Third Year

Department of Geography and Environment

University of Dhaka

Course Name
Thoughts and Concepts in Geography and Environment
Course Code & Number GETh 301
Course Type Theoretical
Session 2020-2021, 2021-2022

Course Information
Course Credit 04 (Four), Full Marks 100
and Marks
Course The course provides a general overview of the development of geography as a
Introduction discipline from the World War II until today where emphasis is placed on the
traditions and philosophies. The course covers the modern geographical thoughts,
contemporary movements in geography, and the systems, paradigms and models
in geography. The dichotomy between different thoughts and concepts is also
included.
Course Objectives The purpose of this course is to:
 examine the historical and philosophical development of geographical
knowledge.
 explore key discourses, debates and controversies in geographical
thoughts;
 understand the development of geographical thoughts and practices
within a broader societal and scientific perspective.
 get familiar with scientific explanation and analytical techniques in
geography.
With the completion of this course, the students will be able to:
Learning  understand the evolution and emergence of Geography as an academic
Outcomes discipline.
 examine the role and significance of contemporary geography.
 distinguish among the dichotomies in geography.
 analyze the issues, problems and development of geography
scientifically.

Course Contents
1. Introduction to Geography: Construction of the Discipline, Conceptual and Organizational Structure
2. Foundation of Scientific Geography: The Emergence of Modern Geography after the Great Age of
Explorations and Renaissance, The German School of Geography, The French School of Geography,
Anglo-American Geography (Britain and USA), The Soviet and Russian Geography
3. Dichotomies in Geography: Physical vs Human, Regional vs Systematic, Idiographic vs Nomothetic,
Theoretical vs Applied
4. Trends of Contemporary Geography after World War II: Paradigms Shifts, Quantitative
Revolutions, Behavior Approach, Positivist Views, Humanistic Views, Reality and Realism, Critical
Science and Critical Geography, Post Modern Geography
5. Explanations in Geography: Methodological Issues and Problems in Geography, Routes to Scientific

48
 Explanation, A Priory and a Posteriori Analysis, Major Analytical Techniques, Regional vs Systematic
Analysis, Cognitive Description, Morphometric Analysis, Causes and Effect Analysis, Temporal Mode
of Analysis, Ecological and Functional Analysis, Systems Analysis
6. Hypothesis, Theory, Models and Law
7. Development of Geography in South Asia with Special Reference to Bangladesh

LESSON PLAN
Lecture sessions Topics Number of
Classes
Lecture Series 1 Introduction to Geography 04
Lecture Series 2 Foundation of Scientific Geography 05
Lecture Series 3 Dichotomies in Geography 05
Lecture Series 4 Trends of Contemporary Geography after World War II 08
Lecture Series 5 Explanations in Geography 09
Lecture Series 6 Hypothesis, Theory, Models and Law 05
Lecture Series 7 Development of Geography in South Asia with Special 06
Reference to Bangladesh
Lecture Series 8 Tutorial 06
Total 48

Essential Readings
Abler, A. J. and Gould, P. (1972). Spatial Organization: The Geographer’s Views of the World
Cohen S.B. (1967). Problems and Trends in American Geography. Basic Books.
Cooke, R.U. and J.H. ed. (1969). Trends in Geography: An Introduction Survey. Oxford PregamonPress Ltd.
Dickinson, R.E. (1969). The Makers of Modern Geography. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Harvey, D. (1969). Explanation in Geography. Edward Arnold: London
Johnston, R.J. and James D. S. (2004). Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geographysince
1945. 6th Edition. Hodder Education Publishers.

Extended Readings
Fuson, R.H. (1969). A Geography of Geography. W.M.C. Brown Company Publishers: Dubuque.
Miah, M. M. Tasks and Challenge Before Geography in the 1980s Souvenir, Bangladesh Geographical Society
Minshull, Roger M. (1970). The Changing Nature of Geography. Hutchinson
Bmjvg, Gg. Avwgbyj (2006), f~‡Mvj, `„wófw½ I `k©b, f~‡MvjwefvM, XvKvwek¦we`¨vjq|
Avngv`, bvwdm (Abyev` bRiæjBmjvg I RvgvjLvb) (1994), f~‡MvjweÁv‡bgymjgvb‡`iAe`vb, XvKv t evsjvGKv‡Wgx|
`Ë, KzšÍjvjvnvox (1995), f~‡MvjwPšÍviweKvk, KwjKvZv t Iqvì© †cÖm |

49
 Course Name Geomorphology
Course Code and
GETh 302
Number
Course Type Theory
Session 2020-2021, 2021-2022

Course Information
Course Credit 04 (Four) Full Marks-100
and Marks
Course The course is the advance part of Physical Geography focuses on the land
Introduction formation process both on land and on the sea floor of the earth. This study is
both descriptive and quantitative; it deals with morphology, processes, and
origins of landforms. The ultimate goals of geomorphology are to understand the
way in which landforms are created and to document the evolution of landforms
through time. in this course we focus on Endogenic, exogenic and Planetary
geomorphology, Mass movement and weathering processes.
Course Objectives Explaining basic principles for the development of landforms through time
Explain landform building processes and the factors controlling their
mechanisms
Explain how variations in climate and environment affect landform development
Understand the interactions between endogenic and exogenic processes
Relate the geomorphology on Earth to Planetary geomorphology
Learning With the completion of the course, students will be able to-explain differentiate
Outcomes geomorphological thoughts and theories; explain the formation of different land
features on earth surface, describe different land formation in Bangladesh;
describe and explain their evolution in Glacial and peri-glacial landform, arid
landform, Explain coastal land form and delta formation and explain the relation
between geomorphology and human activities.

Course Contents
1. Introduction to Geomorphology: Definition, Scope and Subject Matter; Objectives and
Methods of Explanations; Form, Process and Pattern; Application of Geomorphological
Knowledge to Environmental Problems Geochronology; Geological Time-Scale; Development of
Land Surface
2. Development of Geomorphological Thoughts; Pre-Davisian Geomorphology-JamesHutton;
Davisian Cycle of Erosion; Penck and King's Concepts
3. Theories on the Various Tectonic Aspects of the Earth's Surface Processes: Wegner's
Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic Theory; Theories of Earthquake, Volcanism;
Theories of Isostasy and Gravity Tectonics; Kober'sGeosynclinalOrogenic Theory and Mountain
Building
4. Modern Geomorphology; Morphogenetic Regions and Climatic Geomorphology;
Environmental Dynamism and Geomorphology General System Theory and Geomorphology;
Models in Geomorphology
5. The Humid Geomorphic Environment: Running water and streams: Origin and Evolution of
rills, gullies, streams, steam channel: classification and characteristics; drainage patterns &
channel patterns; Process of valley development.

