Guava (Psidum guajava) Leaves and Lemon Grass(Cymbopogon) as

Ingredients in Making Organic Pesticide

AQUILINO III G. CADAG

TRISTAN JAYSON D. LASALITA
RACHELLE ANN JOYCE V. PINEDA
JOLINA MAE CARGO
SHIEKA C. MANZANO
SOPHIA MARGARETTE T. VINLUAN
NATASHA FARRAH T. ANTOLIN
Acknowledgement
The following individuals, in one way or another, have the researchers’
sincere gratitude for lending a hand in finishing this work. This study article would
not exist without their sincere and ongoing help and direction.
The researchers would like to extend their sincere gratitude to Sir John Carl P.
Carcero, their adviser, for giving up his time and effort to review and offer
suggestions for enhancing this study.
To the panel members: thank you for your clarifications, recommendations, and
suggestions made during the proposal defence in order to make this study
distinct and thorough. We also appreciate your faith in the researchers’ ability to
complete this study on schedule.
To Sir John Rey Bernal, the researchers’ scientific tutor, for mentoring them
during the experiment. To Janna P. Elkharashi, Nic Lindsay G. Rafael, Ashley
Rose P. Cuaresma, Ariane Mhe M. Talon, and Sophia Margarette T. Vinluan, the
researchers’ classmates, for sharing their knowledge and offering references
despite their hectic academic schedules.
To the special friends and loved ones of the researchers, for providing
encouragement and understanding during this challenging trip, as well as for
contributing their efforts to the success of this study.
The researchers sincerely thank their parents and families for providing not only
financial support but also constant motivation and faith in their ability to complete
this paper; for the constant reminder to always believe in their own abilities as
individuals and as students; and for giving the Researchers provide us a cause
every day to pursue our goals with passion and to keep going on this road.
Above all, we are grateful to the graciousness of the Powerful God for his
unceasing blessing and protection of the researchers from all unfortunate events
during the course of this study. The researchers’ boundless thankfulness for your
graciousness and omnipotence is beyond words; glory to God. The researchers
would like to extend their sincere gratitude to each and every one of you for
lending a hand on this journey.
Abstract

This study explores the effectiveness of organic pesticides made from

lemongrass, guava leaves, and cinnamon powder in controlling pests, specifically
ants and grasshoppers. The goal was to evaluate how different concentrations of
these ingredients impact pest mortality. Three different pesticide formulations
were tested: Treatment 1 (50ml lemongrass, 25ml guava leaves, 1 tbsp
cinnamon), Treatment 2 (50ml lemongrass, 50ml guava leaves, 1 tbsp
cinnamon), and Treatment 3 (50ml guava leaves, 25ml lemongrass, 1 tbsp
cinnamon).

The active compounds in lemongrass and guava leaves, such as citral, limonene,
tannins, and flavonoids, are known for their pesticidal properties. Results showed
that Treatment 2 was the most effective, achieving 100% mortality in both ants (2
out of 3 cases) and grasshoppers. Treatment 1 also worked well, with high
mortality rates in ants, while Treatment 3 was less effective, especially against
ants. The pesticide’s action time varied, with Treatment 2 causing the quickest
mortality, while Treatment 3 was slower.

Using statistical tests, including ANOVA and Chi-square, significant differences

were found between the treatments. The study highlights the potential of
lemongrass and guava leaves as natural alternatives for pest control, particularly
for larger pests like grasshoppers. The results suggest that higher concentrations
of both ingredients enhance the effectiveness of the pesticide, offering a
promising approach for environmentally friendly pest management.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY....................................................................6

B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM..................................................................7

C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY....................................................................7

D. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY..............................................8

E. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWRORK………………………………..........................9

F. DEFINITION OF TERMS................................................................................10

G. RELATED LITERATURE................................................................................11

H. RELATED STUDIES.......................................................................................17
METHODOLOGY

A. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES.................................................................19

B. RESEARCH DESIGN.....................................................................................20

C. SAMPLING DESIGN......................................................................................21

D. RESEARCH LOCALE....................................................................................21

E. DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT.............................22

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA............................................24

B. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.............................................................................28

