Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University Lonere

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION

YEAR : III SEMESTER : VI

UNIT II ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS
PART-A (2 MARKS)

1. Define gain. (April/may-2011,Nov/Dec-2011)

The ratio of maximum radiation intensity in given direction to the maximum radiation intensity from a
reference antenna produced in the same direction with same input power. Gain is usually measured in dB.
Maximum radiation intensity from test antenna
Gain (G) = Maximum radiation intensity from the reference antenna with same in
2. Define radiation pattern.
Radiation pattern is the relative distribution of radiated power as a function of distance in space.It is a
graph which shows the variation in actual field strength of the EM wave at all points which are at equal
distance from the antenna. The energy radiated in a particular direction by an antenna is measured in
terms of FIELD STRENGTH.(E Volts/m).
3. Define Directivity. (April/may-2011,May/June-2012)
The directivity (D) of an antenna is the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity U (θ,φ)max to its
average radiation intensity U (θ,φ)avg.
Directivity from Pattern : D = U (𝛉,𝛗)m a x ; Directivity from beam area : D = 4 H
U (𝛉,)a v g ΩA
4. Define effective aperture of an antenna. ( Nov/Dec-2011 May/June-2012)
It is the area over which the power is extracted from the incident wave and delivered to the load is
called effective aperture (Ae).
P o w e r r e c e i vPerd
Effective aperture Ae = = m2
P o w e r d e n s i tS y
5. Write the importance of radiation resistance of an antenna.
(April/may -2008,April/may-2011, May/June-2016)
Radiation resistance is that part of an antenna's feed point resistance that is caused by the radiation of
electromagnetic waves from the antenna, as opposed to loss resistance (also called ohmic resistance)
which generally causes the antenna to heat up. It is also defined as the equivalent resistance that used to
dissipate the same amount of power as is radiated by the antenna.
6. Explain the parameter of an antenna: Bandwidth.
Bandwidth is the band of frequencies between the higher frequency (fH) and lower frequency (fL)
over which a signal is transmitted.
fH
For Narrow band antenna: BW = fH – fL ; For Wide band antenna: BW =
fL
7. Define Half Power Beam Width. (Nov/Dec-2012)
Antenna beam width is a measure of directivity of an antenna. Antenna beam width is an angular
width in degrees, measured on the radiation pattern (major lobe) between points where the radiated
power has fallen to half its maximum value. Half Power Beam Width (HPBW) is Beam width between half
power points.
8. Define antenna temperature.
Antenna Temperature (TA) is a parameter that describes how much noise an antenna produces in a
given environment. This temperature is not the physical temperature of the antenna. Antenna
temperature is also sometimes referred to as Antenna Noise Temperature.
9. Define antenna input impedance.
The input impedance ZA of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of the voltage to current at the terminals
of the antenna.
 ZA=RA+jXA ; RA= input resistance, XA= input reactance
RA= Rr + RL ; Rr= radiation resistance, RL=loss resistance
10. What are θ & φ patterns in antenna radiation pattern? ( Nov/Dec 2013)
The two types of radiation patterns are Field pattern & Power pattern.
 The θ component of the electric field as a function of the angles θ and φ or Eθ (θ, φ)(V m−1).
 The φ component of the electric field as a function of the angles θ and φ or Eφ(θ, φ)(V m−1).
 The phases of these fields as a function of the angles θ and φ or δθ (θ, φ) and δφ(θ, φ) (rad or deg).
11. Define Radiation intensity. (May/June-2007 ,Nov/Dec 2013)

The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called the radiation intensity U (watts per
steradian or per square degree). The radiation intensity is independent of distance.
12. Compare short dipole from half wave dipole. ( May/June-2014)
S.
No. Parameters Half wave dipole Short dipole
Antenna length is equal to a
Antenna length is equal to
1. Antenna Length half-wavelength at the
(λ/10)
frequency (λ/2)
Rrad=80π2(l/ λ)2=73Ω Rrad=80π2(dl/ λ)2=7.9 Ω
2. Radiation Resistance Since l= λ/2 Since dl= λ/10

3. Directivity (When θ= π/2) D=1.642 D=1.5

13. What is a folded dipole? (May/Jun- 2011)

A folded dipole antenna is an antenna with two parallel dipoles of radius ‘a’ and length ‘L’ at the ends
to form a narrow loop.
Impedance Zfd = 4 Z t Z d
2Zd + Zt
Where, Zt = Input impedance of transmission line, Zd = Input impedance of dipole.

