AE-JE

Engineers Wallah
Practice Sheet _Ashoka
Surveying
Civil Engineering

Q1 The main principle of surveying is to work (B) chain surveying

from: (C) engineering survey
(A) Working from Part to whole (D) topographical survey
(B) Working from Whole to part
Q6 Metallic tapes are made of
(C) Higher level to Lower level
(A) Steel
(D) Lower level to Higher level
(B) Invar
Q2 When (h) is the difference in heights between (C) Cloth and wires
the extremities of a chain length (l) then the (D) Nickel
correction for the slope required is-
Q7 The lines joining the points of equal elevations
(A) h/l (B) h2/l
on the surface of the earth are known as
(C) h2/2l (D) h/2l
(A) isohyet line
Q3 The invar tape is made of an alloy of (B) isogonic line
(A) Copper and steel (C) agonic line
(B) Brass and nickel (D) contour line
(C) Brass and steel
Q8 The instrument which sense natural
(D) Nickel and steel
electromagnetic radiations, either emitted or
Q4 Consider the following statement: reflected from the earth's objects, is known
1. Sag correction may be positive or negative. as,
2. Temperature correction may be positive or (A) Passive sensors
negative. (B) Theodolites
3. Slope correction is always subtractive. (C) Techeometers
4. Tension correcting may be positive or (D) Active sensors
negative.
Q9 A telescope is normal or direct if its
Which of the following statements is/are
(A) Vertical circle is to the right of the observer
correct?
and bubble is up
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(B) Vertical circle is to the right of the observer
(B) 2, 3 and 4
and bubble is down
(C) 3 and 4 only
(C) The bubble is down and the vertical circle is
(D) All of the above
to left of the observer
Q5 The branch of surveying in which only linear (D) The bubble is up & vertical circle is on the
measurements are directly made in the field is left of the observer
(A) land surveying

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Q10 If the focal length of an object glass is 40 cm Q15 Identify the ones that can be executed with the
stadia interval is 1.60 mm and the distance help of a theodolite in surveying
from the object glass to the trunnion axis is 25
1. Measuring horizontal distance only
cm, the additive constant will be?
2. Measuring horizontal & vertical angles
(A) 15 m (B) 0.65 m
3. Locating points on lines
(C) 65 m (D) 0.15 m
4. Setting out grade
Q11 A line PQ was drawn to have a magnetic
bearing of 57°30' in an old map at the time the (A) Only 1 (B) 2 and 3
(C) 2, 3 and 4 (D) only 2
declination was 3°30'E. Determine the
magnetic bearing of the line if the present Q16 A level was set up at a point ‘A’ and the
declination is 6° West. distance to the staff ‘B’ was 250 m. The net
(A) 61° (B) 55° combined correction due to curvature &
(C) 67° (D) 51°80' refraction are
(A) 4.206 × 10–3
Q12 The method of plane tabling commonly used
for establishing the instrument station is: (B) 5.4 × 10–3

(A) radiation method (C) 4.9 × 10–3

(B) intersection method (D) 5.9 × 10–3

(C) resection method Q17 To calculate the distance between the

(D) traversing method tacheometer and staff when staff is held

Q13 Consider the following statements regarding normal and the line of sight is inclined which
of the following equation is correct?
the surveyor compass.
1. The magnetic needle is of edge bar type. (A) D = (KS + C) cosθ

2. The graduated card is attached to box and (B) D = (KS + C) cosθ + hsinθ

rotates with the box. (C) D = KS cos2θ + C sinθ

3. The graduations are in a whole circle- (D) D = KS cosθ + (C + h) sinθ

bearing system. Q18 The sensitivity of a bubble tube of a level is 20

4. The readings are taken directly by seeing seconds. Calculate the reading on staff held
through the top of the box glass. 75m away for disturbance of bubble 5 division
Which of the following options is correct? from center towards the observer. When the
(A) 1, 2 and 3 only bubble is in the center reading on leveling staff
(B) 2, 3 and 4 only 3m.
(C) 1, 2 and 4 only (A) 3.15 m (B) 3.36 m
(D) All of the above (C) 3.028 m (D) 3.036 m

