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Implementation partner
M.Tech Program - Advanced Industry
Course Name: Data Engineering
Module Name: Data Types & Formats

Section - A

Two Mark Questions (Remembering and Understanding)

Define the term "data type."

What is a CSV file format used for?

Explain the term "data ingestion."

What is a JSON file format?

Name one common tool for data profiling.

What is the purpose of data lineage?

Define "data profiling."

What is the use of a Parquet file format?

What does ETL stand for in data engineering?

What is data visualization?

What is the purpose of a data warehouse?

Name one method of data retrieval.

What is data normalization?

Define "data transformation."

What is a relational database?

Explain "data wrangling."

What does "data governance" refer to?

Name one data storage method.

What is an API used for in data engineering?

What is a data mart?

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What does OLAP stand for?

Name a common data format for big data.

What is a schema in a database?

What does "batch processing" mean?

What is data enrichment?

Section - B
Five Mark Questions (Applying and Analyzing)

Compare and contrast JSON and XML as data formats.

Describe the process and importance of data ingestion in a data pipeline.

Explain the concept of data lineage and its benefits for data quality management.

What are the key differences between batch processing and stream processing?

Discuss the role of data profiling in data quality improvement.

Describe the use of Pandas for data manipulation and analysis.

What are the benefits and drawbacks of using Parquet and ORC file formats?

Explain the concept of data normalization and its advantages in database design.

How does data governance impact data engineering practices?

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Compare traditional relational databases with NoSQL databases in terms of scalability and
data model flexibility.

Describe the challenges and solutions associated with integrating data from multiple
sources with different formats and structures.

Discuss the impact of data governance on data engineering practices and provide
examples of governance frameworks.

Explain the significance of data normalization and denormalization in database design.

When would you use each approach?

Analyze the trade-offs between using cloud-based storage solutions and on-premises
storage.

Explain the concept of data partitioning and its advantages in distributed data processing.

Section - C
Ten Mark Questions (Evaluating and Creating)

Discuss the importance of data types and formats in data engineering. How do they
impact data processing and storage?

Explain the process and tools involved in data profiling. How does it contribute to
improving data quality?

Describe the key considerations and best practices for designing a data ingestion pipeline.

Compare and contrast various storage and retrieval methods in data engineering, such as
relational databases, NoSQL databases, and data lakes.

Discuss how data lineage analysis can aid in compliance and regulatory requirements.

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Explain the role of data visualization tools in enhancing the effectiveness of data analysis.
Provide examples of popular tools and their features.

Describe the challenges and solutions associated with integrating data from multiple
sources with different formats and structures.

Discuss the impact of data governance on data engineering practices and provide
examples of governance frameworks.

Explain the significance of data normalization and denormalization in database design.

When would you use each approach?

Analyze the trade-offs between using cloud-based storage solutions and on-premises
storage.

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 Knowledge partner
nced Industry Integrated Programs - AI & ML

Section - A

Question Answer Hints

A data type specifies the kind of data that can be stored and manipulated within a program.
Examples include integer, float, string, and boolean.
CSV (Comma-Separated Values) is used for storing tabular data in plain text, with each line
representing a row and values separated by commas.
Data ingestion is the process of importing, transferring, and processing data from various sources
into a data storage system.
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format that is easy for humans
to read and write and for machines to parse and generate.

One common tool for data profiling is Pandas Profiling.

Data lineage tracks the origin and movement of data through various stages, helping to
understand its flow and transformations.
Data profiling involves analyzing and assessing data to understand its structure, content, and
quality.
Parquet is a columnar storage file format optimized for large-scale data processing and efficient
querying.
ETL stands for Extract, Transform, Load, referring to the process of extracting data from sources,
transforming it, and loading it into a target system.
Data visualization is the graphical representation of information and data, using visual elements
like charts, graphs, and maps.
A data warehouse is used to store and manage large volumes of structured data for analysis and
reporting.

One method of data retrieval is querying using SQL (Structured Query Language).

Data normalization involves organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity by
dividing it into related tables.
Data transformation is the process of converting data from one format or structure into another to
fit operational or analytical needs.
A relational database organizes data into tables with rows and columns, where relationships
between tables are defined by keys.
Data wrangling is the process of cleaning and unifying data from various sources to prepare it for
analysis.
Data governance refers to the management of data availability, usability, integrity, and security
within an organization.

One data storage method is using databases like MySQL or PostgreSQL.

