483 ,608 ,719 ,810 ,879
10,0 ,000 ,000 ,003 ,010 ,029 ,067 ,130 ,220 ,333 ,458 ,583 ,697 ,792 ,864
10,2 ,000 ,000 ,002 ,009 ,026 ,060 ,118 ,203 ,311 ,433 ,558 ,674 ,772 ,849
10,4 ,000 ,000 ,002 ,008 ,023 ,053 ,107 ,186 ,290 ,409 ,533 ,650 ,752 ,834
10,6 ,000 ,000 ,002 ,007 ,020 ,048 ,097 ,171 ,269 ,385 ,508 ,627 ,732 ,817
10,8 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,006 ,017 ,042 ,087 ,157 ,250 ,363 ,484 ,603 ,710 ,799
11,0 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,005 ,015 ,038 ,079 ,143 ,232 ,341 ,460 ,579 ,689 ,781
11,2 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,004 ,013 ,033 ,071 ,131 ,215 ,319 ,436 ,555 ,667 ,762
11,4 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,004 ,012 ,029 ,064 ,119 ,198 ,299 ,413 ,532 ,644 ,743
11,6 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,010 ,026 ,057 ,108 ,183 ,279 ,391 ,508 ,622 ,723
11,8 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,009 ,023 ,051 ,099 ,169 ,260 ,369 ,485 ,599 ,702
12,0 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,008 ,020 ,057 ,046 ,090 ,155 ,242 ,462 ,576 ,682
12,2 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,007 ,018 ,041 ,081 ,142 ,225 ,327 ,439 ,553 ,660
12,4 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,002 ,006 ,016 ,037 ,073 ,131 ,209 ,307 ,417 ,530 ,639
12,6 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,005 ,014 ,033 ,066 ,120 ,194 ,288 ,395 ,508 ,617
12,8 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,004 ,012 ,029 ,060 ,109 ,179 ,269 ,374 ,485 ,595
13,0 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,004 ,011 ,026 ,054 ,100 ,166 ,252 ,353 ,463 ,573
13,2 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,009 ,023 ,049 ,091 ,153 ,235 ,333 ,441 ,551
13,4 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,008 ,020 ,044 ,083 ,141 ,219 ,314 ,420 ,529
13,6 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,007 ,018 ,039 ,075 ,130 ,204 ,295 ,399 ,507
13,8 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,006 ,016 ,035 ,068 ,119 ,189 ,277 ,378 ,486
14,0 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,002 ,006 ,014 ,032 ,062 ,109 ,176 ,260 ,358 ,464
14,2 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,002 ,005 ,013 ,028 ,056 ,100 ,163 ,244 ,339 ,443
14,4 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,004 ,011 ,025 ,051 ,092 ,151 ,228 ,320 ,423
14,6 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,004 ,010 ,023 ,046 ,084 ,139 ,213 ,302 ,402
14,8 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,009 ,020 ,042 ,077 ,129 ,198 ,285 ,383
15,0 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,008 ,018 ,037 ,070 ,118 ,185 ,268 ,363
15,2 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,007 ,016 ,034 ,064 ,109 ,172 ,251 ,344
15,4 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,006 ,014 ,030 ,058 ,100 ,160 ,236 ,326
15,6 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,005 ,013 ,027 ,053 ,092 ,148 ,221 ,308
15,8 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,002 ,005 ,011 ,025 ,048 ,084 ,137 ,207 ,291
16,0 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,004 ,010 ,022 ,043 ,077 ,127 ,193 ,275
16,2 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,004 ,009 ,020 ,043 ,071 ,117 ,180 ,259
16,4 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,008 ,018 ,035 ,065 ,108 ,168 ,242
16,6 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,007 ,016 ,032 ,059 ,100 ,156 ,228

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c
np 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
16,8 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,006 ,014 ,029 ,054 ,092 ,145 ,214
17,0 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,005 ,013 ,026 ,049 ,085 ,135 ,201
17,2 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,005 ,011 ,024 ,045 ,078 ,125 ,188
17,4 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,004 ,010 ,021 ,041 ,071 ,116 ,176
17,6 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,004 ,009 ,019 ,037 ,065 ,107 ,164
17,8 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,008 ,017 ,033 ,060 ,099 ,153
18,0 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,007 ,015 ,030 ,055 ,092 ,143
18,2 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,006 ,014 ,027 ,050 ,085 ,133
18,4 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,006 ,012 ,025 ,046 ,078 ,123
18,6 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,005 ,011 ,022 ,042 ,072 ,115
18,8 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,004 ,010 ,020 ,038 ,066 ,106
19,0 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,004 ,009 ,018 ,035 ,061 ,098
19,2 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,008 ,017 ,032 ,056 ,091
19,4 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,007 ,015 ,029 ,051 ,084
19,6 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,003 ,006 ,013 ,026 ,047 ,078
19,8 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,006 ,012 ,024 ,043 ,072
20,0 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,002 ,005 ,011 ,021 ,093 ,066

