DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

ABSTRACT

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to investigate the relationship
between variable X and variable Y in a specific population, organization, or
demographic. The research design involves cross-sectional analysis, longitudinal
study, experimental design. Data were collected from surveys, experiments, existing
datasets and a comprehensive analysis was conducted using various statistical
methods available in SPSS. Subsequently, descriptive statistics, correlation analyses,
were employed to further elucidate the nature of the relationship between X and Y.
The utility of SPSS as a robust tool for conducting sophisticated statistical analyses
and drawing meaningful insights from complex datasets. The findings contribute to
the existing body of knowledge and offer practical implications .

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 SPSS

1.2 HISTORY OF SPSS

1.3 WHY SPSS

2. DEFINING TERMS

3. WORKING

3.1 HOW TO ENTER DATA

3.2 HOW TO ANALYSE DATA

4. TYPESOF ANALYSNG DATA

5. APPLICATIONS

6. TYPES OF OUTPUT

7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

8. CONCLUSION

9. REFERENCES

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 : DEFINING DATA

FIGURE 2 : WORKING OF SPSS

FIGURE 3 : DEFINING VARIABLES

FIGURE 4: VARIABLE VIEWENTERING THE DATA

FIGURE 5 : FILLING OUT THE VARIABLES

FIGURE 6 : MANIPULATE DATA

FIGURE 7 : LOAD EXCEL FILE

FIGURE 8: SPSS COMMANDS

FIGURE 9: ANALYSING GRAPHS AND CHARTS

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

1.1 SPSS

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) stands as a cornerstone in the
realm of statistical analysis, offering researchers and analysts a robust platform to
explore, manipulate, and derive meaningful insights from data. SPSS has evolved
into a versatile and user-friendly software package widely utilized in various
disciplines, including social sciences, business, health sciences, and beyond. At its
core, SPSS simplifies the complex process of statistical analysis. From basic
descriptive statistics to advanced multivariate analyses, SPSS accommodates a wide
range of analytical needs.

The software's versatility extends to data management, enabling users to import,

clean, and transform data effortlessly. With a rich array of graphical representation
tools.SPSS finds applications in diverse fields, including academia, market research,
healthcare, and government.

Researchers leverage its capabilities to uncover patterns, test hypotheses, and draw
evidence-based conclusions from data. Its integration with popular file formats,
compatibility with various data sources, and support for automation make it an
invaluable tool in the hands of data analysts.

1.2 HISTORY OF SPSS

SPSS was created by Stanford University students Norman H. Nie, C. Hadlai "Tex"
(Hadlai) Hull, and Dale H. Bent. The project initially aimed to develop a tool to assist
social scientists in statistical analysis. The first version, named "Statistical Package
for the Social Sciences," was released in 1968.In 1975, SPSS, Inc. was established as
a private company to handle the distribution and support of the software. In the 1980s,
SPSS adapted to the changing technological landscape. The software became
available for use on personal computers, making it more accessible to a broader
audience. In 2009, IBM acquired SPSS, Inc. This acquisition aimed to strengthen
IBM's capabilities in analytics and business intelligence.

Early versions of SPSS Statistics were written in Fortran and designed for batch
processing on mainframes, including for example IBM and ICL versions, originally
using punched cards for data and program input. A processing run read a command
file of SPSS commands and either a raw input file of fixed-format data with a single
record type, or a 'getfile' of data saved by a previous run. To save precious computer
time an 'edit' rd un could be done to check command syntax without analysing the
data. From version 10 (SPSS-X) in 1983, data files could contain multiple record
types. Prior to SPSS 16.0, different versions of SPSS were available
for Windows, Mac OS X and Unix.

SPSS Statistics version 13.0 for Mac OS X was not compatible with Intel-based
Macintosh computers, due to the Rosetta emulation software causing errors in
calculations. SPSS Statistics 15.0 for Windows needed a downloadable hotfix to be
installed in order to be compatible with Windows Vista.

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

From version 16.0, the same version runs under Windows, Mac, and Linux.
The graphical user interface is written in Java. The Mac OS version is provided as
a Universal binary, making it fully compatible with both PowerPC and Intel-based
Mac hardware.