C. CONCLUSION...............................................................................................30

D. RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................31
Introduction
The biggest challenge for farmers in agriculture is pest control. Farmers
have to take proper measures to fight against pest by using synthetic pesticides
which can lead to soil degradation and water contamination. the researchers
picked this study to mke an alternative insecticide that is more affordable and
local.
In Nigeria, most noticeable species include maize weevil, Sitophilus
zeamais Motschulsky, rice weevil, S. oryzae L., bean beetle, Callosobruchus
maculatus (F.), flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum Herbst and Khapra beetle,
Trogoderma granarium Everts.(Musa A. K 2014)
(Musa A. K 2014) demonstrated the various levels of damage caused by
these insect pests on cereal grains and their flour, dried pulses, nuts and oil
seeds. Toxic synthetic insecticides being applied in solid and liquid forms against
these insect pests are generally accepted as effective but carcinogenic,
hazardous to non-target organisms and the environment. There is therefore, the
growing interest in adapting naturally existing plant and animal materials in crop
protection to stem the trend of food shortage as a result of insect infestation.
Over the decades, rice farmers have become dependent on chemicals to
control insect pests. Farmers perceive that all insects are harmful and that
insecticide is very effective in controlling them, aside from being very convenient
to use. Empirical evidence shows that farmers’ perceptions about insects and
consequently their control practices can be changed through experiential
methods. Experience can be achieved either through learning-by-doing a simple
on-farm experiment, or through learning-by-using the knowledge gained from a
season-long integrated pest management training course, which is a knowledge-
intensive technology. Both approaches seemingly indicate to effect minimal
damage on the environment and farmers’ health. The IPM approach, however, is
inferred to pave the way for more sustainable rice production, a better
environment and healthier lives for the farmers and their families, and the
consumers.(F.G Palis 1998)

Psidium Guajava beongs to the Myrtaceae family and it is important fruit in

tropical areas like India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and south America.
The leaves of guava plant have been studied for their health benefits which are
attributed to their plethora of phytochemicals, such as quercetin, avicularin,
apigenin, guaijaverin, kaemferol, hyperin, myricetin, gallic acid, catechin,
epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatehin galate, and caffeic acid. Extract
from guava leaves have been studied for their biological activities including
anticancer antidiabetic, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, lipid-lowering,
and hepatoprotection activities.
Lemongrass perennial species of oil grass in the family Poaceae, often
used in cooking. At a distance, clusters of lemongrass in their native habitat look
deceptively plain. Long skinny leaves of an unassuming green fan out from the
stem, yet they release at a single touch a profuse lemon aroma that has made
this pungent plant a staple of kitchens across South East Asia.
Plant secondary compounds have been subjected to thorough
investigation in the past few decades to unravel those components that have
insecticidal properties (Akhtar and Isman, 2004) and do not accumulate in the
environment (Rozman et al., 2007). Guava, Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), is
cultivated in the country for its nutritional value, unique flavour, taste and a
number of beneficial substances contained in the leaves, including antioxidants
like vitamin C and flavonoids
Pest control is the main issue facing farmers in the agricultural industry.
Farmers need to adopt appropriate precautions to combat pests, such as utilizing
synthetic insecticides that may cause water pollution and soil deterioration.Guava
and lemongrass offer a natural and sustainable approach to pest control in
agriculture. Their combined properties, including insect-repelling, insecticidal,
and antifungal activities, make them promising candidates for developing
effective and environmentally friendly insecticide solutions. Further research and
development will continue to refine their use and optimize their potential for
sustainable pest management.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of guava and

lemon grass as insecticide when applied to specific crops
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1.) What are the active Ingredients of guava and lemongrass as an organic pesticide?
2.) What is the mortality rate of the pests when the organic pesticide is
applied at different concentrations;
1.1 T1(75ml of the organic pesticide)
1.2 T2(100ml of the organic pesticide)
1.3 T3(150ml of the organic pesticide)
3.) Is there a significant difference among the three treatments in terms of
the effectiveness as a pesticide of guava leaves and lemon grass?
Significance of the Study

Health Department (DOH). The Department of Health will be able

to better manage the instances of illnesses such Shigella, clostridium,
salmonella,staph, and others that ants can spread to humans strep, E.
coli, as well as other fungus.
ecosystem. The ecosystem will profit from this research by
avoiding the usage of toxic pesticides and insecticides. This also lessens
the development of toxins and prevents or reduce air pollution.