An API (Application Programming Interface) is used to allow applications to interact and exchange
data with each other.

A data mart is a subset of a data warehouse, focused on a specific business area or department.

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 OLAP stands for Online Analytical Processing, used for complex querying and reporting on
multidimensional data.

Avro is a common data format used for big data.

A schema defines the structure of a database, including tables, columns, relationships, and
constraints.
Batch processing refers to processing large volumes of data in bulk at scheduled intervals rather
than in real-time.
Data enrichment involves enhancing existing data with additional information from external
sources to improve its value and usefulness.
Section - B
Question Answer Hints

JSON is lightweight and easier to read and write compared to XML, which is more verbose and
supports complex data structures. JSON is often used for data interchange in web applications,
while XML is used for complex documents and data sharing.

Data ingestion involves extracting data from various sources, transforming it if necessary, and
loading it into a data repository. It is crucial for ensuring that data is collected, processed, and
made available for analysis and decision-making.

Data lineage tracks the origin, movement, and transformation of data throughout its lifecycle. It
helps ensure data quality by providing visibility into data flow, identifying data issues, and
supporting data governance and compliance.

Batch processing handles large volumes of data in bulk at scheduled intervals, suitable for
historical analysis. Stream processing handles data in real-time as it arrives, enabling immediate
insights and actions for dynamic and time-sensitive applications.

Data profiling involves analyzing data to understand its structure, content, and quality. It helps
identify data issues, such as missing or inconsistent values, and provides insights for improving
data quality through cleansing and validation.

Pandas is a powerful Python library used for data manipulation and analysis. It provides data
structures like DataFrames and Series, and functions for cleaning, transforming, aggregating, and
visualizing data, making it essential for data analysis tasks.

Parquet and ORC are columnar file formats that improve performance and efficiency for analytical
queries. Benefits include compression and reduced storage costs. Drawbacks include complexity in
handling and potential compatibility issues with some tools.

Data normalization organizes data into tables to reduce redundancy and dependency. It helps
avoid data anomalies, improves data integrity, and simplifies database maintenance and querying
by structuring data efficiently.

Data governance ensures data quality, security, and compliance by defining policies and
procedures for managing data. It impacts data engineering by establishing standards for data
management, integration, and usage, leading to better data reliability and decision-making.

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 Relational databases use structured schemas and are suitable for transactions and complex
queries, while NoSQL databases offer flexible schemas and scale horizontally, making them ideal
for unstructured data and high-volume, distributed systems.

Challenges include data inconsistency, format discrepancies, and integration complexities.

Solutions involve using ETL tools to standardize data formats, applying data transformation
techniques to harmonize data, and implementing data integration platforms that support multiple
data sources and formats.
Data governance impacts data engineering by ensuring data quality, security, and compliance. It
involves establishing policies for data management, access controls, and data stewardship.
Examples of governance frameworks include DAMA-DMBOK and COBIT, which provide guidelines
for managing and protecting data assets effectively.
Data normalization reduces redundancy and improves data integrity by organizing data into
related tables. It is used in transactional systems to maintain consistency. Denormalization
involves merging tables to optimize read performance and reduce query complexity, typically used
in analytical systems where speed is critical.
Cloud-based storage offers scalability, flexibility, and cost savings with pay-as-you-go models.
However, it involves data security and compliance concerns. On-premises storage provides more
control and potentially higher security but requires significant upfront investment and
maintenance. Organizations must weigh these factors based on their needs and resources.
Data partitioning involves dividing a large dataset into smaller, manageable chunks, which can be
processed in parallel across multiple nodes. Advantages include improved performance and
scalability, as it allows for faster processing by leveraging distributed resources, reduces
bottlenecks, and enables better load balancing and fault tolerance in distributed systems.
Section - C
Question Answer Hints

Data types and formats are crucial in data engineering as they define how data is stored,
processed, and interpreted. Choosing the correct format (e.g., JSON, CSV, Parquet) affects data
efficiency, compatibility, and query performance. Inconsistent or inappropriate data types can lead
to errors and inefficiencies in data processing and analysis.

Data profiling involves analyzing data to assess its quality, structure, and content. Tools like
Pandas Profiling, DataRobot, and Talend are used to identify data issues such as missing values,
inconsistencies, and outliers. Profiling helps in understanding data characteristics, guiding data
cleansing efforts, and ensuring data quality for accurate analysis and reporting.