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The standard normal distribution

The table entries give the probabilities P (0 ≤ Z ≤ z), where Z ∼ n(0; 1), denoted by the shaded area in the following
figure:

0 z
Second decimal place of z
z 0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09
0,0 0,00000 0,00399 0,00798 0,01197 0,01595 0,01994 0,02392 0,02790 0,03188 0,03586
0,1 0,03983 0,04380 0,04776 0,05172 0,05567 0,05962 0,06356 0,06749 0,07142 0,07535
0,2 0,07926 0,08317 0,08706 0,09095 0,09483 0,09871 0,10257 0,10642 0,11026 0,11409
0,3 0,11791 0,12172 0,12552 0,12930 0,13307 0,13683 0,14058 0,14431 0,14803 0,15173
0,4 0,15542 0,15910 0,16276 0,16640 0,17003 0,17364 0,17724 0,18082 0,18439 0,18793
0,5 0,19146 0,19497 0,19847 0,20194 0,20540 0,20884 0,21226 0,21566 0,21904 0,22240
0,6 0,22575 0,22907 0,23237 0,23565 0,23891 0,24215 0,24537 0,24857 0,25175 0,25490
0,7 0,25804 0,26115 0,26424 0,26730 0,27035 0,27337 0,27637 0,27935 0,28230 0,28524
0,8 0,28814 0,29103 0,29389 0,29673 0,29955 0,30234 0,30511 0,30785 0,31057 0,31327
0,9 0,31594 0,31859 0,32121 0,32381 0,32639 0,32894 0,33147 0,33398 0,33646 0,33891
1,0 0,34134 0,34375 0,34614 0,34849 0,35083 0,35314 0,35543 0,35769 0,35993 0,36214
1,1 0,36433 0,36650 0,36864 0,37076 0,37286 0,37493 0,37698 0,37900 0,38100 0,38298
1,2 0,38493 0,38686 0,38877 0,39065 0,39251 0,39435 0,39617 0,39796 0,39973 0,40147
1,3 0,40320 0,40490 0,40658 0,40824 0,40988 0,41149 0,41308 0,41466 0,41621 0,41774
1,4 0,41924 0,42073 0,42220 0,42364 0,42507 0,42647 0,42785 0,42922 0,43056 0,43189
1,5 0,43319 0,43448 0,43574 0,43699 0,43822 0,43943 0,44062 0,44179 0,44295 0,44408
1,6 0,44520 0,44630 0,44738 0,44845 0,44950 0,45053 0,45154 0,45254 0,45352 0,45449
1,7 0,45543 0,45637 0,45728 0,45818 0,45907 0,45994 0,46080 0,46164 0,46246 0,46327
1,8 0,46407 0,46485 0,46562 0,46638 0,46712 0,46784 0,46856 0,46926 0,46995 0,47062
1,9 0,47128 0,47193 0,47257 0,47320 0,47381 0,47441 0,47500 0,47558 0,47615 0,47670
2,0 0,47725 0,47778 0,47831 0,47882 0,47932 0,47982 0,48030 0,48077 0,48124 0,48169
2,1 0,48214 0,48257 0,48300 0,48341 0,48382 0,48422 0,48461 0,48500 0,48537 0,48574
2,2 0,48610 0,48645 0,48679 0,48713 0,48745 0,48778 0,48809 0,48840 0,48870 0,48899
2,3 0,48928 0,48956 0,48983 0,49010 0,49036 0,49061 0,49086 0,49111 0,49134 0,49158
2,4 0,49180 0,49202 0,49224 0,49245 0,49266 0,49286 0,49305 0,49324 0,49343 0,49361
2,5 0,49379 0,49396 0,49413 0,49430 0,49446 0,49461 0,49477 0,49492 0,49506 0,49520
2,6 0,49534 0,49547 0,49560 0,49573 0,49585 0,49598 0,49609 0,49621 0,49632 0,49643
2,7 0,49653 0,49664 0,49674 0,49683 0,49693 0,49702 0,49711 0,49720 0,49728 0,49736
2,8 0,49744 0,49752 0,49760 0,49767 0,49774 0,49781 0,49788 0,49795 0,49801 0,49807
2,9 0,49813 0,49819 0,49825 0,49831 0,49836 0,49841 0,49846 0,49851 0,49856 0,49861
3,0 0,49865 0,49869 0,49874 0,49878 0,49882 0,49886 0,49889 0,49893 0,49896 0,49900
3,1 0,49903 0,49906 0,49910 0,49913 0,49916 0,49918 0,49921 0,49924 0,49926 0,49929
3,2 0,49931 0,49934 0,49936 0,49938 0,49940 0,49942 0,49944 0,49946 0,49948 0,49950
3,3 0,49952 0,49953 0,49955 0,49957 0,49958 0,49960 0,49961 0,49962 0,49964 0,49965
3,4 0,49966 0,49968 0,49969 0,49970 0,49971 0,49972 0,49973 0,49974 0,49975 0,49976
3,5 0,49977 0,49978 0,49978 0,49979 0,49980 0,49981 0,49981 0,49982 0,49983 0,49983
3,6 0,49984 0,49985 0,49985 0,49986 0,49986 0,49987 0,49987 0,49988 0,49988 0,49989
3,7 0,49989 0,49990 0,49990 0,49990 0,49991 0,49991 0,49992 0,49992 0,49992 0,49992
3,8 0,49993 0,49993 0,49993 0,49994 0,49994 0,49994 0,49994 0,49995 0,49995 0,49995
3,9 0,49995 0,49995 0,49996 0,49996 0,49996 0,49996 0,49996 0,49996 0,49997 0,49997
4,0 0,49997 0,49997 0,49997 0,49997 0,49997 0,49997 0,49998 0,49998 0,49998 0,49998