50
6. Flood and Floodplain: Definition; causes, types, discharge measurements, velocity, flow,
hydrograph, consequence, Flood Control, Flood Management Floodplain: morphology, Ecology,
Wetland, Floodplain Management
7. Deltas: Definition, Types, Formation, Structures and Global distribution. Bengal Delta:
Evolution, Formation and characteristics.
8. The Arid and Semi-Arid Geomorphic Environment; Characteristics; Desert Environment;
Semi-Arid Environments; Fluvial Process in Arid /semi-arid Environment; Pediments and
Pediplains; Wind and Aeolian Land Forms: Erosional; Depositional
9. The Glacial and Periglacial and Karst GeomorphicEnvironments: Process and Products;
Erosional Features; Depositional Features
10. The Coastal GeomorphicEnvironment: Coast: Definition, Delineation, Major environmental
gradients and characteristics Coastal Classification: Coastal Geomorphic Processes and Products;
Waves, Tides, Winds, Ocean current Coastal Landform: Coastal Sedimentation.
11. Palaeo-Geomorphology: Geochronology: Lithostratigraphy, Biostratigraphy (pollen and diatom
analysis) and Chrono-stratigraphy (C14 dating, dendrochronology); Past-Geomorphological
Environments: Process and Products; Palaeo-Climatology:
12. Applied Geomorphology; Geomorphology and Agriculture; Geomorphology and Industry;
Geomorphology and Urbanization; Geomorphology and Transport

LESSON PLAN
Lecture sessions Topics Number of Hours
Lecture Series 1 Introduction to Geomorphology 04
Lecture Series 2 Development of Geomorphological Thoughts; 03
Lecture Series 3 Theories on the Various Tectonic Aspects of the Earth's 05
Surface Processes
Lecture Series 4 Modern Geomorphology 04
Lecture Series 5 The Humid Geomorphic Environment 04
Lecture Series 6 Flood and Floodplain 03
Lecture Series 7 Delta 03
Lecture Series 8 The Arid and Semi-arid Geomorphic Environment 03
Lecture Series 9 The Glacial and Periglacial and Karst Geomorphic 03
Environments:
Lecture Series 10 The Coastal Geomorphic Environment 04
Lecture Series 11 Palaeo-Geomorphology: Geochronology 04
Lecture Series 12 Applied Geomorphology 03
Lecture Series 15 Tutorial 05
Total 48
Essential Readings
Islam, M.S. (2001). Sea-Level Changes of Bangladesh: Last Ten Thousand Years.
Leopold, W. and Miller. (1965).Fluvial Process in Geomorphology
Pathick J. (1986).An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology
Sparks, B. W. (1986).Geomorphology
Thornbury, W. D. (1968).Principles of Geomorphology
Extended Readings
Joseph H. (2017). An Introduction to Physical Geography and Environment (4 th Edition), Pearson Education
Limited

51
Olav, S.; Spencer, T.andEmbleton-Hamann, C. (2012). Geomorphology and Global Environmental Change (Reissue
Edition), Cambridge University Press, New York
Richard John Huggett. Routledge (2011).Fundamentals of Geomorphology (3rd Edition), Taylor & Francis Group
Sharma, V. K.(year), Geomorphology: Earth Surface, Process and Forms
Small, R. J.(year), The Study of Landforms
Stephen J. R., Robert V. R. and McGraw-Hill (2015).Exploring Physical Geography (1st Edition)
Thronbury W.D. (1969).Principles of Geomorphology (2nd Edition), John Wiley & Sons, New York

Course Name Climatology

Course Code and

GETh 303
Number
Course Type Theory
Session 2020-2021, 2021-2022

Course Information
Course Credit 04 (Four) Full Marks-100
and Marks
Course The course presents atmospheric properties and physical processes that determine
Introduction current weather and long-term climate trends. It incorporates the physical,
chemical and dynamic processes of the troposphere and the physical aspects of
Earth's climate system. It also explores the global balance of energy and transfer
of radiation in the atmosphere, atmospheric disturbances and severe weather and
techniques of weather forecasting. Moreover, this course includes the climate
system of the Earth and the science of climate change.
Course Objectives Understanding and exploring the physical, chemical and dynamic processes of
the atmosphere.
Understanding the basics of atmospheric phenomena, the Earth‟s radiation
budget, atmospheric dynamics, cloud- and precipitation formation as well as
atmospheric chemistry.
Understanding the physical principles and processes that control the general
circulation and characteristics of the atmosphere and earth's climates, especially
their development and spatial distribution.
Understanding the dynamics of climate and climate change.
Analyzing weather maps or climate diagrams, interpret diagrams and satellite
images.
Learning After the successful completion of the course, the students will be able to
Outcomes understand different atmospheric layers and the climate system of the Earth. They
will also be able to understand the relationship between global and local climate
system and different types of hydro-meteorological hazards. Furthermore, the
students will understand the concept of contemporary climate change.

Course Contents
1. The Atmosphere: Atmospheric parameters: Air temperature, pressure, Mean sea level pressure
and wind, Diurnal and annual variations of surface air temperature, moisture;
2. Thermodynamics of the atmosphere: State for moist and dry air; Air Mass and Fronts; Adiabatic
processes; Virtual temperature; Potential temperature; Equivalent potential temperature;
Thermodynamics diagram; Stability indices.

52
3. Distribution and circulation of Air: General circulation of Air; physical process in general
circulation; Pressure distribution; Radiative transfer in the atmosphere; Solar and terrestrial
radiation; Energy budget and transfer.
4. Chemistry of the atmosphere: Atmospheric aerosols: Concentration, Size, Source, Chemical
composition; Ozone in the atmosphere: Evolution of ozone layer, Sources and sinks of ozone
layer, Sources and sinks of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, UV-radiation; Role of
greenhouse gases, Global warming, Sea level rise; Heat Islands.
5. Atmospheric disturbances and severe weather: Elements of cloud and cloud interpretation;
Precipitation; Thunderstorms; Frontal Wave Theory of Cyclogenesis; Cyclone: Formation and
characteristics; Mid latitude Cyclones; Tropical Storms and Cyclones; Tornadoes; Lightning and
Thunder.
6. Weather Forecasting and Analysis: Instruments of observatory; Weather forecasting;
Forecasting methods, Types of forecasts, assessing forecasts; Data acquisition and dissemination;
Forecast procedures and products: Phases in numerical modeling, Medium-range forecasts, Long-
range forecasts and Seasonal outlooks, Weather maps and images;
7. Meteorological analysis; Synoptic chart; Upper air analysis (500, 300 and 200 mb charts);
Combined analysis using conventional data and satellite images.
8. Earth’s Climate System: Classification; Koppen System.
9. Climate Change: Definition; Causes and consequences of climate change; The Time Scales of
climate change; Reconstructing past climate; Modeling the future climate.