Q14 The elevations of objects on an aerial Q19 If the magnetic declination at a place is 7°20' W
photograph can be measured due to and bearing given by the compass is S 45°40'
(A) Tilt E, then true bearing of the place is :
(B) Drift (A) N 53° 0' E (B) S 43° 0' E
(C) Overlap (C) N 53°0' W (D) S 53° 0' E
(D) Stereoscopic fusion
Q20 The length of a line measurement with a 30 m
chain was found to be 280 m. What is the true

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length of the line if the chain is 15 cm too (A) 23.6 m (B) 30.16 m
short? (C) 29.26 m (D) 29.98 m
(A) 281.12 m (B) 276.5 m
Q27 In reciprocal leveling the following
(C) 282.56 m (D) 278.6 m
observations are
Q21 A circular curve has a 200m radius and 60°
Staff Reading at
deflection angle. What is its length of curve? Instrument at
(A) 209.33 m (B) 219.67 m M N
(C) 187.65 m (D) 225.58 m
M 1.259 2.529
Q22 If the cross-sectional areas of an embankment
at 60 m intervals are 20, 40, 60, 50, and 30 sq.
N 0.657 1.105
m, then the volume (cum) of the embankment
on the basis of Prismoidal rule is : Determine the elevation difference between
(A) 10600 (B) 5300 stations M and N.
(C) 4000 (D) 12000 (A) 0.876 (B) 0.543
(C) 0.859 (D) 0.589
Q23 Find RL of station R from field book as
shown: Q28 The operation of leveling across the river is
termed:
Staff (A) Profile leveling
BS IS FS RL
station
(B) Reciprocal leveling
(C) Compound leveling
P 1.725m 100m (D) None of these

Q29 To locate the position of a GPS instrument, the

Q –0.650m –1.500m
minimum number of satellites that should be
available in the range are:
R 0.850 ?
(A) 4 (B) 2
(A) 99.35 m (B) 103.155 m (C) 3 (D) 5
(C) 101.725 m (D) 100.850 m
Q30 In a traverse, the latitude and departure of
Q24 A lighthouse is visible just above the horizon at sides were calculated as under
a certain station at sea level. The distance b/w Σ Latitude = 1.2 m & Σ Departure = - 0.4 m
the station and the lighthouse is 80 km. The What will be the closing error
height of the lighthouse approximately (A) (B)
(A) 435 m (B) 420 m (C) (D)
(C) 425 m (D) 430 m
Q31 While surveying, a surveyor measured the
Q25 The combined correction for a distance of 3 distance between two points on the plane
km is approximately drawn to a scale of 1 cm = 60 m. and the result
(A) 0.3 m (B) 0.2 m was 560 m. Later however discovered that
(C) 0.5 m (D) 0.6 m they used a scale of 1 cm = 30 m. Find the true
distance between two points (in meters)
Q26 The downhill end of a 30 m tape is held 100
(A) 1120 (B) 560
cm too low. What is the horizontal distance?

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(C) 1680 (D) 1130 Q38 Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists:
Q32 The prismoidal formula curve considered
List-I List-II
between the consecutive segments is
Area measuring
(A) Ellipse (B) Hyperbola A. Clinometer 1.
instrument
(C) Parabolic (D) Spiral Gradient finding
B. Pantagraph 2.
instrument
Q33 If the departure of the line is 150 m and the
Angle measuring
bearing is 120° 15' then its latitude is C. Tellurometer 3.
instrument
(A) 87.47 m (B) 173.64 m
Plan enlarging
(C) 76.47 m (D) None of above D. Ghat tracer 4.
instrument
Q34 If the lower clamp is tightened and the upper Microwave
5.
instrument
clamp is loosened, the theodolite may be
(A) A-1,B-2,C-5,D-3
turned-
(B) A-1,B-5,C-4,D-3
(A) With a relative motion between vernier and
(C) A-3,B-4,C-1,D-2
graduated scales of the lower plate
(D) A-3,B-4,C-5,D-2
(B) Without a relative motion between vernier
and graduated scales of the lower plate Q39 Swinging of telescope is
(C) Both (A) and (B) (A) Rotation in vertical plan
(D) About the horizontal axis (B) Rotation in horizontal plane about vertical
axis
Q35 The line joining the optical centre of the object
(C) Rotation in inclined plane
glass to the centre of the eye-piece of the
(D) Fixing the telescope
telescope is
(A) Line of collimation Q40 The length of a line measured with a 30 m
(B) Line of sight chain was found to be 280 m. What is the true
(C) Axis of bubble tube length of the line if the chain is 12 cm too
(D) Axis of telescope short?
(A) 281.12 m (B) 276.5 m
Q36 The R.L. of the point A which is on the floor is
(C) 282.56 m (D) 278.88 m
100 m and back sight reading on A is 2.455 m.
If the force sight reading on the point B which Q41 The reference point on which a day's work is
is on the ceiling is 2.745 m, the R.L. of point B closed and from where levelling is continued
will be: the next day are called as
(A) 94.80 (B) 99.71 (A) Temporary benchmarks
(C) 100.29 (D) 105.20 (B) Arbitrary benchmarks
(C) Permanent benchmarks
Q37 A series of closely spaced contour lines
(D) GTS benchmarks
represents a
(A) Steep slope Q42 The magnetic bearing of line CD is S 25°W. If
(B) Gentle slope the declination at the location is 10°W,
(C) Uniform slope Calculate True bearing of line CD.
(D) Plane surface (A) S15°W (B) S35°W
(C) S20°W (D) S25°W