Key considerations include the volume and velocity of data, source types, data transformation
needs, and integration with storage and processing systems. Best practices involve using scalable
and fault-tolerant architectures, implementing robust error handling, ensuring data quality, and
optimizing performance to handle large data volumes efficiently.

Relational databases use structured schemas and support complex queries, ideal for transactional
data. NoSQL databases offer flexible schemas and are suited for unstructured or semi-structured
data and scalability. Data lakes store raw data in its native format, enabling diverse data
processing and analysis but requiring effective data management practices.

Data lineage analysis helps track data flow and transformations, ensuring data provenance and
integrity. It supports compliance by providing transparency into data handling processes,
demonstrating adherence to data protection regulations, and facilitating audits and reporting
requirements.

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Data visualization tools convert data into graphical formats, making complex information more
understandable and actionable. Examples include Tableau, which offers interactive dashboards,
and Power BI, which integrates with various data sources. These tools enhance data analysis by
enabling intuitive exploration, revealing patterns, and supporting data-driven decisions.

Challenges include data inconsistency, format discrepancies, and integration complexities.

Solutions involve using ETL tools to standardize data formats, applying data transformation
techniques to harmonize data, and implementing data integration platforms that support multiple
data sources and formats.

Data governance impacts data engineering by ensuring data quality, security, and compliance. It
involves establishing policies for data management, access controls, and data stewardship.
Examples of governance frameworks include DAMA-DMBOK and COBIT, which provide guidelines
for managing and protecting data assets effectively.

Data normalization reduces redundancy and improves data integrity by organizing data into
related tables. It is used in transactional systems to maintain consistency. Denormalization
involves merging tables to optimize read performance and reduce query complexity, typically used
in analytical systems where speed is critical.

Cloud-based storage offers scalability, flexibility, and cost savings with pay-as-you-go models.
However, it involves data security and compliance concerns. On-premises storage provides more
control and potentially higher security but requires significant upfront investment and
maintenance. Organizations must weigh these factors based on their needs and resources.

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Implementation partner
M.Tech Program - Advanced Industry
Course Name: Data Engineering
Module Name: Data Ingestion techniques

Section - A

Two Mark Questions (Remembering and Understanding)

What is data ingestion?

Define streaming data ingestion.

What is batch data ingestion?

What is hybrid data ingestion?

Explain the term "data integration" in the context of data engineering.

Name a common challenge in data ingestion.

What is the purpose of a data ingestion framework?

How does streaming data ingestion differ from batch data ingestion?

Name one benefit of hybrid data ingestion.

What role does data ingestion play in a data pipeline?

What is StreamSets DataOps Platform used for?

Define the term "data ingestion tool."

Name one advantage of using a data ingestion framework.

What does "data ingestion vs. data integration" refer to?

Explain what is meant by "data ingestion challenges."

What is one common tool used for batch data ingestion?

Describe a key benefit of streaming data ingestion.

What does "DataOps" refer to in the context of data engineering?

How does hybrid data ingestion benefit data processing?

Name one tool used for streaming data ingestion.

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What is the purpose of a data ingestion pipeline?

Explain the concept of "data ingestion challenges."

What is one benefit of using StreamSets DataOps Platform?

Define "data ingestion framework."

What does "data ingestion vs. data integration" mean?

Section - B
Five Mark Questions (Applying and Analyzing)

Compare and contrast streaming data ingestion and batch data ingestion.

Explain the role and benefits of hybrid data ingestion in modern data systems.

Discuss the challenges associated with data ingestion and provide solutions for each.

Describe the function and advantages of the StreamSets DataOps Platform for data
ingestion.

Explain the key differences between data ingestion and data integration.

Outline the steps involved in creating a data ingestion pipeline.

What are the primary benefits of using a data ingestion framework?

Discuss how data ingestion impacts overall data quality and analysis.

Describe the process of hybrid data ingestion and its advantages over pure streaming or
batch methods.

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What is the role of data ingestion tools in managing data pipelines?

Compare StreamSets DataOps Platform with other data ingestion tools in terms of features
and benefits.

Explain how data ingestion challenges can be mitigated in large-scale data systems.

Discuss the importance of a data ingestion framework in ensuring efficient data

processing.

Explain the significance of handling data quality issues during the data ingestion process.

Describe the role of hybrid data ingestion in supporting real-time and historical data
analysis.

Section - C
Ten Mark Questions (Evaluating and Creating)

Discuss the concept of data ingestion and compare streaming, batch, and hybrid data
ingestion methods. Highlight the scenarios where each method is most appropriate.