LESSON PLAN
Lecture sessions Topics Number of Hours
Lecture Series 1 The Atmosphere 05
Lecture Series 2 Thermodynamics of the atmosphere 04
Lecture Series 3 Distribution and circulation of Air 05
Lecture Series 4 Chemistry of the atmosphere; 05
Lecture Series 5 Atmospheric disturbances and severe weather 06
Lecture Series 6 Weather Forecasting and Analysis; 06
Lecture Series 7 Meteorological analysis 04
Lecture Series 8 Earth‟s Climate System 03
Lecture Series 9 Climate Change 05
Lecture Series 10 Tutorial 05
Total 48

Essential Readings:
Aguado, E. and Burt, J. E. (2010). Understanding Weather and Climate, Prentice Hall, New York,
Ahrens, C. D. (2001).Essentials of Meteorology: An Invitation to the Atmosphere, Brooks/Cole, US.
Wallace, J.M. and Hobbs, P. V. (2006). Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, ELSEVIER, Amsterdam.
Reynolds, R., (2004). Guide to Weather, Bounty Books, London

53
Course Name Geography of Natural Resources

Course Code &

GETh 304
Number
Course Type Theoretical
Session 2020-2021, 2021-2022

Course Information
Course Credit & 03 (Three): Full Marks 100
Marks
Course The course focuses the existence of various natural resources, their present
Introduction condition, issues and management. Specific natural resource entities in various
geographic contexts are highlighted with their current state, issues and challenges
etc. Therefore, it is expected that the students will be able to learn the existing
state of the natural resources, their current condition, concerns and significance
of required management interventions for their sustainability.
Course Objectives The major objectives of the course include--
 sharing with the students the major global concerns over exploitation of
natural resources, major issues of natural resources management, existing
practices of management in different parts of the earth
 developing concepts on resource assessment/appraisals, importance and
issues related to resource appraisals
 highlighting the different cultural contexts of natural resource use
 sharing different tools and techniques to apply in resources appraisals,
 sharing the major concerns of natural resources utilization and
sustainable management options/strategies in Bangladesh
The students are expected to learn the existing state of the natural resources of
Learning various geographic contexts, their current condition, concerns and significance of
Outcomes required management interventions for their sustainability.

Course Contents
Syllabus or Structure of the Course
1. Natural Resources: Definitions, concepts, types, scope, spatial characteristics and temporal cycles
2. Resource ecosystems: Types, distribution, current condition etc.
3. Forest Resources: Extent of resource base, changing nature, regimes, use and environmental
implications
4. Water Resources: Extent of resource base, supply and demand, quality, management
5. Land Resources: Biodiversity, protected areas and environmental conservation
6. Mineral Resources: Extent of resource base, scarcity and abundance, exploitation, international
relations, conflict and impact of mining
7. Energy Resources: Sources, consumption, reserves and scarcity, environmental externalities
8. Contemporary Issues: Issues, Natural Resource Conservation: Economic development, population
growth, technology and carrying capacity, climate change
9. Environmental Treaties and Strategies: Environmental movement and natural resources, progress
of sustainability, equity and ethics, resource conservation strategies from Stockholm to Rio

54
LESSON PLAN
Lecture sessions Topics Number of
Classes
Lecture Series 1 Natural Resources: Definitions, concepts, types, scope, spatial 04
characteristics and temporal cycles
Lecture Series 2 Resource ecosystems: Types, distribution, current condition etc. 02
Lecture Series 3 Forest Resources: Extent of resource base, changing nature, 03
regimes, use and environmental implications
Lecture Series 4 Water Resources: Extent of resource base, supply and demand, 03
quality, management
Lecture Series 5 Land Resources: Biodiversity, protected areas and environmental 03
conservation
Lecture Series 6 Mineral Resources: Extent of resource base, scarcity and 03
abundance, exploitation, international relations, conflict and
impact of mining
Lecture Series 7 Energy Resources: Sources, consumption, reserves and scarcity, 03
environmental externalities
Lecture Series 8 Contemporary Issues of Natural Resource Conservation: 05
Economic development, population growth, technology and
carrying capacity, climate change
Lecture Series 9 Environmental Treaties and Strategies: Environmental movement 05
and natural resources, progress of sustainability, equity and ethics,
resource conservation strategies from Stockholm to Rio
Lecture Series 10 Tutorial 05
Total 36

Essential Readings
Chiras, D. D and Reganold, J.P. (2009). Natural Resource Conservation; Management for a Sustainable Future,
Pearson Education Ltd.
Meffe, G. K., Nielsen, L.A., Knight, R.L. and Schenborn, D.A. (2000). Ecosystem Management: Adaptive
Community Based Conservation, Island Press, London.
Mitchell, B. (1979). Geography and Resource Analysis, Longman Parer, London & NY.

Extended Readings
Grafton, R.Q., Adamowicz, W., Dupoint, D., Nelson, H., Hill, R.J. and Renzetti, S. (2004). Economics of the
Environment and Natural Resources, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, USA.
Islam, M.A. (2000). SampadBabostapona, Bangla Academy, Dhaka.
Kabir, M.H. and Endlicher, W. (2012). Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh, AHDPH, Dhaka.
Rasheed, K.B.S. (2006). Bangladesh: Resource and Environmental Profile, AHDPH, Dhaka.
Rasheed, K.B.S. (2008). Water Resources Management, AHDPH, Dhaka.