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Q43 In Surveying, Offsets are (A) Radiation

(A) Lateral measurements made with respect (B) Intersecrtion
to main survey line (C) Traversing
(B) perpendiculars erected from chain lines (D) Resection
(C) taken to avoid unnecessary walking
Q48 The error in measured length due to sag of
between stations
chain or tape is known as
(D) measurements which are not made at right
(A) Positive error
angles to the chain line
(B) Negative error
Q44 The needle of a magnetic compass is generally (C) Compensating error
supported on (D) Instrumental error
(A) Bush bearing (B) Ball bearing
Q49 The instrument used for accurate centering in
(C) Needle bearing (D) Jewel bearing
plane table survey is
Q45 Which of the following tape is least affected by (A) Spirit level
temperature changes and is highly precise (B) Alidade
(A) Linen tape (B) Metallic tape (C) Plumbing fork
(C) Steel tape (D) Invar tape (D) Trough compass

Q46 For a well conditional triangle, no angle should Q50 In order to determine the natural features
be less than such as valleys, rivers, lakes etc. the surveying
(A) 20° (B) 30° preferred is
(C) 45° (D) 60° (A) City surveying
(B) Location surveying
Q47 In which of the following methods of the Plane
(C) Cadastral surveying
Table survey, orientation of the table is not
(D) Topographical surveying
required?

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Answer Key
Q1 B Q26 D

Q2 C Q27 C
Q3 D Q28 B
Q4 B Q29 A

Q5 B Q30 B
Q6 C Q31 A
Q7 D Q32 C

Q8 A Q33 A
Q9 D Q34 A
Q10 B Q35 D

Q11 C Q36 D
Q12 C Q37 A
Q13 C Q38 D
Q14 D Q39 B

Q15 C Q40 D
Q16 A Q41 A
Q17 B Q42 A

Q18 D Q43 A
Q19 D Q44 D
Q20 D Q45 D

Q21 A Q46 B
Q22 A Q47 A
Q23 C Q48 A

Q24 D Q49 C
Q25 D Q50 D

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Hints & Solutions

Note: scan the QR code to watch video solution

Q1 Text Solution: Temperature correction is positive if the

Principles of Surveying: temperature during measurement is
1.To Locate a new station by at least two more than the standard temperature and
measurement (linear or angular) from fixed negative if the temperature during
reference point. measurement is less than the
2. Working from whole to part: The second temperature at which the tape was
ruling principle of surveying, whether plane or standardized.
geodetic, is to work from whole to part. Sag correction is always negative.