1.3 WHY SPSS

1. Efficient Analysis of Scientific Data

SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is one of the most commonly used
programs by researchers for data analysis. The earlier versions of the SPSS were
known as the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SAS). The current version is
called STATA, and it's widely used by researchers to analyse data.
The main application of SPSS is to investigate logical information related with the
sociology. This information can be utilized for statistical surveying, overviews,
information mining, and so forth. If you're conducting a social science research then
SPSS can be an extremely useful tool in analysing your data

2. Transformation of Data:

SPSS can be is utilized to change over the data format. After changing its type, SPSS
incorporates same sort of data in one spot, for efficient data management. You can
embed different types of information into SPSS, and it will change its composition
according to the framework detail and prerequisite (John, 2018). It implies that
regardless of whether you change the operating system, SPSS can in any case work on
previous information.

3. Powerful Data Management

The SPSS’s result is kept separate from the other information. Or then again, to put it
another way, it holds the information yielded in various indexes and documents. Since
this software knows the particular places of various variables and cases, it makes
information examination quicker and more straightforward.

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

CHAPTER-2 DEFINING TERMS

1. Basic data type

– Numerical: expressed by numbers

■ Discrete: numbers take on integer values only (number of children,
number of siblings)
■ Continuous: numbers can take on decimal values (height, weight)
– Categorical: expressed by categories (also known as
factors/groups)
■ Nominal: no meaningful order between categories (gender, occupation)
■ Ordinal: categories can be put in meaningful order (agreement, level of
pain, etc.)
If data is not used for analysis, it can be labeled as a nuisance or
bookkeeping variable

FIGURE 1 : DEFINING DATA

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

2. paired or unpaired data type

– Paired: categories are related to one another

■ Often result of before and after situations
(treatments/events)
■ Since each part of the pair is related to each other, this
needs to be considered
■ If there are pairs of higher than 2, this is called repeated
measures
– Unpaired: categories are not related to one another
■ Numerical data can be parametric or non-parametric
– Simply put, parametric data approximately fits a normal
distribution
■ Data are symmetric around a central point
■ “Bell curve”
■ Also known as normally distributed
– Data must be parametric (normally distributed) for many statistical
tests
■ If the data are not parametric, you cannot use the test results
■ If the data are non-parametric (does not fit a normal
distribution), there are non-parametric tests for use, but they
are weaker

3. Statistical data type

– Independent Variable- variation does not depend on another variable

■ Usually denoted as X
■ Typically represents what the researcher set up (treatment, group, etc.)
– Dependent Variable – value depends on another variable (the independent one)
■ Usually denoted as Y
■ Represents the variable that the researcher is interested in
■ Output or outcome
■ Almost all statistical tests give three important pieces of information
– Test statistic
■ Variable calculated from sample data and used in hypothesis test
■ Used to determine whether a test was significant or not
– Degrees of Freedom
■ Number of values of quantities that can be assigned to a statistical distribution
■ Should be reported with test results
– P-value
■ Measure of significance for the test statistic
■ Typically 0.05 is the cutoff value

CHAPTER 3- WORKING
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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

Majorly it consist of Three steps which are

FIGURE 2 : WORKING OF SPSS

1. Data Input:

Data Import: Users can input data into SPSS from various sources, including Excel
spreadsheets, text files, or databases. SPSS supports a wide range of file formats.

2. Data Preparation:
Data Cleaning: SPSS provides tools for cleaning and preparing data, including
identifying and handling missing values, checking for outliers, and transforming
variables.
Variable Definition: Users define variables and assign variable properties, such as
data type (numeric, string), measurement level (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio), and
labels.

3. Output and Interpretation:

Results Viewer: SPSS generates output in the form of tables, charts, and syntax. The
Results Viewer displays the outcome of statistical analyses.
Interpretation: Researchers interpret the results to draw conclusions about the data.
SPSS provides significance levels, effect sizes, and other relevant information to aid
in interpretation.

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

3.1 HOW TO ENTER DATA

1.Define variables.

In order to enter data using SPSS, you need to have some variables. These are the
columns of the spreadsheet when using "Data View", and each one will contain data
that is all the same format.
 To define your variables, double-click a column heading "Data View" A menu
will appear, allowing you to define the variable.
 When entering a variable Name, it must begin with a letter and capitalization
is ignored.
 When choosing the Type, you can choose between "String" (characters) and a
variety of numerical formats.
 See this guide for more details on defining variables.

FIGURE 3 : DEFINING VARIABLES

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

FIGURE 4: VARIABLE VIEW ENTERING THE DATA

2.Create a multiple choice variable.

