Scribd
Upload
2 views63 pages

Network Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of the document discusses network analysis and synthesis, focusing on transformed circuit representation in the complex frequency domain. It explains the relationships of voltage and current for resistors, inductors, and capacitors, and introduces system functions, poles, and zeros, emphasizing their importance in analyzing steady-state sinusoidal responses. Additionally, it covers Bode plots for visualizing system functions and their amplitude and phase responses.

Uploaded by

hermelamoges700
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views63 pages

Network Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of the document discusses network analysis and synthesis, focusing on transformed circuit representation in the complex frequency domain. It explains the relationships of voltage and current for resistors, inductors, and capacitors, and introduces system functions, poles, and zeros, emphasizing their importance in analyzing steady-state sinusoidal responses. Additionally, it covers Bode plots for visualizing system functions and their amplitude and phase responses.

Uploaded by

hermelamoges700
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 63

Network Analysis and Synthesis

Chapter 2
Network transform representation and analysis
2.1 The transformed circuit
 When analyzing a network in time domain we will be dealing with
 Derivation and
 Integration

 However, when transformed to complexfrequency domain these


become
 Derivation -> multiplication by ‘s’
 Integration -> division by ‘s’

 Hence, it is easier to do network analysis in complexfrequency


domain.
cont…

 The voltage current relationships ofnetwork elements in time


domain and complexfrequency domain are given as:
 Resistor
cont…
 Inductor
The time domain relation ships are

In frequency domain they become


Cont…
 An inductor is represented in frequency
domain as
 An impedance sL in series with a voltage
source
Used in mesh analysis.
or
 An admittance 1/sL in parallel with a
currentsource
Used in nodal analysis.
Cont…
 Capacitor
 The time domain relation ships are

 In frequency domain they become


Cont….
 A capacitor is represented in frequency domain
as
 An impedance 1/sC in series with a voltage source
Used in mesh analysis.
or
 An admittance sC in parallel with a currentsource
Used in nodalanalysis.
Example 1
 In the figure below, the switch is switched from position 1 to 2 at t=0. Draw its
transformed circuitand write the transformed equations using mesh analysis.
Ex 1 Solution
 The transformed circuitis
Ex 1 Solution
 The transformed equations become
Example 2
 The switch is thrown to position 2 att=0. Find i(t).
Ex2 Solution
 The transformed circuit is:
 The transformed equation is

 Solving for I(s)

 Inverse transforming
Example 3
 Att=0, the switch is opened. Find the node voltages v1 and v2
Ex 3 Solution
The transformed circuit becomes
Ex 3 Solution
 The transformed equations become

 Solving these 2 equations


End oftoday's class !!!
2.2 System function
 The excitation , e(t), and response, r(t), of a linear system are related
by a linear differential equation.

 When transformed to complex frequency domain the relationship


between excitation and response is algebraic one.

 When the system is initially inert, the excitation and response are
related by the system function H(s) given by
Con …
 The system function may have many different forms and may
have special names. Such as:

 Driving pointimpedance /admittance


 Transfer impedance/admittance
 Voltage or currentratio transfer function

 This is because the excitation and response may be taken from


the same port or different ports and the excitation and response
can be either voltage or current.
Impedance
 Transfer impedance is when the excitation is a current source and
the response is a voltage.

 When both the excitation and response is at the same port it is


called driving point impedance.
Admittance
 Transfer admittance is when the excitation is a voltage source and
the response is a current.
Voltage ratio transfer function
 When the excitation is a voltage source and the response is a
voltage.
Currentratio transfer function
 When the excitation is a current source and the response is a
current.
Con …
 Note that, the system function is a function of the system
elements only.

 It is obtained from the network by using the standard circuit laws.


Such as:

 Kirchhoffs law
 Nodal analysis
 Mesh analysis
Example 4
 Obtain the driving point impedance ofthe network. Then using the
following excitations determine the response.

1.
2. The square pulse on figure b
3. The waveform on figure c

a b c
Ex 4 Solution
 First lets find the driving point impedance
 Note thatit is the equivalent impedance ofthe 3 elements
Ex 4 Solution Con …
1.

Its transform is

Hence, the response is


Ex 4 Solution Con …
2. The excitation is given as

Hence, the response is


Ex 4 Solution Con …
3. The excitation is given as

Hence, the response is


Free and Forced Response
 Consider the partial fraction expansion ofR(s)

where si are the poles ofH(s) and sj are the poles of E(s).
 Taking the inverse Laplace transform ofR(s)

 The terms are associated with the system H(s) and are called the
free response terms.
Con …
 The terms are due to the excitation E(s) and are called the
forced response terms.