PART-B (8 MARKS)

1. Derive the expression for the field quantities radiated from a λ/2 dipole and prove the radiation
resistance to be 73Ω. (May/june2016(16))

λ/2 dipole or half wave dipole or half wavelength is the fundamental antenna of metal rod or tubing or
thin wire which has a physical length of half wave length in free space at the frequency of operation. It is
also called as half wave doublet.

Fig.1: λ/2 Dipole Or Half Wave Dipole

 𝜋
−j𝛽r
Vector potential, 𝐴 = 𝜇 𝐼𝑚𝑒 c o s2(𝑐 𝑜 𝑠 𝛩 )
[ ]
2𝜋𝛽𝑟 𝑠 𝑖 2𝑛𝛩
𝜋
c o s2(𝑐 𝑜 𝑠 𝛩 )
Radiated Field quantities,|𝐻𝜑 |= 𝐼𝑚 [
2𝜋𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛩
|𝐸 | 6 0 𝑚𝐼 c o s2𝜋(𝑐 𝑜 𝑠 𝛩 ) 𝐸𝜃
= [ ] V/m ; since 𝜂 = 𝐻 =120𝜋
𝛩
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛩 𝜑

Total radiated power, W = 60 𝐼2 . 𝐼

W = 73.14𝐼2 ; Since I=1.219
𝖶
Radiation resistance, 𝑅𝑟 = =73 Ω ; where W = 73.14𝐼2
r𝑚𝑠

2. Derive the expression for the field quantities (E and H) for a small oscillation current element.
(May/june2016(16))
An infinitesimal element excited with an alternating current is called the Hertzian dipole. It is very
short length of wire over which the current distribution can be assumed uniform. A short dipole is initially
in neutral condition and the moment a current starts to flow in one direction, one half of the dipole require
an excess of charge and the other a deficit because a current is a flow of electrical charge. Then ,there will
be a voltage between the two halves of the dipole. When the current changes its direction this charge
unbalance will cause oscillations. Hence an oscillating current will result in an oscillating voltage. Since, in
such dipole, electric charge oscillates, it may be called as Oscillating electric dipole.

Fig.2: Hertzian dipole

Instantaneous current, 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑒j 𝜔 𝑡

r ()
j 𝜔 ( 𝑡 −)
Retarded current, [𝐼] = 𝐼𝑜𝑒 𝑐

Far field component,

r ()
j ω ( 𝑡 −)
Io L c o s θ 𝑒 𝑐 1 𝑐
 Er = [ + ]
2 𝜋 0𝗌C 𝑟2 j 𝜔 3𝑟
r
j ω ( 𝑡 −) () 𝑐
Io L s i nθ 𝑒 𝑐 j𝜔 1 + ]
 Eθ = [ + 
4𝜋𝑟 𝑐2𝗌0 𝑐 𝗌0𝑟 j𝜔 2𝑟𝗌
0

 E𝛟 = 0
 Hr = 0
 Hθ = 0
r
j ω ( 𝑡 −)
𝑐 ()
Io L s i n θ 𝑒 j𝜔 1
 H𝛟 =  [ + 2]
4𝜋 𝑟 𝑟
3. (i) Define the following parameters and their dependence an antenna performance (1) Radiation
pattern. (2) Input Impedance (3) Polarization. ( May/june2014(16) , May/june2015(8))
(1) Radiation pattern: (May/june2012(6))
Radiation pattern is the relative distribution of radiated power as a function of distance in space. It is a
graph which shows the variation in actual field strength of the EM wave at all points which are at equal
distance from the antenna. The energy radiated in a particular direction by an antenna is measured in
terms of FIELD STRENGTH.(E Volts/m).
(2) Input Impedance:
The input impedance ZA of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of the voltage to current at the terminals
of the antenna.
ZA=RA+jXA ; RA= input resistance, XA= input reactance
RA= Rr + RL ; Rr= radiation resistance, RL=loss resistance
(3) Polarization: (May/june2012(5)
The polarization of the radio wave can be defined by direction in which the electric vector E is aligned
during the passage of at least one full cycle. Also polarization can also be defined the physical orientation
of the radiated electromagnetic waves in space. The polarizations are three types. They are Elliptical
polarization, circular polarization and linear polarization.