Explain the key challenges in data ingestion and propose solutions for overcoming these
challenges. Consider aspects like data volume, quality, and format compatibility.

Describe the function and benefits of the StreamSets DataOps Platform. How does it
compare to other data ingestion tools?

Discuss the advantages of hybrid data ingestion over traditional batch or streaming
methods. Provide examples of use cases where hybrid ingestion is beneficial.

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Explain the role of data ingestion in a data pipeline and how it affects downstream
processes such as data integration and analysis.

Compare data ingestion with data integration and discuss how they complement each
other in a data management strategy.

Outline the steps involved in implementing a data ingestion framework and discuss the
importance of each step.

Discuss the impact of data ingestion challenges on data quality and propose strategies for
addressing these challenges.

Explain how hybrid data ingestion can enhance data processing capabilities in a large-
scale data system.

Describe the significance of using data ingestion tools and frameworks in modern data
engineering. Provide examples of how these tools improve data management.

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 Knowledge partner
nced Industry Integrated Programs - AI & ML

Section - A

Question Answer Hints

Data ingestion is the process of importing, transferring, and processing data from various sources
into a data storage or processing system.
Streaming data ingestion refers to the continuous import and processing of real-time data as it is
generated.
Batch data ingestion involves collecting and processing data in large chunks or batches at
scheduled intervals.
Hybrid data ingestion combines both streaming and batch processing methods to handle data from
different sources and timeframes.
Data integration is the process of combining data from different sources into a unified view,
whereas data ingestion focuses on importing data into the system.
A common challenge in data ingestion is handling data quality issues such as missing or
inconsistent data.
A data ingestion framework provides a structured approach for efficiently collecting, processing,
and integrating data from various sources.
Streaming data ingestion handles real-time data continuously, while batch data ingestion
processes data in scheduled intervals.
One benefit of hybrid data ingestion is the ability to handle both real-time and historical data
effectively, providing a more comprehensive data view.
Data ingestion is a critical initial step in a data pipeline, responsible for collecting and preparing
data for further processing and analysis.
StreamSets DataOps Platform is used for building and managing data pipelines with capabilities fo
data ingestion, transformation, and monitoring.
A data ingestion tool is software used to automate and manage the process of importing data from
various sources into a data system.
One advantage is that it provides a consistent and scalable approach to handling diverse data
sources and formats.
It refers to the difference between the process of importing data (data ingestion) and the process
of combining data from different sources (data integration).
Data ingestion challenges refer to issues such as data quality, data volume, and integration
complexities that can affect the efficiency and accuracy of data ingestion processes.

Apache Nifi is a common tool used for batch data ingestion.

A key benefit is the ability to process and analyze data in real-time, enabling immediate insights
and responses.
DataOps refers to the practices and tools used to streamline and automate data operations,
including data ingestion, transformation, and deployment.
Hybrid data ingestion benefits data processing by allowing both real-time and batch processing,
providing a more flexible and comprehensive approach to data handling.

Apache Kafka is a tool commonly used for streaming data ingestion.

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 The purpose of a data ingestion pipeline is to automate and manage the flow of data from sources
into a data storage or processing system.
Data ingestion challenges include managing data quality, handling large volumes of data, dealing
with different data formats, and ensuring data consistency during the ingestion process.
One benefit is its ability to simplify the management and monitoring of complex data pipelines,
improving data ingestion efficiency and reliability.
A data ingestion framework is a set of tools and practices designed to streamline and optimize the
process of collecting and processing data from various sources.
It highlights the distinction between the initial process of bringing data into a system (data
ingestion) and the subsequent process of combining and unifying data from different sources (data
integration).
Section - B
Question Answer Hints

Streaming data ingestion involves continuous processing of real-time data, ideal for applications
requiring immediate insights. Batch data ingestion processes data at scheduled intervals, suited
for less time-sensitive analyses. Streaming supports real-time analytics, while batch processing is
generally used for historical data analysis.

Hybrid data ingestion combines real-time and batch processing, allowing systems to handle both
immediate and historical data. Benefits include flexibility in managing diverse data types and
sources, comprehensive data analysis, and improved system efficiency.

Challenges include data quality issues (e.g., missing or inconsistent data), data volume
management (e.g., large-scale data), and format compatibility (e.g., different data structures).
Solutions involve implementing data validation and cleansing processes, scalable data processing
tools, and using ETL tools to standardize data formats.