Q5 Text Solution:
Q2 Text Solution:
Chain Surveying: It is the branch of surveying
Correction for slope or vertical Alignment:
in which only linear measurements are directly
The distance measured along the slope is
made in the field. It is appropriate for
always greater than the horizontal distance
surveying small areas with uncomplicated
and hence the correction is always subtractive.
features and relatively flat terrain. In chain
survey only sides of various triangles are
measured directly in the field and no angular
measurements are taken. It is adopted when
Level of accuracy required is not high.
Let, AB = l = inclined length measured
AB' = horizontal length, Land Survey: It is the survey being done on
h = difference in elevation between the ends. land. It involves running of survey lines and

Then, Slope Correction (Cs)= determining their length and directions

thereby sub dividing the area into definite
shapes and sizes and calculating their areas
Q3 Text Solution: etc. in order to set up a structure.
Invar Tapes: Invar is an alloy of steel (64%)
and nickel (36%) having very low coefficient of Engineering Survey: This survey is used to
thermal expansion. These tapes are generally find sufficient data for engineering design
6 mm wide and are commercially available in work like roads, reservoir, sewers, mainly
lengths of 20 m, 30 m and 60 m. Invar alloy is highway (alignment), railways, buildings etc.
very soft and thus must be handled carefully
to avoid kinks and bends. Topographical Survey: It is done to
Q4 Text Solution: determine natural and artificial features of the
country.
Correction of slope is always subtractive.
Tension correction is negative if the Natural Features: River, Hill, Forest etc.
applied pull is more than the standard
pull, and negative if the applied pull is Artificial Features: Roads, Village, Bridge etc.
less than the standard pull.
Q6 Text Solution:

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A metallic tape is made of varnished strip of Distance from object glass to trunnion axis (d)
waterproof linen interwoven with small brass, = 25 cm or 0.25 m
copper or bronze wire and does not stretch as Additive constant (C) = f + d
easily has a cloth tape. Additive constant (C) = 0.40 + 0.25 = 0.65 m

Q7 Text Solution: Q11 Text Solution:

Contour line– True Bearing of the line = 57°30' + 3° 30' = 61°
• Every point of the contour line has equal We know that the true bearing of a line never
elevations. changes.
• Contour line separates up hill from down So,
hill. The present true bearing will be 61°
• Contour lines do not touch or cross each True Bearing = Magnetic Bearing ± Declination
other except at the cliff. 61° = M.B ± 6°
• Every fifth contour line is darker in colour. 61° = MB – 6° (Because of declination in
• Increasing value inner side of a contour, West Side)
indicates a hill. MB = 61° + 6
• Decreasing value inner side of a contour, Hence, MB = 67°
indicates a valley.
Q12 Text Solution:
• Contour line is used to measure the
Resection method: It is the process of
capacity of the reservoir.
determining the plotted position of the station
Q8 Text Solution: occupied by the plane table, using sights taken
The instruments that sense natural towards known points, locations of which have
electromagnetic radiations, either emitted or been plotted.
reflected from the earth's objects are passive Radiation method: In this method, the
sensors. instrument is set up at a station and rays are

Q9 Text Solution: drawn to various stations which are to be

plotted. This method is suitable only when the
A telescope is said to be normal or direct area to be surveyed is small and all the
when the face of the vertical circle is left required stations to be plotted are visible and
of the observer and the altitude bubble is accessible from the instrument station.
up. Traversing: This method is similar to compass
The horizontal or vertical angles are or theodolite traversing. This method is most
observed when the vertical face of the suited when a narrow strip of terrain is to be
vertical circle is to the right of the surveyed e.g. survey of roads, railways etc.
observer is known as face right Intersection: In this method, two stations are
observation. selected such that all the other stations to be
The horizontal or vertical angles are plotted are visible from these. A line joining
observed when the face of the vertical these two stations is called a baseline The
circle is to the left of the observer is length of this baseline is measured very
known as be face left observation. accurately.

Q13 Text Solution:

Q10 Text Solution:
Surveyor compass:
Focal length (f) = 40 cm or 0.40 m
Stadia interval (i) = 1.60 mm The magnetic needle is of edge bar type.