Future researchers. They would use this data as a foundation for

their further research on insecticidal interference with the endocrine
system Moreover, it will enable them to learn more about this unique
investigation. Additionally, this research will provide them with more
knowledge, information, and expertise on how to do out research linked to
this research in the future
School. This research study will help to prevent increasing the
numbers of ants in any classrooms and offices and will help to secure
everyone’s health. It also will serve as a guide for the Students and
Faculties in order to raise awareness.
Students. This study helps the students to avoid the food-borne
diseases like Shigella, clostridium, salmonella, staph, strep, E. coli, and
various fungi and to be aware at this disease.
Scope and Delimitation
The study, conducted from October 2024 in Rizal avenue
Poblacion, Tantangan South Cotabato. The strudy will examine the
effectiveness of guava and lemon grass in making pesticide. It focused on
there neighborhoods,. Commercial and industrial applications of guava
and lemon grass were intentionally excluded. The pests involved in this
study are Ants, Ladybugs, and Aphids. And the plants/ crops included in
the study are Tomato, Ocra, and malabar spinach. Challenges included
variations in the strength and quality of ingredients. These limitations
ensured the study was manageable and provided valuable insights into
the household application.
Conceptual Framework

Independent variable Dependent variable

Concentration of Guava Effectiveness of Guava
and Lemon grass and Lemon grass as an
alternative organic
T1:50ml of lemongrass
pesticide
and 25ml of guava leaves

T2: 50ml of lemongrass

and 50ml of guava leaves

T3: 50ml of guava leaves

and 25ml of lemongrass
of

figure 1; the conceptual framework of the study

This study revolves around two variables, the independent and dependent
variables.

The independent variable is the concentration of Guava and Lemon Grass

in these treatments; t1 50ml of lemongrass and 25ml of guava leaves and 1tbsp
of cinnamon rolls, t2 50ml of lemongrass and 50ml of guava leaves and 1tbsp of
cinnamon powder, and t3 50ml of guava leaves and 25ml of lemongrass and
1tbsp of cinnamon powder. And the dependent variable is the effectiveness of
Guava and Lemon grass as a main ingredients in making organic pesticide.
Definition of Terms

Pest Control: Strategies and methods used to manage and reduce the
impact of pests on agricultural crops and livestock.

Synthetic Insecticides: Chemically formulated substances designed to

kill or repel insects, often associated with environmental concerns such as water
pollution and soil degradation.

Natural Pest Control: The use of naturally occurring substances or

methods to manage pests without synthetic chemicals, promoting sustainability.

Insect-Repelling: The ability of a substance or plant to deter insects from

feeding on or damaging crops.

Insecticidal Activities: The effectiveness of a substance in killing or

controlling insect populations.

Antifungal Activities: The ability to inhibit or kill fungal organisms, which

can also affect crops negatively.

Sustainable Pest Management: Approaches to pest control that maintain

ecological balance, minimize environmental impact, and promote long-term
agricultural health.

Guava: A tropical fruit-bearing plant known for its edible fruits and
potential pest-repelling properties.

Lemongrass: A tropical grass used in culinary and medicinal applications,

recognized for its insect-repelling and antifungal qualities.

Natural Pest Control: The use of natural substances or methods to

manage pests, minimizing reliance on synthetic chemicals.
Review of Related Literature

Psidium guajava (L.) belongs to the Myrtaceae family and it is an

important fruit in tropical areas like India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and
South America. The leaves of the guava plant have been studied for their health
benefits which are attributed to their plethora of phytochemicals, such as
quercetin, avicularin, apigenin, guaijaverin, kaempferol, hyperin, myricetin, gallic
acid, catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, and caffeic
acid. Extracts from guava leaves (GLs) have been studied for their biological
activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antidiarrheal,
antimicrobial, lipid-lowering, and hepatoprotection activities. In the present
review, we comprehensively present the nutritional profile and phytochemical
profile of GLs. Further, various bioactivities of the GL extracts are also discussed
critically. (et al., 2021)

Plants are a predominant natural source of numerous bioactive

compounds . Several diseases have been cured using a variety of plant
preparations in folk medicine since ancient times and, presently, cosmetic,
pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries are paying more attention to plant
preparations and pure phytochemicals. The projected growth of the plant
preparation market is around USD 86.74 billion by 2022, with the largest market
share belonging to the pharmaceutical sector, followed by the nutraceutical
industry. Interestingly, the utilization of plant preparations for cosmetics,
beverages, food, and medicine is mainly dependent on plant leaves. Among all
plant organs, leaves are the largest accumulators of bioactive compounds, such
as secondary metabolites. Several recent studies reported phytochemical profiles
and biological activities of leaf extracts of various cultivated plants . Hence,
although plant leaves are considered as agricultural waste, they are a rich source
of high-value nutra-pharmaceutical compounds.

Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), is a member of poaceae family. It is

a medicinal plant with compounds capable of controlling pathogens and
increasing herbal resistance to pathogenic diseases. Lemongrass is widely used
in the herbal teas and other non-alcoholic beverages in baked food, and also in
the confections. Essential oil from the lemongrass is commonly used as a
fragrance in the perfumes and cosmetics, such as creams and soaps. Lemon
grass essential oil is comprised of a high content of citral, which is used as a
source for the production of beta carotene and vitamin A etc. Hence, due to the
presence of various chemical constituents present in lemon grass oil, it uses in
different pharmaceutical industries for its anti-depressant, analgesic, antipyretic,
bactericidal, antiseptic , carminative and astringent properties

The prominent cultivation of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) relies on the

pharmacological incentives of its essential oil. Lemongrass essential oil (LEO)
carries a significant amount of numerous bioactive compounds, such as citral
(mixture of geranial and neral), isoneral, isogeranial, geraniol, geranyl acetate,
citronellal, citronellol, germacrene-D, and elemol, in addition to other bioactive
compounds. These components confer various pharmacological actions to LEO,
including antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant
properties. These LEO attributes are commercially exploited in the
pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food preservations industries. Furthermore, the
application of LEO in the treatment of cancer opens a new vista in the field of
therapeutics. Although different LEO components have shown promising
anticancer activities in vitro, their effects have not yet been assessed in the
human system. Hence, further studies on the anticancer mechanisms conferred
by LEO components are required. The present review intends to provide a timely
discussion on the relevance of LEO in combating cancer and sustaining human
healthcare, as well as in food industry applications.

Methodology

Research Design

The study entitled “Effectiveness of Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava) and

Lemon Grass as Main Ingredients in Making Pesticide” will discover how far such
natural materials, such as guava leaves and lemon grass, can work like
pesticide. Using True Experimental research design, the researchers are going to
combine measurable data with personal feedback.Meanwhile, in the qualitative
part, the researchers will determine the effect of the pesticide in the specific
crops such as tomato, ocra, and string beans. The researchers would identify the
best dosage in daily life, however, which one is more practical to use

Pests T1 T2 T3
Ants 75 ml (ants 3) 100 ml( ants 3) 75ml(ants 5)
Mosquito 75 ml(mosquito 3) 100 ml( mosquito 75ml(mosquito 3)
3)
Caterpillar 75 ml (caterpillar 100 ml(caterpillar 75ml(caterpillar 3)
3) 3)
Where;

Treatment 1 is 50ml of lemongrass and 25ml of guava leaves and 1tbsp of

cinnamon powder

Treatment 2 is 50ml of lemongrass and 50ml of guava leaves and 1tbsp of

cinnamon powder
Treatment 3 is 50ml of guava leaves and 25ml of lemongrass and 1tbsp of
cinnamon powder

Materials/Equipments

the materials in this study will include Guava Leaves, Lemongrass, water
and Cinnamon. And the equipments that will be used in this study are Large pot,
strainer, spray bottle, Spoon, knife, cutting board, mortar and pestle and
measuring cup, blender and scale

Procedure

Firstly, submit a letter of permission, then preparing of materials,

next the making of the pesticide, after that the testing of effectiveness of
the pesticide,then store the remaining formula next is data gathering and lastly
the conclusion. measuring cup to measure equal parts of guava leaves and
lemongrass. For example, 1 cup of guava leaves and 1 cup of lemongrass.