StreamSets DataOps Platform provides tools for designing, deploying, and managing data
pipelines. Advantages include real-time monitoring, ease of integration with various data sources,
scalability, and improved efficiency in managing complex data workflows.

Data ingestion focuses on the process of importing data from sources into a system, while data
integration involves combining and unifying data from different sources to create a cohesive
dataset. Data ingestion is an initial step, whereas data integration occurs later in the data
processing pipeline.

Steps include identifying data sources, defining data ingestion requirements, selecting appropriate
tools and technologies, designing the ingestion pipeline, configuring data transfer and
transformation processes, and monitoring and maintaining the pipeline for efficiency and
reliability.

Benefits include providing a structured approach to handle various data sources, improving
scalability and efficiency, ensuring data consistency, and offering tools for monitoring and
managing data ingestion processes.

Effective data ingestion ensures that data is accurately and consistently imported into the system,
which directly affects the quality of data available for analysis. Proper ingestion processes help
minimize errors, enhance data accuracy, and provide a solid foundation for reliable data analysis.

Hybrid data ingestion combines real-time streaming with batch processing, allowing for the
handling of both immediate and historical data. Advantages include greater flexibility, improved
data handling efficiency, and the ability to support diverse analytical needs and applications.

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 Data ingestion tools automate and streamline the process of importing and processing data from
various sources. They provide functionalities for data extraction, transformation, loading, and
monitoring, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of data pipelines.

StreamSets offers real-time monitoring, user-friendly design interfaces, and integration with
various data sources. Compared to other tools like Apache Nifi or Talend, StreamSets emphasizes
ease of use and real-time pipeline management, while others may offer different feature sets like
advanced transformation capabilities.

Mitigating challenges involves implementing robust data validation and cleansing processes, using
scalable data processing solutions, and employing data management tools that support handling
large volumes and diverse data formats efficiently.

A data ingestion framework provides a structured approach for managing data from various
sources, ensuring consistency, scalability, and reliability in data processing. It helps streamline the
ingestion process, facilitates integration with other data systems, and supports effective
monitoring and maintenance.

Handling data quality issues is crucial to ensure that the data imported into the system is
accurate, complete, and consistent. Addressing these issues prevents errors in subsequent data
processing and analysis, leading to more reliable and actionable insights.

Hybrid data ingestion supports both real-time data processing and batch processing of historical
data. This approach allows for comprehensive data analysis, providing insights from current trends
and past data, thus enhancing decision-making and analytics capabilities.
Section - C
Question Answer Hints

Data ingestion is the process of importing data into a system. Streaming ingestion involves real-
time data processing, suitable for applications needing immediate updates (e.g., financial trading).
Batch ingestion processes data at scheduled intervals, ideal for periodic analysis (e.g., daily
reports). Hybrid ingestion combines both methods, allowing for comprehensive data handling,
such as processing real-time sensor data and historical log data. Each method has its advantages
depending on the use case and data requirements.

Key challenges include handling large volumes of data (solution: scalable processing tools),
ensuring data quality (solution: data validation and cleansing techniques), and managing diverse
data formats (solution: ETL tools for format standardization). Solutions involve implementing
robust data management practices, leveraging scalable infrastructure, and using advanced tools
and frameworks to streamline the ingestion process.

StreamSets DataOps Platform provides tools for building, deploying, and managing data pipelines
with features for real-time monitoring, data lineage tracking, and integration with various data
sources. Benefits include ease of use, scalability, and real-time insights. Compared to other tools
like Apache Nifi or Talend, StreamSets emphasizes user-friendly design and real-time
management, while others may offer different functionalities or integration options.

Hybrid data ingestion combines real-time and batch processing, offering flexibility and
comprehensive data management. Advantages include the ability to process current and historical
data, improved system efficiency, and better support for diverse analytical needs. Use cases
include handling real-time sensor data alongside batch processing of historical logs for predictive
analytics.

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Data ingestion is the initial step in a data pipeline, responsible for importing data from sources into
a processing system. It sets the stage for subsequent processes like data transformation,
integration, and analysis. Effective ingestion ensures that data is accurate, consistent, and
available for further processing, impacting the overall quality and reliability of the final analysis
and insights.

Data ingestion focuses on the import and transfer of data from sources into a system, while data
integration involves combining and unifying data from various sources to create a cohesive
dataset. In a data management strategy, ingestion provides the raw data needed for integration,
which then creates a unified view for analysis and reporting. Both processes are essential for
effective data management and decision-making.