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The graduated ring is attached to the box 5. Finding the difference in the levels.
and rotates along with line of the box.
The graduation has 0° at N and S and 90° Q16 Text Solution:
at E and W. Net combined correction = – 0.0673 d2
The graduation is in a quadrantal bearing Where d is in terms of km
system.
= 0.0673 d2
The readings are taken directly by seeing
= 0.673 × (0.25)2
through the top of the box glass.
= 4.206 × 10–3
Q14 Text Solution: Q17 Text Solution:
Stereoscopic fusion: When staff is held normal to line of sight
(a) Line of sight at an angle of
In aerial photography, in order to have a
depression.
spatial model of an area, it is necessary
L = kS + C
to have two photographs of the same
D = (kS + C) cos θ – h × sin θ.
area obtained from different points in
(b) When line of sight at an angle of
space.
elevation.
It should, however, be remembered that
L = kS + C
only the overlapped portion of a
D = (kS + C) cos θ + h × sin θ.
photograph, providing two views, one for
each eye, of the area under observation, Q18 Text Solution:
lends itself to stereoscopic examination. We know sensitivity of level tube
This, therefore, necessitates that the
photographs be taken with sufficient = angular value of one division of bubble
overlap. tube/sensitivity of bubble tube in seconds
If two consecutive aerial photographs are n = number of division move by bubble
placed before an observer in such a way L = distance between staff & instrument
that the left photograph is viewed only by
the right eye, then the overlapped
S = 0.036 m
portion will be perceived by the observer
Reading on staff = 3+0.036 = 3.036m
stereoscopically, i.e., a special model of
the area will actually be in front of the Q19 Text Solution:
observer. This is known as stereoscopic
fusion.

Q15 Text Solution:

The theodolite is used for measuring as
follows:

1. Vertical angle, horizontal distance,

vertical distance
2. Locating points on line
T.B. = M.B. ± Declination
3. Setting out grades
T.B. = 45°40' + 7°20'
4. Setting out curves

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T.B. = S 53°0' E h = 0.0673 × 802

Q20 Text Solution: h = 430.72 m

The true length of line l = Q25 Text Solution:

Combined correction

l = 278.6 m

Q21 Text Solution:

Given, Q26 Text Solution:
R = 200 m Correction for slope =
= 60°
L=?
Hence, the correct distance = 30 – 0.0166 =
we know that,
29.98 m

Q27 Text Solution:

L = 209.43 m
Elevation difference
Q22 Text Solution:

h = 0.859

Q28 Text Solution:

Reciprocal leveling is generally used to
determine the difference in elevations of two
points on the opposite banks of a river or a
deep valley.

Q29 Text Solution:

V = 10600 m3
Characteristics of GPS:

Q23 Text Solution: For moving objects minimum, 4 satellites

Height of instrument at P = RL at P + B.S are required.
= 100 + 1.725 = 101.725 The position of the observer (moving
R.L at Q = 101.725 – (–1.500) person or vehicle) on the ground is
= 103.225 m determined by an orbiting satellite.
H.I at Q = R.L at Q + B.S Atomic clocks are fixed in satellites to
= 103.225 + (–0.650) calculate the positioning of the satellite
= 102.575 to aid in determining travel times.
RL at R = 102.575 – 0.850 = 101.725 m Absolute positioning, where an accuracy
of 1 cm to 5 cm is needed, depends upon
Q24 Text Solution:
the health of the satellite.
We know-
h = 0.0673 × d2 Q30 Text Solution:
h = height of lighthouse
d = distance in km

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even areas) + 2 (Sum of odd areas)]

closing error =
Prismoidal formula curve considered
between the consecutive segment is
Bearing of error
parabolic or cubic.
Where,
ΣL = Algebraic sum of latitude of all line
Q33 Text Solution:
ΣD = Algebraic sum of departure of all
Departure of line = 150 m
line
D = I sin
Given,
150 = l sin
Sum of latitude, ΣL = + 1.2 m
Sum of departure, ΣD = - 0.4 m
Here, Departure is negative & latitude is l =173.65 m
positive
So, the line lies in the IV quadrant in N-W
direction.
Length of closing error