If you are defining a variable that has two or more set possibilities, you can set
labels for the values. For example, if one of your variables is whether or not an
employee is active, your only two options for that variable might be "Active"
and "Former".
 Open the Labels section of the Define Variable menu, and create a numbered
value for each possibility (e.g. "1", "2", etc.).
 For each value, give it a corresponding label (e.g. "Active", "Former").
 When you enter in the data for that variable, you only have to type "1" or "2"
to select the option you want.

3.Enter your first case.

Click the empty cell directly underneath the leftmost column. Enter in the value that
matches the variable type into the cell. For example, if the column is "name", you
might enter in an employee's name.[1]
 Each row is one "case", which is referred to as a record in other database
programs.

4.Continue filling out variables

Move to the next empty cell to to the right and fill out the appropriate value. Always
fill out one complete record at a time. For example, if you are entering employee
records, you would enter a single employee's name, address, phone number, and
salary before moving on to the next employee.
 Make sure that the values you enter match the Type format. For example,
entering a dollar value in a Date-formatted column will cause an error.

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

FIGURE 5 : FILLING OUT THE VARIABLES

5.Finish filling out your cases.

After each case is finished, move down to the next row and enter in the next. Make
sure each case has an entry for every variable.
 If you decide you need to add another variable, double-click the next open
column header and create one.

6.Manipulate your data.

Once you have finished entering all of your data, you can use the tools built-in to
SPSS to start manipulating your data. Some possible examples include:
 Create a frequency table
 Run a regression analysis
 Run an analysis of variance
 Create a scatter plot graph

FIGURE 6 : MANIPULATE DATA

3.2 HOW TO ANALYSE THE DATA

1.Load your excel file with all the data.

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

Once you have collected all the data, keep the excel file ready with all data inserted
using the right tabular forms.

FIGURE 7 : LOAD EXCEL FILE

2. Import the data into SPSS.

You need to import your raw data into SPSS through your excel file. Once you import
the data, the SPSS will analyse it.

3.Give specific SPSS commands.

Based on what you want to examine, you can give desired commands as per the
requisitions in the SPSS software. Each tool has guidelines on how it should be used
and you can feed in all the options to get the most accurate results. Giving commands
in SPSS is simple and easy to comprehend, making it an easy task for students to do
this by themselves.

FIGURE 8: SPSS COMMANDS

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

4.Retrieve the results.

The results from the software are given efficiently and accurately, providing
researchers a better idea of appropriate future studies and a direction for moving
forward.

5.Analyse the graphs and charts

Understanding the results can be a little difficult. but you can get help from professors
and peers with the analysis. You can also consult a professional company which is
expert in SPSS.

FIGURE 9: ANALYSING GRAPHS AND CHARTS

6.Postulate conclusions based on your analysis.

The ultimate objective of the SPSS is to help arrive at conclusions based on specific
research. The software helps you to derive conclusions and predict the future easily
with minimum statistical deviation.

CHAPTER 4- TYPES OF ANALYSING DATA

1.Descriptive Statistics:

Mean, Median, Mode: Measures of central tendency.

Standard Deviation, Variance: Measures of variability or dispersion.
Minimum, Maximum, Range: Descriptive measures of the spread of data.

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2.Frequency Analysis:

Frequency Tables: Display the distribution of categorical variables.

Histograms: Visual representation of the distribution of continuous variables.

3.Inferential Statistics:

T-Tests: Compare means between two groups.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance): Compare means across multiple groups.
Correlation Analysis: Examine the relationship between two continuous variables.
Regression Analysis: Predict the value of one variable based on the value of one or
more other variables.

4.Chi-Square Tests:

Chi-Square Test of Independence: Determine if there is a significant association

between two categorical variables.
Chi-Square Goodness of Fit: Compare the distribution of observed and expected
frequencies for a categorical variable.

5.Non-parametric Tests:

Mann-Whitney U Test: Non-parametric equivalent of the independent samples t-test.

Kruskal-Wallis Test: Non-parametric equivalent of one-way ANOVA.
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test: Non-parametric equivalent of the paired samples t-test.

6.Factor Analysis:

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA): Identify underlying factors that explain patterns
of correlations among variables.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA): Confirm a hypothesized factor structure.

7.Cluster Analysis:

Hierarchical Cluster Analysis: Group cases into clusters based on similarity.

K-Means Cluster Analysis: Partition cases into a predefined number of clusters.

8.Reliability Analysis:

Assess the internal consistency of a set of items using measures like Cronbach's alpha.

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9.Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA):

Extend ANOVA to multiple dependent variables.