Steps include identifying data sources, defining ingestion requirements, selecting appropriate
tools, designing the ingestion process, configuring data transfers and transformations, and
monitoring performance. Each step is crucial for ensuring that data is efficiently and accurately
collected, processed, and integrated into the system, supporting reliable data analysis and
reporting.

Data ingestion challenges, such as data quality issues, volume management, and format
compatibility, can affect data accuracy and reliability. Strategies include implementing robust
validation and cleansing processes, using scalable data processing solutions, and employing tools
for data format standardization. Addressing these challenges ensures high-quality data for
accurate analysis and decision-making.

Hybrid data ingestion enhances processing capabilities by combining real-time and batch
processing methods. This approach allows for handling diverse data types, supports both
immediate and historical analysis, and improves overall system efficiency. It enables a more
comprehensive and flexible data management strategy, accommodating various data processing
needs and scenarios.

Data ingestion tools and frameworks streamline and automate the process of importing data from
various sources, enhancing efficiency and consistency. Examples include StreamSets DataOps
Platform, which simplifies pipeline management, and Apache Nifi, which provides robust data flow
management capabilities. These tools improve data management by ensuring accurate, timely,
and reliable data ingestion, supporting effective data processing and analysis.

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Implementation partner
M.Tech Program - Advanced Industry
Course Name: Data Engineering
Module Name: Data Profiling, Visual representation using various tools (Pandas)

Section - A

Two Mark Questions (Remembering and Understanding)

What is data profiling?

Define exploratory data analysis (EDA).

What is the primary purpose of using Pandas in EDA?

Name one key step in exploratory data analysis.

What is market analysis in the context of EDA?

Describe one benefit of data analytics.

Name a popular business intelligence tool.

What is the role of data analytics in business?

What is the significance of retrieving and cleaning data?

What is feature engineering in EDA?

Define inferential statistics.

What is the difference between populations and samples?

Name one type of descriptive statistic.

What are descriptive statistics used for?

What is a common technique for handling missing data?

Describe one real-world application of descriptive statistics using Excel.

What does feature engineering involve?

Define the concept of variables in statistics.

Name one technique for visualizing data in Pandas.

What is the importance of handling different types of missing data?

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What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

Define market analysis.

How does EDA with Pandas aid in market analysis?

What is a common method for visualizing data in business intelligence tools?

Explain the term "data analytics with Python."

Section - B
Five Mark Questions (Applying and Analyzing)

Describe the steps involved in exploratory data analysis (EDA) with Pandas.

Explain the role of descriptive statistics in summarizing data. Provide examples of common
descriptive statistics.

Discuss the importance of data visualization in exploratory data analysis (EDA).

Explain how feature engineering can improve the performance of machine learning
models.

Discuss the challenges and solutions associated with handling missing data in data
analysis.

Describe the process of market analysis using exploratory data analysis (EDA).

Explain the concept of populations, samples, and variables in statistics and their relevance
in data analysis.

Describe the differences between exploratory data analysis (EDA) and data profiling.

Discuss the role of statistical methods in describing data characteristics. Provide examples
of methods used.

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Explain the importance of inferential statistics and hypothesis testing in data analysis.

Describe how top business intelligence tools can support data analytics and decision-
making.

Explain the role of data analytics in shaping the future of businesses.

Discuss the significance of handling missing data and provide methods for addressing it in
data analysis.

Explain how Pandas can be used for data analysis and visualization.

Describe a real-world application of inferential statistics and hypothesis testing.

Section - C
Ten Mark Questions (Evaluating and Creating)

Explain the process of exploratory data analysis (EDA) with Pandas. Include steps such as
data cleaning, visualization, and feature engineering.

Discuss the importance of descriptive statistics in understanding data characteristics.

Provide examples of how these statistics are used in real-world scenarios.

Compare and contrast exploratory data analysis (EDA) and data profiling. Discuss their
roles in the data analysis process.

Explain the concept of data analytics with Python and its significance in modern data
analysis. Provide examples of libraries and tools used.

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Describe the key differences between streaming and batch data ingestion. Discuss how
each method impacts data analysis and decision-making.

Explain the role of feature engineering in data analysis and how it can impact the
performance of machine learning models.

Discuss the concept of inferential statistics and its applications in data analysis. Provide
examples of how hypothesis testing is used in various fields.

Describe the process and importance of data cleaning and handling missing data. Provide
methods for addressing missing data and their impact on data analysis.