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 DSC2602
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Student’s t-distribution
Entries in the table are the values tν; α for various degrees of freedom (ν) and one-tailed probabilities α, where
P (Tν ≥ tν,α ) = α.

Tail probability α
0,25 0,1 0,05 0,025 0,01 0,005
1 1,0000 3,0777 6,3138 12,7060 31,8197 63,6567
2 0,8165 1,8856 2,9200 4,3026 6,9645 9,9247
3 0,7649 1,6377 2,3534 3,1824 4,5407 5,8409
4 0,7407 1,5332 2,1318 2,7764 3,7469 4,6041
5 0,7267 1,4759 2,0150 2,5706 3,3649 4,0320
6 0,7176 1,4398 1,9432 2,4469 3,1427 3,7074
7 0,7111 1,4149 1,8946 2,3646 2,9979 3,4994
8 0,7064 1,3968 1,8595 2,3060 2,8965 3,3554
9 0,7027 1,3830 1,8331 2,2622 2,8214 3,2498
10 0,6998 1,3722 1,8125 2,2281 2,7638 3,1692
11 0,6974 1,3634 1,7959 2,2010 2,7181 3,1058
12 0,6955 1,3562 1,7823 2,1788 2,6810 3,0545
13 0,6938 1,3502 1,7709 2,1604 2,6503 3,0123
14 0,6924 1,3450 1,7613 2,1448 2,6245 2,9769
Degrees of freedom ν

15 0,6912 1,3406 1,7531 2,1314 2,6025 2,9467

16 0,6901 1,3368 1,7459 2,1199 2,5835 2,9208
17 0,6892 1,3334 1,7396 2,1098 2,5669 2,8982
18 0,6884 1,3304 1,7341 2,1009 2,5524 2,8784
19 0,6876 1,3277 1,7291 2,0930 2,5395 2,8609
20 0,6870 1,3253 1,7247 2,0860 2,5280 2,8453
21 0,6864 1,3232 1,7207 2,0796 2,5176 2,8314
22 0,6858 1,3212 1,7171 2,0739 2,5083 2,8188
23 0,6853 1,3195 1,7139 2,0687 2,4999 2,8073
24 0,6848 1,3178 1,7109 2,0639 2,4922 2,7969
25 0,6844 1,3163 1,7081 2,0595 2,4851 2,7874
26 0,6840 1,3150 1,7056 2,0555 2,4786 2,7787
27 0,6837 1,3137 1,7033 2,0518 2,4727 2,7707
28 0,6834 1,3125 1,7011 2,0484 2,4671 2,7633
29 0,6830 1,3114 1,6991 2,0452 2,4620 2,7564
30 0,6828 1,3104 1,6973 2,0423 2,4573 2,7500
35 0,6816 1,3062 1,6896 2,0301 2,4377 2,7238
40 0,6807 1,3031 1,6839 2,0211 2,4233 2,7045
60 0,6786 1,2958 1,6706 2,0003 2,3901 2,6603
100 0,6770 1,2901 1,6602 1,9840 2,3642 2,6259
∞ 0,6745 1,2816 1,6449 1,9600 2,3264 2,5759

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