(ii) Derive the Magnetic Field Components of a Dipole having the dimension l<<λ/2.
( May/june2014(16))
Dipole having the dimension l<<λ/2 is a Hertzian dipole antenna. Magnetic Field Components of
this Dipole is,
Hr = 0
Hθ = 0
𝑟
j 𝜔 ( 𝑡 −) ()
Io Lsinθ 𝑒 𝑐 j𝜔 1
H𝛟 = [ + ]
4𝜋 𝑐 𝑟 𝑟2

4. (i) Explain the terms : (1) Beam Solid Angle (App/May2008(5), App/May2011(5))
(2) Antenna Temperature (May/june2012(5))
(3) Reciprocity of antenna. (May/June-2013(6) ( May/june2014(16))
(8)
(1) Beam Solid Angle
The beam area or beam solid angle or Ω𝐴 of an antenna is given by the normalized power pattern over
a sphere. 2𝜋 𝜋
Ω =∫ 𝑃 (𝜃, 𝝓) 𝑑 Ω(Sr) ; Where, d Ω = sin𝜃d𝜃d𝝓
𝐴 0 ∫0 𝑛
(2) Antenna Temperature (TA) :
TA is a parameter that describes how much noise an antenna produces in a given environment. This
temperature is not the physical temperature of the antenna. Antenna temperature is also sometimes referred
to as Antenna Noise Temperature.
(3) Reciprocity of an antenna.
If an e.m.f is applied to the terminals of an antenna no.1 and the current measured at the terminals of
the another antenna no.2, then an equal current both in amplitude and phase will be obtained at the terminal
of the antenna no.1 if the same e.m.f is applied to the terminals of antenna no.2.

(ii) Derive the current and vector potential of a Hertzian dipole. ( May/june2014(16))
Current of a Hertzian dipole

 Instantaneous current, 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑒j 𝜔 𝑡

r
j 𝜔 ( 𝑡 −) ()
 Retarded current, [𝐼] = 𝐼𝑜𝑒 𝑐
 Vector potential of a Hertzian dipole
𝜇 L/2 [I]
 Initially, 𝐴 = ∫ dz
Z 4 𝜋 − L/2 S

r
j ω ( 𝑡 −) ()
𝜇 L oI𝑒 𝑐
 Finally, 𝐴Z =
4𝜋𝑟
5. (i) Derive the radiation resistance of an Oscillating Electric Dipole
The radiation resistance of an Oscillating Electric Dipole:
𝖶
 Average Radiated Power, Pavg =  w/𝑚2
𝑆
𝜇0 (𝛽 0𝐼 𝐿) 2
 Total Radiated Power ,W= watts
√𝗌0 12𝜋
2𝖶
 Radiation Resistance, Rr = ohms
0
𝐿
Rr 790 ( ) ohms
𝜆

(ii) Define and explain the polarization & its significance in antenna analysis.
(Nov/Dec-2013(8))
Polarization:
The polarization of the radio wave can be defined by direction in which the electric vector E is aligned
during the passage of at least one full cycle. Also polarization can also be defined the physical orientation
of the radiated electromagnetic waves in space. The polarizations are three types. They are Elliptical
polarization, circular polarization and linear polarization.
Significance of Polarization:
Polarization is one of the factor in antenna analysis because the initial polarization of electromagnetic
waves is determined by the orientation of antenna itself in the space. Hence in the design of an antenna,
the type of polarization is one of the factor.
6. (i) Explain the differences between Half wave dipole & quarter wave monopole antenna.(6)