Explain how top business intelligence tools support data visualization and decision-
making. Provide examples of tools and their key features.

Discuss the future scope of data analytics and its impact on business and technology.

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 Knowledge partner
nced Industry Integrated Programs - AI & ML

Pandas)

Section - A

Question Answer Hints

Data profiling is the process of examining and analyzing data to understand its structure, content,
and quality.
Exploratory data analysis (EDA) involves summarizing and visualizing data to uncover patterns,
relationships, and insights before applying formal statistical techniques.
Pandas is used in EDA for data manipulation, cleaning, and analysis through its powerful data
structures and functions.

One key step is data cleaning, which involves handling missing or inconsistent data.

Market analysis using EDA involves examining and interpreting market data to identify trends,
patterns, and opportunities for business decisions.
Data analytics provides insights that help in making informed business decisions and improving
operational efficiency.

Tableau is a popular business intelligence tool used for data visualization and reporting.

Data analytics helps businesses understand trends, make data-driven decisions, and improve
performance through data insights.
Retrieving and cleaning data ensures that the data used for analysis is accurate, complete, and
free from errors, leading to reliable insights.
Feature engineering involves creating new features or modifying existing ones to improve the
performance of machine learning models.
Inferential statistics involves drawing conclusions about a population based on sample data using
statistical methods.
A population is the entire set of individuals or items of interest, while a sample is a subset of the
population used for analysis.

One type of descriptive statistic is the mean, which represents the average value of a dataset.

Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe the main features of a dataset, such as
central tendency and dispersion.
Common techniques include imputation (filling in missing values) and deletion (removing rows
with missing data).
Descriptive statistics in Excel can be used to generate summary reports, such as calculating
averages and standard deviations for financial data.
Feature engineering involves creating new features or transforming existing ones to enhance the
performance of predictive models.
Variables are characteristics or attributes that can take on different values and are used in
statistical analysis.
One technique is using the .plot() function to create various types of charts and graphs for data
visualization.
Handling missing data appropriately is crucial for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of statistical
analyses and model predictions.

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 Descriptive statistics summarize data features, while inferential statistics make predictions or
inferences about a population based on sample data.
Market analysis involves studying market trends and conditions to make informed business
decisions and strategies.
EDA with Pandas helps in cleaning, transforming, and visualizing market data, allowing for better
insights into market trends and patterns.
Common methods include creating dashboards, charts, and graphs to represent data visually and
facilitate decision-making.
Data analytics with Python involves using Python libraries and tools, such as Pandas and NumPy,
to analyze and interpret data for gaining insights.
Section - B
Question Answer Hints

Steps include importing data, cleaning and preprocessing data, exploring data through statistical
summaries and visualizations, identifying patterns and relationships, and preparing data for
further analysis or modeling.
Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the main features of a dataset, such as the mean
(average), median (middle value), mode (most frequent value), variance (spread), and standard
deviation (dispersion). These measures help in understanding the central tendency and variability
of data.
Data visualization is crucial in EDA as it helps to reveal patterns, trends, and outliers in the data,
making complex information more understandable and facilitating better insights and decision-
making. Examples include histograms, scatter plots, and box plots.

Feature engineering improves model performance by creating or modifying features to better

capture the underlying patterns in the data. This can lead to more relevant and informative
features, which enhance the model's ability to make accurate predictions.

Challenges include deciding whether to impute missing values or remove data, and the potential
impact on analysis results. Solutions include using imputation techniques (e.g., mean imputation,
interpolation) or data removal methods (e.g., deleting rows with missing values) based on the
nature and extent of missing data.

Market analysis with EDA involves collecting and preparing market data, performing exploratory
analysis to identify trends and patterns, visualizing data to understand market dynamics, and
using insights to make informed business decisions or strategies.

Populations are the entire set of data or individuals of interest, samples are subsets of the
population used for analysis, and variables are attributes or characteristics measured in the data.
Understanding these concepts is crucial for designing experiments, collecting data, and drawing
valid conclusions from statistical analyses.

EDA focuses on summarizing and visualizing data to uncover patterns and insights, while data
profiling involves examining data to assess its quality, structure, and content. EDA is more about
analyzing data for insights, whereas data profiling is about understanding and preparing data.

Statistical methods such as measures of central tendency (mean, median), dispersion (variance,
standard deviation), and distribution (histograms, box plots) are used to describe data
characteristics, summarizing key aspects of data distributions and patterns. These methods help in
understanding and interpreting data.