Next,Rinse the guava leaves and lemongrass thoroughly with water to remove
any dust or dirt.On a cutting board, chop the lemongrass into small pieces using
a knifeto help release its natural oils.Then, Place the guava leaves, chopped
lemongrass, and a small piece of cinnamon (about 1-2 inches of a stick or 1
teaspoon of ground cinnamon) into the mortar.After that, Use the pestle to crush
and grind the ingredients until they form a coarse paste. This helps release the
essential oils and active compounds.Next is, Fill the large pot with 4 cups of
water (use the measuring cup for accuracy. Add the ground mixture of guava
leaves, lemongrass, and cinnamon to the pot.Then, Place the pot on medium
heat and bring the mixture to a boil.Once it reaches a boil, reduce the heat and
let it simmer for 20-30 minutes, stirring occasionally with a spoon.After
simmering, turn off the heat and let the solution cool completely.Place a strainer
or cheesecloth over a bowl or container.Pour the cooled mixture through the
strainer to remove any solid particles, leaving only the liquid extract.Discard the
solids and keep the strained liquid.Then,Use a funnel (if available) to carefully
pour the strained liquid into a spray bottle.Make sure the spray bottle is clean to
avoid contamination.Shake the spray bottle well before each use.Cinnamon adds
an extra antifungal and insect-repellent property to the solution.Shake the
solution before each use to ensure the ingredients are well mixed.Lastly, Spray
the pesticide on the affected plants, covering both the tops and undersides of the
leaves where pests often reside.Apply the spray once every three days, or as
needed.
 asking permission

preparing materials

making the pesticide

testing of effectiveness

data analization

storing any remaing

formula

conclusion and recomendation

Subject of the Study

 The subjects in the study are the plants and pests including orca, tomato,
and malabar spinach. And the pests involved in this study are ladybugs, ants and
aphids. Other plants and pests are intentionally excluded.

Research Locale

This Research will be done in Rizal avenue in Poblacion, Tantangan,

South Cotabato.The researchers selected this location because the materials is
compatible to use. The researchers choose the Science laboratory to
successfully complete their experiment,The goal of the study’s is to Determine
the effect of (Guava and lemon grass) as bonatical pesticidal spray.

Figure 2: the research locale of the study

Statistical treatment

The research will involve calculating descriptive statistics for the mortality
rates of pests exposed to different concentrations of the pesticide. This will
include determining the average mortality rate (mean) for each treatment group
and the variability of the data (standard deviation). To identify statistically
significant differences in mortality rates among the treatment groups, a one-way
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be performed.

Additionally, a Chi-square test will be used to analyze the proportions of

affected insects, allowing for the evaluation of the pesticide’s effectiveness
across different pest types, such as ants, ladybugs, and aphids. Effect sizes will
also be calculated to assess the practical significance of the findings, providing
insight into the magnitude of the differences observed.

This comprehensive approach will provide a detailed understanding of the

pesticide’s impact on pest mortality. The following formula is presented below.

ANOVA Formula:

F = MST / MSE

Where:

F: F-statistic, the test statistic for ANOVA. MST: Mean Square Treatment
(or Between-Groups Mean Square) MSE: Mean Square Error (or Within-Groups
Mean Square) To calculate MST and MSE, the researchers need to calculate the
following: Sum of Squares Total (SST): Measures the total variation in the data.

Formula:SST = Σ(x – x̄ )²

Where:X: individual data point X̄ : overall mean of all data points Sum of
Squares Between Groups (SSB):

Measures the variation between the means of different groups.

Formula: SSB = Σ(nᵢ * (x̄ ᵢ - x̄ )²)Where:

 Nᵢ: number of observations in the ith group X̄ ᵢ: mean of the ith group X̄ :
overall mean of all data points Sum of Squares Within Groups (SSW): Measures
the variation within each group.

Formula:SSW = ΣΣ(xᵢⱼ - x̄ ᵢ) Where: Xᵢⱼ: individual data point in the ith group
and jth observation X̄ ᵢ: mean of the ith group Then, we calculate MST and MSE
as follows: MST = SSB / (k – 1) K: number of groups MSE = SSW / (N – k) N:
total number of observations

Interpretation:

A higher F-statistic indicates a larger difference between group means

relative to the variation within groups.The p-value associated with the F-statistic
tells us the probability of observing such a large F-statistic (or larger) if the null
hypothesis (no difference between group means) were true.If the p-value is less
than the significance level (usually 0.05), the researchers will reject the null
hypothesis and conclude that at least one group mean is significantly different
from the others.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research findings related to the study objectives.
It includes statistical data and analysis to address the following SOPs:

1.Identifying the active ingredients of guava leaves and lemongrass as

main Ingredients in making an organic pesticide

2. Determining the mortality rate of the pest when the pesticide is applied
at different concentrations;

Treatment 1 is 50ml of lemongrass and 25ml of guava leaves and 1tbsp

of cinnamon powder

Treatment 2 is 50ml of lemongrass and 50ml of guava leaves and 1tbsp of

cinnamon powder

Treatment 3 is 50ml of guava leaves and 25ml of lemongrass and 1tbsp of

cinnamon powder

3.Determining the duration of effectiveness of these organic pesticides at

different concentrations.