S.No. Parameters Half wave dipole Short dipole

Antenna length is equal to a half- Antenna length is equal to a
1 Antenna Length wavelength at the frequency quarter-wavelength at the
(λ/2) frequency (λ/4)
It radiates power more or less in It radiates power in
2 Radiated power
all directions hemisphere surface
l 2 × 18.28 I2m
Radiation Rr = 80π2 ( ) Rr =
3 λ2 I2m
Resistance Rr = 73Ω Rr = 36.5 Ω

(ii)Derive the directivity of half wave Dipole antenna. ( Nov/Dec- 2013(10))

Directivity of half wave Dipole antenna:
4𝜋
𝐷 = 2 𝐴𝑒 𝑚
𝜆

= 4 2𝜋.0.13 𝜆2
𝜆

Where 𝐸 𝑓 𝑓 𝑒 𝑐 𝑡 𝑖 𝑣 𝑒 𝑎 𝑝, 𝐴𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑚𝑡=𝑢0𝑟.1𝑒3𝜆2

Directivity, D=1.63
 7. (i) State and prove Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for antennas. (8)
Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem:
If an e.m.f is applied to the terminals of an antenna no.1 and the current measured at the terminals of
the another antenna no.2, then an equal current both in amplitude and phase will be obtained at the
terminal of the antenna no.1 if the same emf is applied to the terminals of antenna no.2.
According to reciprocity theorem,
I1= I2 Provided E12=E21 ; E12=E21 Provided I1= I
(ii) Define: (1) Gain (2) Directivity (3)Antenna Temperature (4) Antenna input impedance (Nov/Dec-
2012(16) ,Nov/Dec- 2013(8))
(1) Gain
Gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of maximum radiation intensity in a given direction to the
maximum radiation intensity of a reference antenna.
Power gain is defined as the ratio of maximum power radiated by a test antenna to the maximum
power radiated by a reference antenna.
(2) Directivity
It indicates the effectiveness of concentrating power into a limited solid angle. It is the ratio between
maximum radiation intensity to the average radiation intensity.
Directivity D = 4π/A Where, A = Beam solid angle
(3) Antenna Temperature
TA is a parameter that describes how much noise an antenna produces in a given environment. This
temperature is not the physical temperature of the antenna. Antenna temperature is also sometimes referred
to as Antenna Noise Temperature.
(4) Antenna input impedance
The input impedance ZA of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of the voltage to current at the terminals
of the antenna.
ZA=RA+jXA ; RA= input resistance, XA= input reactance
RA= Rr + RL ; Rr= radiation resistance, RL=loss resistance
8. What is the maximum effective aperture and gain of a microwave antenna with directivity of 900
operating at 8 GHz? (May/Jun- 2013(8))
Given Data:
D=900 f=8GHz

To find:
𝐴𝑒 𝑚 =? G=?
Solution:

C =f λ λ = c/f=3x108/8x109 = 0.0375
4𝜋
𝐷= 𝐴𝑒 𝑚
𝜆2
0 0.0 3 725
90×
Maximum effective aperture, 𝐴𝑒 𝑚 =
4𝜋

𝐴𝑒 𝑚=0.10
𝜆2
𝐴𝑒 𝑚 = 4 𝜋G
4𝜋 4
Gain, G=𝐴 = 0.10 × =893.1
𝑒 𝑚 𝜆2 0.0 3 725
9. A join dipole of ࣅ/2 long.? If it has loss resistance of 2 , calculate : (i) Directivity (ii) Gain (iii)
Effective Aperture (iv) Beam Solid Angle and (v) Radiation Resistance (May/Jun- 2013(16))

Given Data:
𝑙 = ࣅ/2 Rl =2 
To find:
𝐴𝑒 =? G=? Rr = ? ΩA=?
Solution:
Formulas: Ω =4A𝜋 G=KD R =73 Ω 𝐴 = 𝑉2 k= 𝑟
r 𝑒 4𝑆𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅
𝑟 𝑟 𝑙