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 Inferential statistics allow us to make predictions or generalizations about a population based on
sample data. Hypothesis testing helps determine whether observed data patterns are statistically
significant or occurred by chance. Both are essential for drawing valid conclusions and making
data-driven decisions.
Business intelligence tools, such as Tableau, Power BI, and QlikView, support data analytics by
providing interactive dashboards, advanced visualizations, and data integration capabilities. They
enable users to explore data, generate reports, and make informed decisions based on real-time
insights.

Data analytics helps businesses identify trends, optimize operations, and make data-driven
decisions. As technology advances, data analytics will continue to play a key role in predicting
market trends, personalizing customer experiences, and driving innovation and growth.

Handling missing data is significant for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of analysis. Methods
include imputation (e.g., filling missing values with mean or median), deletion (e.g., removing
incomplete records), and using algorithms robust to missing data. Proper handling prevents biases
and improves the quality of insights.

Pandas offers powerful data structures, such as DataFrames and Series, for manipulating and
analyzing data. It provides functions for cleaning, aggregating, and summarizing data, as well as
tools for visualizing data using methods like .plot() and integration with libraries like Matplotlib and
Seaborn.

A real-world application is in medical research, where inferential statistics and hypothesis testing
are used to determine the effectiveness of a new drug. Researchers use sample data to infer the
drug's impact on the population and test hypotheses to ensure the results are statistically
significant.
Section - C
Question Answer Hints

The process of EDA with Pandas includes importing data into a DataFrame, performing data
cleaning (handling missing values, correcting data types), summarizing data with descriptive
statistics, visualizing data to identify patterns and relationships (using functions like .plot()), and
performing feature engineering to create or modify features for improved analysis.

Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the main features of a dataset, providing insights
into central tendency (mean, median), variability (standard deviation, range), and distribution
(histograms). In real-world scenarios, these statistics help in making data-driven decisions, such as
assessing customer satisfaction (mean rating) or financial performance (average revenue).

EDA involves analyzing and visualizing data to uncover patterns, relationships, and insights, often
used for hypothesis generation and model building. Data profiling focuses on examining data
quality, structure, and content, ensuring data readiness for analysis. While EDA is more about
exploration and discovery, data profiling ensures data integrity and usability. Both are critical for
effective data analysis.

Data analytics with Python involves using Python libraries and tools for data manipulation,
analysis, and visualization. Libraries like Pandas and NumPy are used for data manipulation and
numerical analysis, while Matplotlib and Seaborn are used for data visualization. Python's
significance lies in its versatility, ease of use, and extensive ecosystem, enabling comprehensive
data analysis and insights generation.

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Streaming data ingestion processes data in real-time, allowing for immediate insights and
responses, ideal for applications requiring up-to-date information. Batch data ingestion processes
data at scheduled intervals, suitable for large volumes of data and periodic analysis. Streaming
supports real-time decision-making, while batch provides a historical perspective and is more
resource-efficient for large datasets.

Feature engineering involves creating or modifying features to better represent the underlying
patterns in the data. This process enhances model performance by providing more relevant and
informative features, which can lead to more accurate predictions. Effective feature engineering
can significantly improve model accuracy and interpretability.

Inferential statistics involves making predictions or generalizations about a population based on

sample data. Applications include hypothesis testing, where researchers test assumptions about a
population (e.g., testing the effectiveness of a new drug in medical research or evaluating
customer satisfaction levels in business). Hypothesis testing helps determine if observed effects
are statistically significant or due to random chance.

Data cleaning involves preparing and correcting data to ensure accuracy and completeness.
Handling missing data is crucial to prevent biases and inaccuracies in analysis. Methods include
imputation (e.g., replacing missing values with mean or median) and deletion (e.g., removing rows
with missing data). Proper handling ensures reliable analysis and insights.

Top business intelligence tools, such as Tableau, Power BI, and QlikView, support data visualization
by providing interactive dashboards, customizable charts, and advanced analytics capabilities.
These tools help users explore data, generate reports, and make informed decisions through visua
insights. Features include drag-and-drop interfaces, real-time data integration, and collaborative
sharing.

The future scope of data analytics includes advancements in artificial intelligence, machine
learning, and big data technologies. Data analytics will continue to drive innovation, enabling
businesses to make more accurate predictions, optimize operations, and personalize customer
experiences. Its impact will be profound, influencing decision-making, strategy, and competitive
advantage across industries.

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