55
Course Name Quantitative Techniques in Geography and Environment

Course Code &

GETh 305
Number
Session 2020-2021, 2021-2022

Course Information
Course Credit 4 (Four) Full Marks: 100
Course Quantitative techniques have been an integral part of geography since the
Introduction quantitative revolution of the 1950s. Quantitative techniques are those
techniques, which provide the decision makers a systematic and powerful means
of analysis based on quantitative data. It is a scientific method employed for
problem solving and decision-making. The quantitative techniques help in
decision-making process in the way that identifies the factors, which influence
the decisions and quantify them. It becomes easier to resolve the complexity of
the decision-making. The aim of spatial analysis in Geography and Environment
is to understand differences across space rather than regularities. Quantitative
techniques in Geography and Environment–I will be composed of lectures,
discussions and exercises and is designed as an undergraduate level introduction
to spatial analysis and the application of statistical methods in a spatial context.
Course Objectives In order to overcome complex spatial aspects and to put the subject on a sound
theoretical footing, the goal of incorporating this course is to interpret the
organization of space, to generalize and to formulate their own theories and
models about the man and environment relationship.
The specific objectives of the course are as follows:
 Understanding the basic mathematical and statistical concepts in Geography
and Environment.
 Acquiring knowledge on number system and set theories.
 Acquiring knowledge on different types of variables (i.e. discrete and
continuous) and the levels of measurement.
 Understanding the basic concepts of frequency distributions and the
measures of central tendency.
 Conceptualise the measures of dispersion and time series analysis.
 Acquiring knowledge on basic probability theory and hypothesis testing.
 Understanding about correlation and regression in Geography and
Environment.
 Acquiring knowledge on factor analysis and spatial measures.
With the completion of the course, students will be able to learn:
Learning  The basic concepts of mathematics and statistics
Outcome  The application of statistical methods and techniques in geography and
environment
 The Application of simple arithmetic operations in geography and
environment
 The basic concepts of variables and levels of measurements will be studied.
 Frequency distributios of varsetile geographic phenomena and the measures
of central tendency of geographical data will be practically applied.

56
  Time series analysis on different geographical aspects will be assessed.
 Basic probability theory and hypothesis testing will be performed.
 Correlation and regression of different geographic phenomena will be
assessed.
 Factor analysis and spatial measures will be performed.

Course Contents
1. Basic Mathematical and Statistical Concepts in Geography; Number System and Set Theory
2. Basic counting principles and arithmetic operation: Rounding of Data; Scientific Notations;
Decimals; Fractions; Equations and Inequalities; Conversion of Measurement Units between
Imperial and ST systems
3. Variable; Discrete; Continuous
6. Levels of Measurement: Nominal Scale; Ordinal Scale; Interval Scale and Ratio Scale
8. Measures of Central Tendency; Mean; Median; Mode
7. Frequency Distribution; Frequency Table; Histograms; Polygons; Ogives; Forms of distribution;
Moments; Skewness; Kurtosis
8. Measures of Dispersion (Both Absolute and Relative):
Absolute Measures (Range; Mean Deviation; Quartile Deviation; Standard
Deviation); Relative Measures (Co-efficient of Variation; Co-efficient of Mean Deviation; Co-
efficient of Quartile Deviation)
9: Time Series Analysis
10. Sample and Census
11. Elementary Probability Theory: Law of Addition and Law of Multiplication; Probability
Distributions (Binomial, Normal and Poisson); Normal Distribution and Properties of Normal
Curve
12. Hypothesis Testing: Null Hypothesis; Levels of Significance; Student's t-test; Chi-square test;
Analysis of Variance
13. Correlation and Regression: Pearson's Product Moment Correlation; Spearman's Rank Correlation;
Regression by the Least - Squares Method; Constructing Regression Lines; Confidence Limits to
Least Squares Regression Lines; T-test for Correlation and Regression Coefficients; Multiple
Regression and Residuals Analysis
14. Factor Analysis
15. Spatial Measures: Point Pattern Analysis; Mean and Median Centres; Quadrate Analysis; Nearest
Neighbour Analysis; Line-Network Analysis; Transport networks; Connectivity; Run-test

LESSON PLAN
Lecture sessions Topics Number of
Classes
Lecture Series 1 Basic Mathematical and Statistical Concepts in Geography 02
Lecture Series 2 Number System and Set Theory 02
Lecture Series 5 Variable; Discrete; Continuous 01
Lecture Series 6 Levels of Measurement: Nominal Scale; Ordinal Scale; 02
Interval Scale and Ratio Scale
Lecture Series 7 Measures of Central Tendency; Mean; Median; Mode 03

57
 Lecture Series 8 Frequency Distribution; Frequency Table; Histograms; 03
Polygons; Ogives; Forms of Distribution; Moments;
Skewness; Kurtosis
Lecture Series 9 Measures of Dispersion (Both Absolute and Relative) 05
Absolute Measures (Range; Mean Deviation; Quartile
Deviation; Standard Deviation)

Relative Measures (Co-efficient of Variation; Co-efficient of

Mean Deviation; Co-efficient of Quartile Deviation)
Lecture Series 13 Time Series Analysis 02
Lecture Series 14 Sample and Census 02
Lecture Series 15 Elementary Probability Theory 04
Law of Addition and Law of Multiplication
Probability Distributions
Binomial
Normal
Poisson
Normal Distribution and Properties of Normal
Curve
Lecture Series 16 Hypothesis testing 04
Null Hypothesis
Levels of Significance
Student's t-test
Chi-square test
Analysis of Variance
Lecture Series 17 Correlation and regression 06
Pearson's Product Moment Correlation
Spearman's Rank Correlation
Regression by the Least - Squares Method
Constructing Regression Lines
Confidence Limits to Least Squares Regression Lines
T-test for Correlation and Regression Coefficients
Multiple Regression and Residuals Analysis
Lecture Series 18 Factor Analysis 03
Lecture Series 19 Spatial measures 04
Point Pattern Analysis
Mean and Median Centres
Quadrate Analysis
Nearest Neighbour Analysis
Line-Network Analysis
Transport networks
Connectivity
Run-test
Lecture Series 20 Tutorial 5
Total 48

Essential Readings
Cole, J.P. and King, C.A. M. (1968). Quantitative Geography - Techniques and Theories in Geography, Johns
Wiley & Sons Ltd, USA.

58
Taylor, P. J. (1978). Quantitative Methods in Geography. Houghton Mifflin Company, London.
Yeates, M. (1974). An Introduction to quantitative Analysis in Human Geography, McGraw Hill Inc.