𝑉2
 𝐴𝑒 =4 𝑆 ; V=Eλ/π ; S=EH=E 2 /𝜂 ;
r𝑅
(𝐸 𝜆/ )2
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐸2 = 𝐴𝑒 = 20.62 ࣅ2
4×( 4 𝜋)×1 9 .71 9)
 𝐷 = 3 7 7 4𝜋 2
𝐴
𝜆2 𝑒 𝑚 𝜆2
= ×20.62 ࣅ 𝐷 = 2. 5 8
4𝜋 4𝜋
 ΩA=  = = ΩA =4.86
𝐷 2.5 8
 UNIT III - ANTENNA ARRAYS

1. Discuss the construction and design of a yagi uda array. Show that the impedance of a
Folded dipole is 300Ω. (May/june2016(16))
A Yagi–Uda antenna, commonly known as a Yagi antenna, is a directional antenna consisting of
multiple parallel elements in a line, usually half-wave dipoles made of metal rods. Yagi–Uda antennas
consist of a single driven element connected to the transmitter or receiver with a transmission line,
and additional "parasitic elements" which are not connected to the transmitter or receiver: a so-called
reflector and one or more directors.
It is simple to construct and has a high gain, typically greater than 10 dB. The Yagi-Uda antennas
typically operate in the HF to UHF bands (about 3 MHz to 3 GHz), although their bandwidth is typically small,
on the order of a few percent of the center frequency.

Fig.4 (a):Yagi-Uda Antenna (b):Its radiation Pattern

Fig.5:yagi antenna with folded dipole

The driving element is often a folded dipole, which by itself would have a driving point impedance of
about 300 ohms to the feeder; but this is reduced by the shunting effect of the other elements, so a typical
Yagi-Uda has driving point impedance in the range 20-90 ohms.

PART-A (2 MARKS)

1. What is an Antenna array? (May/Jun 2011)

Several antennas of similar type are arranged in a system, to radiate more in desired direction with
high gain, by combining their individual radiations in desired direction and cancelling the radiation in
undesired direction. Such a system is called as antenna. Otherwise it is a system of similar antennas
 oriented similarly to get greater directivity in a desired direction.
2. What are the advantages of antenna arrays? ( May/June-2014)
 Antenna arrays is used to radiate more in desired direction with high gain
 Antenna array is used to get greater directivity in a desired direction.
3. A uniform linear array contains 50 isotropic radiation with an inter element spacing of λ/2.find the
directivity of broadside form of arrays. (May/June-2013)

4. Define Pattern Multiplication. (Apr/may-2011, Nov/Dec-2011,May/June-2007)

The field pattern of an array of non isotropic but similar point sources is the product of the pattern of
the individual source and the pattern of an array of isotropic point sources having the same locations,
relative amplitudes, and phase as the non-isotropic point sources.
5. Mention the features of radiation pattern multiplication principle. (Nov/Dec-2010)
The principle of pattern multiplication provides a speedy method for sketching the radiation patterns
of complicated arrays just by inspection.
6. What are the conditions to obtain end fire array pattern? (Nov/Dec-2012)
An array is said to be end fire if the direction of maximum radiation coincides with the array axis. Thus
for an array to be end fire,=0 and θ= 00 or θ = 1800 in the maximum direction
7. What is Binomial array? ( May/June-2011)
To reduce the side lobe level, John Stone proposed that sources have amplitudes proportional to the
coefficients of a binomial series. In Uniform array secondary lobes appear but principle lobe is sharp and
narrow where as in Stone’s binomial array, width of beam widens but without secondary lobes.
8. Define array factor for linear array. (May/June-2012)
The array factor quantifies the effect of combining radiating elements in an array without the element
specific radiation pattern taken into account. The overall radiation is defined by this array factor.
9. What is tapering of arrays? (Nov/Dec-2017)
Tapering of array is a technique used for reduction of unwanted side lobes .The amplitude of currents
in the linear array source is non-uniform; hence the central source radiates more energy than the ends.
Tapering is done from center to end.
10. How can we eliminate minor lobes? (May/June-2013)
 secondary or side lobes in the linear broadside arrays are to be eliminated then the radiating sources must
have current amplitudes proportional to the coefficient of the above binomial series.
11. What is the basic principle of antenna synthesis? (Nov/Dec-2013)
 The Fourier series method is used to synthesize for the first category of requirements.
 The Dolph-Chebyshev method is used to synthesize for the second category of requirements