10.Survival Analysis:

Analyze time-to-event data, often used in medical or social sciences.

CHAPTER 5-APPLICATIONS

1.Social Sciences Research:

Survey Analysis: SPSS is extensively used for analyzing survey data to draw insights
and conclusions in fields such as sociology, psychology, and political science.
Behavioral Studies: Researchers use SPSS to analyze data related to human behavior,
attitudes, and preferences.

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2.Business and Marketing:

Market Research: Analyzing customer preferences, market trends, and consumer

behavior.
Forecasting: Predictive modeling for sales, demand, and other business metrics.
Customer Satisfaction Analysis: Assessing customer feedback and satisfaction
surveys.

3.Healthcare and Medical Research:

Clinical Trials: Analyzing data from medical experiments and clinical trials.
Epidemiological Studies: Investigating patterns and factors related to disease
prevalence.
Health Services Research: Analyzing healthcare utilization and patient outcomes.
Education:

Educational Research: Analyzing data related to student performance, teaching

methodologies, and educational outcomes.
Institutional Research: Analyzing data to support decision-making in educational
institutions.

4.Finance and Economics:

Financial Data Analysis: Analyzing financial trends, risk assessment, and investment
analysis.
Econometrics: Applying statistical methods to economic data for modeling and
analysis.

5.Government and Public Policy:

Policy Analysis: Assessing the impact of policies using statistical methods.

Criminal Justice Research: Analyzing crime data and patterns.

6.Human Resources:

Employee Surveys: Analyzing employee satisfaction, engagement, and feedback.

Workforce Analytics: Understanding patterns in employee data for strategic HR

planning.

7.Environmental Science:

Environmental Data Analysis: Analyzing data related to environmental factors,

pollution levels, and climate change.
Psychology and Counseling:

Psychological Studies: Analyzing data from experiments and observational studies.

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Counseling Outcome Research: Assessing the effectiveness of counseling

interventions.

8.Quality Control and Manufacturing:

Process Improvement: Monitoring and improving manufacturing processes.

Quality Assurance: Analyzing data to ensure product quality.

CHAPTER 6-TYPES OF OUTPUT

1.Descriptive Statistics Output:

Provides summary statistics such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and
other measures for each variable in the dataset.

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2.Frequency Tables:

Displays the frequency distribution of categorical variables, showing the count and
percentage of each category.
Charts and Graphs:

3.Histograms:

Visual representation of the distribution of a continuous variable.

Bar Charts: Represent the frequency or percentage of categories for categorical
variables.

3. Line Charts:

Display trends in data over a continuous variable.

4.Correlation Matrix:

Shows the correlation coefficients between pairs of variables, indicating the strength
and direction of the relationships.

5.Regression Output:

Provides information on regression analysis, including coefficients, standard errors,

significance levels, and goodness-of-fit statistics.

6.ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) Output:

Shows the results of ANOVA tests, including F-ratios, p-values, and post-hoc tests
when applicable.

7.T-Test Output:

Displays the results of t-tests, including means, standard deviations, t-values, and
significance levels.

8.Chi-Square Test Output:

Presents the results of chi-square tests, including expected and observed frequencies,
chi-square values, and significance levels.

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 DATA ANALYSIS USING SPSS

9.Factor Analysis Output:

Provides information on factor loadings, communalities, eigenvalues, and other

results of factor analysis.

10.Cluster Analysis Output:

Displays information on cluster assignments and clustering variables in hierarchical or

k-means cluster analyses.

11.Multivariate Analysis Output:

For analyses like MANOVA, provides information on multivariate tests, Wilks'

Lambda, and profile plots.

12.Reliability Analysis Output:

Presents reliability coefficients such as Cronbach's alpha for assessing the internal
consistency of scales or instruments.

13.Survival Analysis Output:

Shows survival curves, hazard ratios, and other results for time-to-event analyses.

14.Custom Tables Output:

Provides customizable tables summarizing analysis results based on user-defined

specifications.

CHAPTER 7- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES :

1.User-Friendly Interface:

SPSS has a user-friendly graphical interface that makes it accessible to users with
varying levels of statistical expertise. The point-and-click functionality allows users
to perform analyses without having to write complex code.

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2.Wide Range of Statistical Procedures:

SPSS offers a comprehensive set of statistical procedures, including descriptive

statistics, inferential statistics, regression analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis,
and more. This versatility makes it suitable for a variety of research and analytical
needs.