Extended Readings
Johnston, R.J. (1978). Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Geography, Longman, USA
Mahmood, A. (2019). Statistical Methods in Geographical Studies, Rajesh Publications, India.
Unwin, D. (1981). Introductory Spatial Analysis, Methuen, New York, USA.
Gupta, S.C. (2012). Fundamentals of Statistics, Himalaya Publishing House, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560020, India
Elhance, D.N., Elhance, V. and Aggarwal, B.M. (2018). Fundamentals of Statistics, Kitab Mahal.

Course Name
Rural Geography and Settlements
Course Code & Number GETh 306
Course Type Theoretical
Session 2020-2021, 2021-2022

Course Information
Course Credit 04 (Four); Full Marks 100
and Marks
Course The rural areas of the world can be recognised as a physical, social or economic
Introduction space. The study of rural geography and settlements has emerged as an
increasingly important sub-discipline of human geography during the last two or
three decades.This course is particularly significant for studying spatiality of
rural life and environment.
Course Objectives The specific objectives of the course are to:
 introduce the basic concepts of rural geography and settlements.
 provide ideas about rural livelihood.
 visualize the nexus between rural economic changes and society.
 detect the changes in rural landuse.
 foster the ideas on rural settlements and rural house types.
After completing this course, the students will be able to:
Learning
 learn the basic concepts about rural geographical phenomena.
Outcomes
 get acquainted with the basic ideas about rural settlement patterns and
types with special reference to Bangladesh.

Course Contents
1. Definitions and meanings of “rural”, Rural geography as sub-discipline
2. Theoretical approaches to rural restructuring
3. Rural livelihoods, poverty and change
4. Changing Rural Economy and Society: Rural migration and demographic change,
Depopulation, Rural-urban drift, Rural industries, Rural development models
5. Changes in the Extensive use of Rural Land: The case of Bangladesh (agricultural, forest,
wetlands etc.)
6. Economic Change in Rural Worlds: Rural periodic markets and centers, Characteristics and
Types, Periodicity and Synchronization
7. Political Change in Rural Worlds: Role of GOs & NGOs

59
8. Rural Settlements: Definition, Scope and Approaches of Rural Settlement Geography,Phases
and Development of Permanent Settlement, Factors of Dispersion and Agglomeration
9. Rural House Types: Influencing Factors, Classification of House Types

LESSON PLAN
Lecture sessions Topics Number of classes
Lecture Series 1 Definitions and meanings 03
Lecture Series 2 Theoretical approaches 04
Lecture Series 3 Rural Livelihoods, poverty and change 04
Lecture Series 4 Changing rural economy and society 05
Lecture Series 5 Changes in the extensive use of rural land 06
Lecture Series 6 Economic change in rural worlds 06
Lecture Series 7 Political change in rural worlds 04
Lecture Series 8 Rural settlements 06
Lecture Series 9 Rural House Types 04
Lecture Series 10 Tutorial 06
Total 48

Essential Readings
Mandal, R.B. (1979). Introduction to Rural Settlement. Concept Publishing Co.
Michael, W. (2004). Rural Geography. Sage Publishing.
Michael, C.(2007). Rural Settlement and Landuse. 1stedition. Routledge.

Extended Readings
Daniel, P. (1979). The Geography of Settlement. Addison-Wesley Longman Ltd
Gordon, G. and Dick, W. (1982). Settlement Geography: Concepts and Problems. Edinburgh: Holmes and
McDougall.
Hudson, F.S. (1977). A Geography of Settlement. MacDonald and Evans.
evKx, Ave`yj (1998), MÖvgxYemwZ, XvKv t e½ cÖKvkbx|
‡PŠayix, wmivRyjBmjvg (1988), A_©bxwZK f~‡Mvj, XvKvwek¦we`¨vjq|

Course Name
Bangladesh: Geography and Environment
Course Code & Number GETh 307
Course Type Theoretical
Session 2020-2021, 2021-2022

Course Information
Course Credit 04 (Four); Full Marks 100
and Marks
Course The course provides an overview of the emergence of geography as a discipline
Introduction in Bangladesh. The course emphasizes the geography and environment of
Bangladesh through physical and human phenomena. It explores problems
associated with population growth and poverty, natural resource management,
climate change, disaster management and human health.

60
 Course Objectives The course will:
 develop concepts on the origin and evolution of the geological processes
of Bangladesh.
 share the ideas on various advantages and disadvantages of the existing
location of the country.
 share the issues and challenges of different ecological systems and
natural resource bases.
 develop ideas on existing natural hazard risk and environmental issues of
the country and different management challenges.
 finally share practical knowledge on how sustainable development can
be achieved in Bangladesh.
After completing this course, the students will be able to:
Learning  understand basic aspects of the human and physical characteristics of
Outcomes Bangladesh.
 aware of the existing natural and environmental settings, population and
demographic characteristics, major natural resources, socio-economic
sectors and issues of Bangladesh.
 explore the issues and challenges of natural hazards and disasters.

Course Contents
1. Introduction: Location, Geophysical and Geopolitical Importance, History, Economy and Society
2. The Natural Environmental Setting: Geological Background,Relief and Physiography, River
Systems and Wetlands, Soils and Agroecological Zones, Climate
3. Population and Demographic Characteristics: Population Size, Density, Fertility, Mortality and
Migration, Demographic Dividend, Human Resources, Issues and Challenges of Human Population
Growth
4. Major Resource Bases: Land, Water, Minerals, Fuel and Energy, Fisheries, Livestock, Forests
5. Major Economic Sectors in Bangladesh: Primary, Secondary, TertiarySectors
6. Socioeconomic Issues of Bangladesh: Social Conflict, Poverty and Unemployment,
InvoluntaryDisplacement, Segregation
7. Environmental Issues of Bangladesh: Major Regions of Environmental Concern, Environnemental
Pollution and degradation, déforestation, Green-house effects and climate change
8. Natural Hazards and Disaster: Floods, Drought, Cyclone, Riverbank Erosion, Tectonic Hazard,
landslide, Tornado, Thunderstorm and Lightening

LESSON PLAN
Lecture sessions Topics Number of Classes
Lecture Series 1 Introduction 04
Lecture Series 2 Natural Environmental Setting 07
Lecture Series 3 Population and Demographic Characteristics 04
Lecture Series 4 Major Resource Bases 06
Lecture Series 5 Major Economic Sectors in Bangladesh 05
Lecture Series 6 Socioeconomic Issues of Bangladesh 05
Lecture Series 7 Environmental Issues of Bangladesh 06
Lecture Series 8 Natural Hazards and Disasters 05
Lecture Series 9 Tutorial 06
Total 48

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Essential Readings
Brammer, H. (2012). The Physical Geography of Bangladesh, The University Press Limited, Dhaka.
Brammer, H. (2014). Climate Change, Sea-Level Rise and Development in Bangladesh, The University Press
Limited, Dhaka.
Rashid, H. (1991). Geography of Bangladesh, UPL, Dhaka
Rasheed, K.B.S. (2006). Bangladesh: Resource and Environmental Profile, AHDPH, Dhaka.