PART-B (16MARKS)

1. Obtain the expression for the field and the radiation pattern produced by a N element array of
infinitesimal with distance of separation λ/2 and currents of unequal magnitude and phase
shift 180 degree. (Nov/Dec-2007(16) (Nov/Dec-2012(16), (May/june2016(16))

2. Two identical radiators are spaced d=3/4 meters apart and fed with currents of equal
magnitude but with 1800 phase difference. Evaluate the resultant radiation identify the
direction of maximum and minimum radiation. (Apr/May- 2015(16))

3. Describe the method of pattern multiplication. (Nov/Dec- 2014(8))

The field pattern of an array of non isotropic but similar point sources is the product of the pattern of
the individual source and the pattern of an array of isotropic point sources having the same locations,
relative amplitudes, and phase as the non-isotropic point sources.
4. (i)Derive the expression for the field produced by a linear array and deduce it for an end fire
array. (May/Jun- 2014(16))
Linear array:
An array is said to be linear if the individual elements of vthe array are spaced equally along a
line.
The total far field pattern,
𝐸𝑡 = E0e0 j T+ E0e1 j T+ E0e2 j T+ E0e3 j T+ ⋯ + E0ej(n − )1T
𝐸𝑡 = E0(e0 j T+ e1 j T+ e2 j T+ e3 j T+ ⋯ + ej(n − )1T)
Total phase difference of the fields at point p from adjacent sources,

Ψ = βcosθ + α

The total far field of end fire array,

Ψ
𝐸 sin 𝑛
𝐸 = 0 2
 Ψ
𝑡 sin
2

(ii)Compare End fire and broadside array. (May/Jun- 2014(8))

S.No. Broadside array End fire array
Array elements are fed with the Array elements are fed with the
1. currents of equal amplitude and in currents of equal amplitude and out of
phase phase,ð = −𝛽
Maximum radiation is
Maximum radiation is directed the
2. perpendicular to the direction of
array axis array axis
2𝜆 2𝜆
3. BWFN=± radians BWFN=±2√ radians
𝑛 𝑛

5. Derive Array factor of a Uniform linear array. Explain the significance of array factor.
(16) (AU ND 2013)
Array factor of a Uniform linear array:

The factor by which the array increases the field strength over that of a single element
radiating the same total power is called as array factor.
Ψ
sin 𝑛
𝐸𝑡 = 𝐸0 2
Ψ
sin
2
Ψ
sin 𝑛
𝐸0 Ψ2
𝐸 sin 2
𝐸 = =
𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝐸𝑡 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 𝐸0𝑛
𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 =(array factor)n
2
𝐸 𝑛 𝑜 𝑟 𝑚= 𝑇
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

6. (i)What is binomial array? (May/June-2013(2))

To reduce the side lobe level, John Stone proposed that sources have amplitudes proportional
to the coefficients of a binomial series. In Uniform array secondary lobes appear but principle lobe is
sharp and narrow where as in Stone’s binomial array, width of beam widens but without secondary
lobes.
(ii)Draw the pattern of 10 element binomial array with spacing between the elements of 3/4
and /2. (May/June-2013(14))

7. Derive the expressions for field pattern of broad side array of n point sources.
(May/June-2013(16))
Broad side array:
It is defined as an arrangement in which the principle direction of radiation is perpendicular to
the array axis and also to the plane containing the array element.the phase difference between
adjacent elements is zero.
Field pattern of broad side array:
E=cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛩 𝜋
(𝛽𝑑 ) (or) E=cos ( cos )
2 2
 Maxima Direction : 𝜃𝑚 𝑎 𝑥= 90𝑜 𝑎 𝑛 𝑑270𝑜
 Minima Direction : 𝜃𝑚 𝑖 𝑛= 0𝑜 𝑎 𝑛 𝑑180𝑜
 Half Power Point Direction : 𝜃𝐻 𝑃 𝑃 𝐷= ±60𝑜, ±120𝑜
8. For a 2 element linear array separated by a distance d=3/4, derive the field quantities and
draw its radiation pattern for the phase difference of 450 (Nov/Dec-2012(16)) .
(16)
 (AU ND 2012)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛩
(𝛽𝑑 )
2

2 3𝜆
𝛽= ; 𝑑=
𝜆 4
Field quantity , E=cos ( cos𝜃 )

9. Derive the expressions for field pattern of end-fire array of n sources of equal amplitude and
spacing. (May/Jun- 2012(16))
End Fire array:
It is defined as an arrangement in which the principle direction of radiation is coincides with
array axis.