 The frequencies si are the natural frequency of the system, while


the frequencies sj are the frequencies ofthe excitation.
Example 5
 Find the free response and the forced response for the circuit
below. The system is inertbefore applying the source.
2.3 Poles and zeros ofsystem
 We will discuss the relationship between the poles and zeros ofa
system function and its steady state sinusoidal response.

 In other words, we will investigate the effect of positions ofpoles


and zeros upon H(s) on the jw axis.

 To find the steady-state sinusoidal response of a system function


we replace ‘s’ by ‘jw’.
Con …
 Hence, the system function becomes

Where
 M(w) is the amplitude or magnitude response
 φ(w) is the phase response
Con …
 The amplitude and phase response of a system provide valuable
information in the analysis and design oftransmission circuits.
 Consider the low pass filter
 Observe that
Itpasses only frequency
below wc
The phase response is
almostlinear till wc
Con …
 Hence, if all the significant harmonic terms are less than wc , then
the system will produce minimum phase distortion.

 In the rest of this section, we will concentrate on methods to


obtain amplitude and phase response curves.
Example
 R-C network

 To obtain H(jw) we substitute s by jw.


Con …
 In polar form H(jw) becomes
Con …
 The amplitude is unity and the phase is zero degrees atw=0.

 The amplitude and phase decrease monotonically as we increase


w.

 When w=1/RC, the amplitude is 0.707 and phase is -450.

Halfpower point
 As w increases to infinity M(w) goes to zero and the phase
approaches -900.
Amplitude and phase from pole-zero
diagram
 For the system function

 H(jw) can be written as

 Each one ofthe or represent a vector from zi


or pj to the jw axis at w.
Con …
 Ifwe express

 Then H(jw) can be given as


Con …
 In general,
Example 5
 For find the magnitude and phase for w=2.
 Solution
First letus find the zeros and poles

Zero at s=0

Poles at
Magnitude

Phase
Exercise

 Examine the property ofF(s) around the poles and zeroes.


Bode plots
 In this section we turn our attention to semi logarithmic plots of
system function, called Bode plots.

 In these plots we take the logarithm of the amplitude and plot it


on linear frequency scale.

 For amplitude M(jw), ifwe express in terms ofdecibel itbecomes


Bode plots
 For system function

 Ifwe express the amplitude in terms ofdecibels we have


Bode plots
 In factored from both N(s) and D(s) are made up of4 kinds ofterms

1. Constant K
2. A root atorigin, s
3. A simple real root, s-a
4. A complexset ofroots,

 To understand the nature of log-amplitude plots, we only need to


discuss the amplitude response ofthese 4 terms.

 If the term is on the numerator it carries positive sign, if on


denominator negative sign.
1. ConstantK
 The dB gain or loss is

 K2 is either positive |K|> 1 or negative |K|< 1.


 The phase is either 00 for K> 0, or 1800 for K< 0.
Single rootatorigin, s
 The loss or gain ofa single rootat origin is

 Thus the plot ofmagnitude in dB vs frequency is a straight line with


slope of20 or -20.
20 when s is in the numerator.
-20 when s is in the denominator.

 The phase is either 900 or -900.


900 when s is in the numerator.
-900 when s is in the denominator.
The factor s+ α
 For convenience lets set α=1. Then the magnitude is

 The phase is

 A straight line approximation can be obtained by examining the


asymptotic behavior ofthe factor jw+ 1.
Con …
Forw< < 1, the low frequency asymptote is

Forw> > 1, the high frequency asymptote is

Which has a slope of


These 2 asymptotic approximations meetat w=1.
Con …
 Note thatthe maximum error is for w=1 or for the non normalized
one w=α.
 For the general case α different from 1, we normalize the term by
dividing by α.
 The low frequency asymptote is

 The high frequency asymptote is


For complexconjugates
 For complex conjugates it is convenient to adopt a standard
symbol.

 We describe the pole (zero) in terms ofmagnitude ω0 and angle θ


measured from the negative real axis.

 These parameters that describe the pole (zero) are ω0, the
undamped frequency ofoscillation, and ζ, the damping factor.
 Ifthe pole (zero) pair is given as

 α and β are related to ω0 and ζ with

 Substituting these terms in the conjugate equation


Con …
 For ω0=1 (for convenience), the magnitude ofconjugate pairs can
be expressed as

 The phase is
Con …
 The asymptotic behavior is
For low frequency, w< < 1

For high frequency, w> > 1

which is a straight line with slope of40dB/decade.


 These 2 asymptotes meetatw=1.
Example 6
 Using Bode plot asymptotes, draw the magnitude vs. frequency
for the following system function
Actual plot

You might also like