Extended Readings
Gain, P. (2002). Bangladesh: Facing the 21st Century, SEHD, Dhaka.
Islam, A. (1995). Environment and Landuse and Natural Hazards in Bangladesh, University of Dhaka, Dhaka.
Islam, M. S. and Khalequzzaman, M. (eds.) (2016). Coastal and Marine Environment of Bangladesh, BAPA and
BEN, Dhaka.
Kabir, M.H. and Amin, S.M.N. (2007). TanguarHaor:A Diversified Freshwater Wetland, Academic Press and
Publishers Library, Dhaka.
Kabir, M.H. and Endlicher, W. (2012). Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh, AHDPH, Dhaka.
Khatun, H., Ahmad, N., Mahbub, A Q M and Kabir, H. (eds.) (2018). Environment and Sustainable Development in
Bangladesh: Geographical Perspectives, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka.
Nizamuddin, K. (ed.) (2001). Disaster in Bangladesh: Selected Readings, DRTMC, Dhaka University, Dhaka.

Course Name GIS: Advanced Data Concepts and Spatial Analysis

Course Code & Number GELb 308
Course Type Practical
Session 2020-2021, 2021-2022, 2022-2023

Course Information
Course Credit 3 (Three) Full Marks: 100

Course This course directed at developing more advanced Geographic Information

Introduction Systems skills at the Hons. 3rd year level. The class is not introductory and students
will begin using more advanced analysis tools in ESRI GIS software (ArcGIS
10.3). Concept of Geodatabase and Geodatabase designing, GIS georeferencing,
Data capturing from image and cloud, topology, errors fixing, Creating attribute
data and spatial analyzing will all be introduced.
Course In this course students will meet Science, Technology & Society. Students will be
Objectives able to connect science and technology to real-world problems by explaining how
science relates to problems of societal concern; be able to distinguish between
sound and unsound interpretations of scientific information; employ cogent
reasoning methods in their own examinations of problems and issues; and
understand the applications of science and technology in societal context.
 Achieving knowledge to design a complex geodatabase, which is the heart of
the GIS.
 Understanding georeferencing an image, even those have no coordinate like,
mouza map.
 Understanding data capturing process both spatial and attributes
 Achieving knowledge to solve problems using spatial adjustment
 Understanding topological concept and rules and their application and finally,

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 constructing topology.
 Understanding on geoprocessing tools and techniques to solve spatial
problems

With the completion of the course, students will be able to understand:

Learning  Design a complete complex geodatabase
Outcome  Identify and capturing spatial data for a design project
 Data evaluation to analyze a project
 Spatial analysis using GIS.
 Complete research-based analysis utilizing main-stream GIS technology to
address ascientific topic of societal concern.
 Compete world market as GIS personnel.
Course Contents
Theoretical
1. Introduction of GIS workflow
2. Acquisition and preprocessing of Geo-referenced DataProjection Transformations; Digitizing,
Editing and Structuring Map data; Primary Data Acquisition from Ground and Remote Surveys.
3. Database Structures: data organization in the computer File and data access; Database approach;
Classic data models; Database Management Systems.
4. Data Quality, Accuracy and Errors in Spatial Data
5. Components of data Quality; Positional Accuracy; Attribute Accuracy; Logical Consistency;
Spatial Resolution; Data Transfer Standards.

Practical
1. Building a Personal Geodatabase: Build, Modify, Join Tables, Aggregate, Export other
ArcCatalog utilities
2. Importing Spatial and Attribute Data: Sources of Maps and Data, Vector Spatial Data Format,
Identify and Change Projections, Examine Metadata, View Attribute Data.
3. Georeferencing Image and Mouza Map
4. Digitizing: Digitize and Edit Polygon layer, digitize a Point Layer, Digitize a Line layer, spatially
adjust features.
5. Topology: Create topology, identify topological errors, fixing errors and validate topology;
Spatial adjustmment techniques
6. Spatial Data Processing: Use data queries to extract features, Clip Features, Dissolve features,
Append layers, Union Layers.

LESSON PLAN
Lecture sessions Topics Number of
Classes
Lecture Series 1 Introduction of GIS workflow 02
Lecture Series 2 Acquisition and preprocessing of Geo-referenced Data 04
Coordinate Systems; Transformations and map
Projections; Digitizing, Editing and Structuring Map data;
Primary Data Acquisition from Ground and Remote
Surveys.
Lecture Series 3 Database Structures: data organization in the computer 02
File and data access; Database approach; Classic data
models; Database Management Systems.

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 Lecture sessions Topics Number of
Classes
Lecture Series 4 1. Data Quality, Accuracy and Errors in Spatial Data 02
Lecture Series 5 1. Components of data Quality; Positional Accuracy; 02
Attribute Accuracy; Logical Consistency; Spatial
Resolution; Data Transfer Standards.
Lecture Series 6 1. Building Geodatabase: Build, Modify, Join Tables, 04
Aggregate, Export other ArcCatalog utilities
Lecture Series 7 Importing Spatial and Attribute Data: Sources of Maps 02
and Data, Vector Spatial
Lecture Series 8 Georeferencing Image and Mouza Map 02
Lecture Series 9 Digitizing: Digitize and Edit Polygon layer, digitize a 04
Point Layer, Digitize a Line layer, spatially adjust features.
Lecture Series 10 Topology: Create topology, identify topological errors, 02
fixing errors and validate topology; Spatial adjustmment
techniques
Lecture Series 11 1. Spatial Data Processing: Use data queries to extract 10
features, Clip Features, Dissolve features, Append layers,
Union Layers, Run Multiple operations with Model
Builder.
Total 36

Essential Readings
C.P. Lo & Albert K. W. Yeung. (2002), Concepts and techniques of Geographic Information Systems, Prentice-Hall,
New Delhi, India.
Ian Heywood, Sarah Cornelius and Steve Carver (1999), An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems;
Longman, UK.
Peter A. Burrough and Rachael A. McDonnell. (1998), Principles of Geographical Information Systems, Oxford
University Press, UK.