4. The significant difference between the three treatments of the organic

pesticide.

The results and their interpretation provide insights into the potential of
neem, garlic, and ginger as natural pest control solutions.
The researchers found the active ingredients of lemongrass and guava leaves
presented below.

Table 2; the active ingredients of the main ingreients for the formula

lemongras citral limonene cymbopog geraniol mycrene

s onol
Guava tannins flavonoids Phenolic caryophylle Essential
leaves acids ne oils

The table outlines the active ingredients in lemongrass and guava leaves which
contribute to their effectiveness as organic pesticides, offering insecticidal, antimicrobial,
and insect-repellent properties.

To assess the effectiveness of lemongrass and guava leaves as organic

pesticides, the researchers tested their impact on ants and grasshopper. The following
number of pests were subjected to each organic pesticide with different concentration;

2 Ants

1 Grasshopper

Pests includes 4 ants (2per organic pesticide x 3 treatments), 3 grasshoppers (1

per organic pesticide x 3 treatment s).

Table 3; the mortality rate of the Pests in the study.

Pests t1 t2 t3
ants 2/3(100%) 3/3(100%) 1/3(50%)
grasshopper 1/1(100%) 1/1(100%) 1/1(100%)

The study reveals that the pesticide are effective organic pesticides when the
pest is bigger, achieving complete mortality rate in the grasshopper. While the ants are
only treatment 2 is complete.
 Table 4; Duration of effectiveness of organic pesticides at different
concentrations

Table 4; duration of the effectiveness of organic pesticide at different

concentrations

pests t1 t2 t3
ants 25.27 sec 24.29 sec 3:14.83 sec
grasshopper 24.30 sec 19.49 sec 35.71 sec

In this time, treatment 1 showed good results to kill the grasshopperand ants but
slower in treatment 2 which is the fatest killing time in all of the treatments. This shows
that treatment 2 is the most effective in terms of killing pests. While treatment 3 showed
the slowest killing time compared to all of the treatment. It shows tha treatment 3 is not
that effective in the pesticide industry.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of organic pesticides made from
lemongrass, guava leaves, and cinnamon powder on pest mortality. The key findings
include:

Active Ingredients:

Lemongrass contains citral, limonene, cymbopogonol, geraniol, and mycrene.

Guava leaves are rich in tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, caryophyllene, and
essential oils. These ingredients contribute to the pesticidal, antimicrobial, and insect-
repellent properties of the organic pesticide.

Mortality Rates:

Ants: Treatment 2 (50ml lemongrass, 50ml guava leaves, and 1 tbsp cinnamon)
achieved 100% mortality, while Treatment 1 (50ml lemongrass, 25ml guava leaves, and
1 tbsp cinnamon) resulted in 100% mortality for 2 out of 3 ants. Treatment 3 (50ml guava
leaves, 25ml lemongrass, and 1 tbsp cinnamon) showed 50% mortality.

Grasshoppers: All treatments (1, 2, and 3) led to 100% mortality for the
grasshoppers.

Effectiveness of Pesticides:

The organic pesticides were highly effective against larger pests, such as
grasshoppers, showing 100% mortality across all treatments.

Treatment 2 was the most effective for ants, with complete mortality observed in
2 out of 3 cases, while the other treatments showed partial effectiveness.

Duration of Effectiveness:

Ants:

Treatment 1: 25.27 seconds

 Treatment 2: 24.29 seconds

Treatment 3: 3 minutes, 14 seconds, and 83 milliseconds

Grasshoppers:

Treatment 1: 24.30 seconds

Treatment 2: 19.49 seconds

Treatment 3: 35.71 seconds

These findings suggest that organic pesticides, particularly those with higher
concentrations of both lemongrass and guava leaves, are potent in controlling pests like
ants and grasshoppers.These findings suggest that organic pesticides, particularly those
with higher concentrations of both lemongrass and guava leaves, are potent in
controlling pests like ants and grasshoppers.
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https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fpms.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Changing farmers' perceptions and practices: the case of insect pest control in
central Luzon, Philippines, F.G. Palis
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(98)00058-1