Field pattern of broad side array:

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛩
E=2jE0 sin ( 𝛽 𝑑 2 ) (or) E=sin 𝜋 cos )
2
 Maxima Direction : 𝜃𝑚 𝑎 𝑥= 0𝑜 𝑎 𝑛 𝑑180𝑜
 Minima Direction : 𝜃𝑚 𝑖 𝑛= 90𝑜 𝑎 𝑛 𝑑270𝑜
 Half Power Point Direction : 𝜃𝐻 𝑃 𝑃 𝐷= ±60𝑜, ±120𝑜

10. (i)Obtain the maxima, minima and half power points of two radiating point sources fed with
equal in magnitude and phase current. (Nov/Dec- 2013(16))

Broad side array:

It is defined as an arrangement in which the principle direction of radiation is perpendicular to
the array axis and also to the plane containing the array element.the phase difference between
adjacent elements is zero.

Field pattern of broad side array:

E=cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛩 𝜋
(𝛽𝑑 ) (or) E=cos ( cos )
2 2
 Maxima Direction : 𝜃𝑚 𝑎 𝑥= 90𝑜 𝑎 𝑛 𝑑270𝑜
 Minima Direction : 𝜃𝑚 𝑖 𝑛= 0𝑜 𝑎 𝑛 𝑑180𝑜
 Half Power Point Direction : 𝜃𝐻 𝑃 𝑃 𝐷= ±60𝑜, ±120𝑜
(ii) Explain different properties of broadside and end fire arrays. (Nov/Dec- 2013(8))
Broadside array:
o Array elements are fed with the currents of equal amplitude and in phase
o Maximum radiation is perpendicular to the direction of array axis
2 𝜆
o Beam Width Between First Null, BWFN=± 𝑛 𝑑 radians
End fire array
o Array elements are fed with the currents of equal amplitude and out of phase,
ð = −𝛽 𝑑
o Maximum radiation is directed the array axis
2𝜆
o Beam Width Between First Null, BWFN=±2√ radians
𝑛𝑑
 1. What is the difference between Yagi Uda antenna and log periodic dipole array.
S.No Yagi Uda Antenna Log Periodic Dipole Array
1 It is optimized for one frequency. It is optimized for wide range of frequency.
It will give higher gain at its optimal
2. It will have lower gain
frequency.
In lower frequency it require more number
3 it requires more number of elements.
of elements compare to yogi uda antenna.
2. Why the Log periodic antenna called so? ( Nov/Dec-2011)
The geometry of log periodic antenna is so chosen that electrical properties must repeat periodically
with logarithm of the frequency

1. Explain the principle of operation of Log periodic antenna with neat schematic diagram.
(App/May2008(8),(Apr/May- 2016) (May/Jun- 2012)
The log-periodic dipole array (LPDA) consists of a system of driven elements, but not all elements
in the system are active on a single frequency of operation. The geometry of log periodic antenna is so
chosen that electrical properties must repeat periodically with logarithm of the frequency. LPDA means
Log Periodic Dipole Array. It is defined as an antenna whose electrical properties repeat periodically with
logarithm of the frequency.

Fig.9: Log periodic antenna

2. Derive the fundamental equation for free space propagation (FRIIS Equation) and
explain each parameter of it.

3. Define pattern multiplication. Design pattern 8 elements having λ/2 spacing.

4. Analysed the log periodic antenna and explain its silent features.

5. Explain the following parameters in short

 Radiation Intensity
 Directivity
 Antenna Efficiency

6. Prove that the normalised field pattern of a Uniform Linear array is | |

7. Explain Dolph – Chebychev Method for pattern generation of Uniform and Binomial array.