Extended Readings
Aronoff, S. (1995), Geographic Information Systems: A Management Approach, WDL Publications, Ottawa,
Canada.
Christopher, B.J. (1999), Geographical Information Systems and Computer Cartography, Longmans, UK.
Michael, N.D. (2003), Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. USA.
Grekousis, G. (2020). Spatial Analysis Methods and Practice: Describe - Explore - Explain Through GIS.Cambridge
University Press
Mitchell, A. (1999). ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1: Geographic Patterns and Relationships. Esri Press,
2020, 300 pp., ISBN: 9781589485792.

Course Name
Remote Sensing: Image Processing and Analysis
Course Code&
GELb 309
Number
Session 2020-2021, 2021-2022

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Course Information
Course Credit 3 (Three) Full Marks: 100
Course The need for image processing and analysis of remote sensing data inclined to the
Introduction improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation and the
processing of a scene data for an autonomous machine perception.

Course Objectives The specific objectives of the course are:

 To interpret raw satellite images for processing and analysis.
 To introduce different tools and techniques to be used for digital image
processing and analysis.
 To perform image rectification and enhancement tasks.
 To conduct remote sensing analysis on different topics of concern.
 To perform image classification and indices
Learning By attending the course students will learn a complete way of interpreting,
Outcome processing and analyzing remote sensing images. The specific outcomes of the
course are as follows:
 The fundamentals of digital image processing system will be understood.
 Restoration and rectification of satellite images will be performed.
 Image enhancement techniques will be applied for different satellite
images.
 Classification of satellite images and generation of indices will be
accomplished.
 Principal Component Analysis and image transformation techniques will
be delivered.
 Different aspects and assessment of thermal and microwave images will
be assessed.

Course Contents
1. Digital Image and Image Processing System
Introduction to digital image processing: Concept of digital image, steps in DIP
Image processing systems –hardware and software considerations
Digitization of photographic image, converting digital image to visual form image
Digital image data formats, Image data storage and retrieval
Labs:
A) Introduction with Software
B) Image Data Format and Exchange/Import

2. Image Restoration and Rectification

Radiometric correction of remotely sensed dataGeometric correction of remotely sensed data
Image registration – definition principle and procedureBasic statistical concepts in DIP and use of
probability methods in DIP
Labs:
A) Image Registration
B) Radiometric and Geometric Correction of Image
C) Basic Statistics of Image

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3. Image Enhancement and Analysis
Image enhancement Techniques - an overview Contrast Enhancement - Linear and non linear,
Histogram equalization and Density slicing Spatial filtering and Edge enhancement Multi image
manipulation – addition, subtraction and Band rationing
Labs:
A) Image Enhancement (various types)
B) Spatial Filtering (different types)
C) Band ratio analysis and comparison

4. Image Classification and Indices

Unsupervised classification: advantage, disadvantage and limitations
Supervised classification: training site selection, sampling, Classifiers, maximum likelihood
Accuracy assessment
Indices: NDVI, NDWI, NDBI
Labs:
A) Image Classification (Supervised and Unsupervised)
B) Classification Accuracy Assessment
C) Exercise on Image Classification (based on research articles)

5. Principal Component Analysis and Image Transformation

Basics on Principal Component Analysis Enhancement by using colors – advantages, Types of color
enhancements
BGR – coding and generation of FCC‟s Image transformation – Intensity Hue Saturation (HIS)
Labs:
A) PCA Analysis
B) BGR and FCC image generation and analysis
C) Image transformation

6. Thermal and microwave remote sensing

Thermal radiation principles, thermal process, interactions and properties
Concepts and principles of microwave remote sensing
Fundamentals of radar and LIDAR data
Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
Labs:
A) Interpretation of thermal and microwave images
B) Assessment of radar and LIDAR images
C) Analysis of LST and SST data

LESSON PLAN
DISTRIBUTION OF CREDIT HOURS
Topics Number of Class (Duration: 2 hours)
Digital image and image processing system 2
Image restoration and rectification 2
Image enhancement and analysis 2
Image classification and indices 4
Principal Component Analysis and image
4
transformation
Thermal and microwave remote sensing 4
Total 18

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Essential readings
Gibson, P.J. (2000). Digital Image Processing. Rutledge Publication
Drury, S.A. (1987). Image Interpretation in Geology. Allen and UnwinGupta, R.P. (1990). Remote Sensing
Geology. Springer Verlag.

Extended readings
Joseph, G. (2003). Fundamentals of remote sensing. Universities Press
Lillesand, T.M., and Kieffer, R.M. (1987). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley.
Nag, P. and Kudrat M. (1998). Digital Remote Sensing. Concept Publication.
Pratt, W.K. (2004). Digital Image processing. John Wiley.
Sabbins, F.F. (1985). Remote sensing Principles and interpretation. W.H.Freeman and company.

Course Name Map Reading and Interpretation

Course Code & Number GELb 310
Session 2020-2021, 2021-2022

Course Information
Course Credit 2 (Two) Full Marks: 50
Maps have been used for centuries to describe spatial patterns and portray
association and correlation. The course „Map Reading and Interpretation‟ is
designed to introduce students to the fundamental concepts of mapping and to
provide the opportunity to utilize developing skills in analyzing through existing
Course
maps to take full advantage of these maps. This is one of the core courses for
Introduction
Geography and Environment. The course focuses on the basic elements of map
reading, analysis and thinks critically for extensive interpretation. Therefore,
conscientious class attendance and adequate preparation for class work are
expected.
Major objective of the course is;
 to provide students with a basis for making intelligent decisions concerning
Course Objectives the use and interpretation of maps.
 to develop knowledge, understanding and ability to analyze different types of
maps as well as the information/ data from map and interpret critically.

After completing the course, students will be able to:

 understand different types of maps and their applications
 acquire map reading and interpretation skills
Learning
Outcome  critically analyze the geographical aspects of the relationship between people
and the natural environment
 effectively apply a range of skills in academic, professional and social settings

Course Contents
1. Basics of map reading:
1.1 Methods of Showing Relief
Pictorial
Mathematical
Combination of the two (Pictorial and Mathematical)

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2. Gradient analysis using GIS
2.1. Understanding basic concepts of intervisibility, relief, cross-section, gradients, Slope
Determination
2.2. Understanding Contour. Profile drawing from imaginary contour.
2.3. Techniques of Slope determination.