3.Data Management:

SPSS provides powerful tools for data management, including data cleaning,
transformation, and recoding. This allows researchers to prepare and organize their
data efficiently before conducting analyses.

4.Data Visualization:

The software includes a variety of graphical tools for data visualization, such as
charts, graphs, and plots. These visualizations help users to better understand their
data and communicate their findings effectively.

5.Integration with Other Software:

SPSS is designed to work seamlessly with other software packages, such as

Microsoft Excel and other statistical software. This interoperability enhances its
flexibility and usability in various research environments.

6. Output Presentation:

SPSS generates clear and organized output, including tables and charts that
summarize the results of statistical analyses. This makes it easy for researchers to
interpret and report their findings.

7. Reliability and Validity:

SPSS has been widely used and tested in various research settings, contributing to
its reputation for reliability and validity. Researchers can have confidence in the
accuracy of the statistical analyses performed using SPSS.

8. Community Support and Resources:

Due to its popularity, there is a large community of SPSS users. This has resulted
in a wealth of online resources, forums, and tutorials, making it easier for users to
seek help, share knowledge, and find solutions to common issues.

9. Automation and Batch Processing:

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SPSS allows for the automation of repetitive tasks and the use of batch processing,
saving time and effort when working with large datasets or when performing
repetitive analyses.

10. Educational Use:

SPSS is often used in educational settings for teaching statistics and data analysis.
Its user-friendly interface makes it accessible for students and researchers who are
new to statistical software.

DISADVANTAGES:

1.Learning Curve:

For new users, SPSS may have a steep learning curve, especially for individuals who
are not familiar with statistical concepts or have limited experience with statistical
software.

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2.Proprietary Software:

SPSS is a proprietary software, and acquiring a license can be expensive for

individuals and organizations. This may limit accessibility, especially for smaller
institutions or researchers with budget constraints.

3.Limited Data Handling Capabilities:

While SPSS is suitable for many types of data analysis, it may not be as efficient as
other tools for handling very large datasets or complex data structures.

4.Not Open Source:

SPSS is not an open-source software, which means users do not have access to the
source code. This can limit customization and modification of the software based on
specific needs.

5.Limited Advanced Statistical Techniques:

While SPSS covers a broad range of statistical methods, some advanced techniques
may not be as readily available compared to other specialized statistical software
packages. Users requiring highly specialized analyses may need to use additional
tools.

6.Compatibility Issues:

Compatibility issues may arise when trying to share SPSS files with users of other
statistical software packages. Data and syntax files from SPSS may not be seamlessly
transferable to other programs.

7.Limited Graphics Customization:

Customizing and fine-tuning the appearance of charts and graphs in SPSS may be
more limited compared to other dedicated data visualization tools.

8.Data Cleaning Challenges:

Data cleaning and preparation can be time-consuming in SPSS, especially when

dealing with large datasets with missing values or outliers.

9.Resource Intensive:

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SPSS may be resource-intensive, and users with less powerful hardware or limited
system resources may experience performance issues, especially when dealing with
large datasets.

10.Reliance on GUI:

While SPSS has a graphical user interface (GUI) that makes it user-friendly, some
users may prefer a command-line interface or scripting language for more flexibility
and automation in analysis, which might be a limitation for certain advanced users.

CONCLUSION

SPSS facilitates the exploration and interpretation of data through descriptive and
inferential statistical methods, researchers and analysts to draw meaningful insights
from complex datasets.While SPSS boasts numerous strengths, it is essential to
recognize its limitations, such as the learning curve for advanced features, cost
considerations, and potential constraints in handling large or specialized datasets.
Additionally, users must be mindful of its proprietary nature and consider alternative
tools for specific tasks, such as enabling advanced machine learning or spatial
analysis.As technology continues to advance, users may find value in complementing

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SPSS with other tools and methodologies. SPSS remains an integral part of the
analytical toolkit, fostering a deeper understanding of patterns, relationships, and
trends within datasets.

REFERENCES

1. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage

Publications.

2. Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis
using IBM SPSS. McGraw-Hill Education.

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3. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data
analysis. Cengage Learning.

4. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson

Education.

5. IBM Corp. (2020). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0. Armonk, NY:
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SPSS.

7. Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis
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8. Field, A., Miles, J., & Field, Z. (2012). Discovering statistics using R. Sage.

9. Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling.

Guilford Publications.

10. Osborne, J. W. (2015). Best practices in data cleaning: A complete guide to

everything you need to do before and after collecting your data. Sage Publications.

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