3. Interpretation of topographical maps

3.1. The Language of Maps; Marginal Information of Topographical and other Maps;
Conventional Signs and Symbols; Concept of Sheet Number
3.2. Interpreting the Physical Features; Understanding the Relief and Slopes, Identifying for
Physiographic Regions
3.3. Interpreting the Human/Cultural Features
3.4. General Understanding of the Landuses; Communication Network; Analysis of the
Relationship between Physical and Cultural Features, Look for Spatial Patterns; Distribution,
Density and Regions

4. Interpretation of geological map

4.1. Definition, Types and Use of Geological Map
4.2. Study of Outcrop, Bedding, Unconformity, Folding, Faulting, Strike and Lineament

5. Understanding the graphical representation

5.1. Definition, types, difference between qualitative and quantitative thematic maps
5.2. Interpret and analyze qualitative and quantitative thematic maps.
5.3. Interpretation of diagram/ spatial diagram.

6. Understanding weather maps

6.1. Introduction to Weather station, Signs and Symbols, Differences of Weather and Climatic
Maps;
6.2. Weather Map Interpretation

LESSON PLAN
DISTRIBUTION OF CREDIT HOURS
Topics Number of Classes
Basics of Map Reading; Methods of Showing Relief; Pictorial,
4
Mathematical, Combination of the two (Pictorial Land Mathematical)
Gradient Analysis
Understanding basic concepts of indivisibility, relief, cross-section, gradients,
Slope Determination 4
Understanding Contour. Profile drawing from imaginary contour.
Techniques of Slope determination.
Interpretation of Topographical Maps
The Language of Maps; Marginal Information of Topographical and other
Maps; Conventional Signs and Symbols; Concept of Sheet Number
Interpreting the Physical Features; Understanding the Relief and Slopes,
Identifying for Physiographic Regions 4
Interpreting the Human/Cultural Features
General Understanding of the Landuses; Communication Network; Analysis
of the Relationship between Physical and Cultural Features, Look for Spatial
Patterns; Distribution, Density and Regions

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DISTRIBUTION OF CREDIT HOURS
Topics Number of Classes
Interpretation of Geological Map
Definition, Types and Use of Geological Map
4
Study of Outcrop, Bedding, Unconformity, Folding, Faulting, Strike and
Lineament
Understanding the graphical representation
Definition, types, difference between qualitative and quantitative thematic
maps 4
Interpret and analyze qualitative and quantitative thematic maps.
Interpretation of diagram/ spatial diagram.
Understanding the Weather Maps
Introduction to Weather station, Signs and Symbols, Differences of Weather
4
and Climatic Maps;
Weather Map Interpretation
Total 24

Essential readings
Bygott, J. (1948). An Introduction to Mapwork and Practical Geography, University tutorial press.
Shingh, R.L. (1979). Elements of Practical Geography, Kalyani Publishers, India.
Ajaegbu, H.I. (1973). A New Approach to Practical Work in Geography, Heinemann Educational.

Extended readings
Tyner, J.A. (2015). The World of Maps: Map Reading and Interpretation for the 21st Century, Guilford Press, New
York.
Matkin, R.B. (1995). Map reading, 4th edition, Dalesman Publishing, North Yorkshire.
Field, K. (2018). Cartography: A Compendium of Design Thinking for Mapmakers, Esri Press.
Brewer, C.A. (2015). Designing Better Maps: A Guide for GIS Users, 2nd edition, Esri Press.
Kimerling, A.J., Buckley, A.R., Muehrcke, P.C. and Muehrcke, J.O. (2011). Map Use: Reading, Analysis,
Interpretation, 7th edition, Esri Press.

Course Name Research Methods and Fieldwork in Physical Geography and

Environment

Course Code and

GELb 311
Number
Course Type Practical (Fieldwork)

Session 2020-2021, 2021-2022

Course Information
Course Credit 03 (Three) Full Marks-100
and Marks
Course Effective study in physical geography requires intensive investigation in the
Introduction field. This course offers the students to conduct field based activities aiming to
collect data on various hydro-morpho-ecological regions following a systematic
research methodology.

69
 Course Objectives Aiming to develop the competency among the students to formulate
comprehensive field plan for physical geographical investigation

Aiming to develop skills to operate and use various tools and techniques in the
field to collect hydro-morpho-ecological data.

Aiming to develop the skill to data analysis and report writing

Learning At the end of the course the students will acquire adequate competency to
Outcomes develop field plan, collect data from the field, data analysis and report writing.

Course Contents
1. Research in Physical Geography: Types, Characteristics, Methodology, Selection of Research
Topic, Research Design
2. Fieldwork in Physical Geography: Needs of Fieldwork in Physical Geography; Site Selection;
Field plan; Fieldwork Preparation, Supports,
3. Geomorphological Mapping: Topographical Survey; Identification of Geomorphological Units;
Preparation of geomorphological maps. Map interpretation
4. Hydrological Survey: Measurements of River flow; River-cross section analysis, River bed
sediment collection and filed description; Ocean/Lake survey, Data Procession; Data Analysis.
5. Profile/Out-crop Study: Preparation of section/out-crop cleaning, identification of layers/beds;
Description of sediment in the field after Troels-Smith Scheme; Application of Monolith,
Graphical and Match stick techniques in the field; Use of MunsellColour Chart in the field;
Lithostratigraphy and DCP Survey.
6. Borehole Study; Site selection for borehole; Description of borehole sediment in the field after
Troels-Smith Scheme
7. Slope Analysis: Measurement of Hill slope by Trigonometric method; Direct measurement of
slope using slope meter; Limitation.
8. Vegetation Survey: Vegetation survey by quadrant method; Species identification with reference
to different land levels; Study the relationship of vegetation species with soil type; Ecological
Survey.
9. Report writing: Data analysis, data presentation. Preparation of Report.

LESSON PLAN
Lecture sessions Topics Number of Hours
Lecture Series 1 Research in Physical Geography 03
Lecture Series 2 Fieldwork in Physical Geography 03
Lecture Series 3 Geomorphological Mapping 03
Lecture Series 4 Hydrological Survey 03
Lecture Series 5 Profile/Out-crop Study 02
Lecture Series 6 Borehole Study 03
Lecture Series 7 Slope Analysis 02
Lecture Series 8 Vegetation Survey 02
Lecture Series 9 Report writing 03
Lecture Series 10 Fieldwork (5 working days) 12
Total 36

Essential Readings:
Gouide, A. (1990).Techniques in Physical Geography, Routledge, London.More

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