Latitude of Line L = I cos

Q31 Text Solution: L= 173.64 cos (59°45')
Given, L = 87.47 m
Wrong scale, 1 cm = 30 m
Q34 Text Solution:
Corrected scale, 1 cm = 60 m
Lower plate is also known as the scale plate, if
Measured distance = 560 m
the lower clamp is tightened, then the lower
R.F of wrong scale plate is fixed with the tribrach plate and vice-
R.F of correct scale versa. The upper plate is also called the
vernier plate. When the upper clamp screw is
Corrected length, = tightened both upper and lower plates are
attached and vice-versa.
1120 m
The true distance between the points is Q35 Text Solution:
1120 m. Axis of telescope: A line joining the optical
centre of the objective to the centre of the
Q32 Text Solution:
eyepiece.
The prismoidal gives the more accurate
Axis of level tube: An imaginary line
results:
tangential to the longitudinal curve of the tube
Prismoidal formula curve considered at its midpoint.
between the consecutive segment is Line collimation: A line joining the
parabolic or cubic. intersection of the crosshairs to the optical
Prismoidal formula [First area centre of the objective. It is also known as the

section +last area section + 4 (Sum of line of sight.

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Trunnion Axis: A line about which the It's commonly used in various fields such as
telescope is rotated. The trunnion axis, line of engineering, surveying, forestry, and
sight and vertical axis are always normal to navigation to measure angles accurately.
each other. The level line is always normal to B. Pantagraph - A pantograph is a mechanical
the plumb line. linkage connected in a manner based on

Q36 Text Solution: parallelograms so that the movement of one

pen, in tracing an image, produces identical
movements in a second pen. It is often used
for copying or enlarging drawings or plans.
C. Tellurometer - The Tellurometer is indeed
a microwave instrument. It's a type of
electronic distance-measuring instrument
used in surveying and geodesy. It utilizes
microwave signals to accurately measure
distances between points.
R.L. of B = R.L of A + B.S + F.S.
D. Ghat tracer - A ghat tracer is an instrument
= 100 + 2.455 + 2.745 = 105.20 m
used to find the gradient or slope of a
Q37 Text Solution: terrain, typically used in civil engineering and
Contour line is a line on a map joining points surveying. It helps in determining the
of equal elevation above or below the mean steepness or incline of the land, which is
sea level. crucial for various construction and planning
Characteristics of the contour lines: purposes.

Two contour lines do not intersect each Q39 Text Solution:

other except in the case of an Swinging of telescope means turning the
overhanging cliff and a cave penetrating telescope about its vertical axis in the
a hill. horizontal plane.
For depressions, contours increase in Q40 Text Solution:
elevation from inside to outside and in
The true length of line I = I’
case of a hill, contours increase from
outside to inside. = 280
Contours lines cross a valley or ridgeline l = 278.88 m
at 90°. Q41 Text Solution:
If the contour lines are very close to each 1. Permanent Benchmark : These are the
other, this indicates a steep slope. benchmarks established by state government
If the contour lines are at a very large agencies like PWD. They are established with
distance to each other, this indicates a reference to GTS benchmarks. They are
gentle slope. usually on the comer of plinth of public
If the contour lines equally spaced, buildings
uniform slope is indicated.
2. Arbitrary Benchmark: In many engineering
Q38 Text Solution: projects the difference in elevations of
A. Clinometer - A clinometer is a device used neighboring points is more important than
to measure angles of elevation, slope, or tilt. their reduced level with respect to mean sea

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level. In such cases a relatively permanent jewel bearing is a plain bearing in which a
point, like plinth of a building or comer of a metal spindle turns in a jewel-lined pivot hole.
culvert, are taken as benchmarks, their level
assum ed arbitrarily such as 100.0 m, 300.0m
etc.

3. Temporary Benchmarks: This type of

benchmark is established at the end of the
day's work, so that the next day work may be The hole is typically shaped like a torus and is
continuoued form that point. Such point slightly larger than the shaft diameter.
should be on a permanent object so that next These are used in instruments where low
day it is easily identified. friction, long life, and dimensional accuracy
are important.

Q42 Text Solution: Q45 Text Solution:

Magnetic Bearing of line CD = S25°W Invar Tapes: Invar is an alloy of steel (64%)
Declination = 10° and nickel (36%) having very low coefficient of
True Bearing of line = S15°W thermal expansion. These tapes are generally
6 mm wide and are commercially available in
lengths of 20 m, 30 m and 60 m. Invar alloy is
very soft and thus must be handled carefully
to avoid kinks and bends.

Q46 Text Solution:

A triangle in which the angle of the triangle is
less than 30° or greater than 120° is known as
ill conditioned triangle.
Equilateral Triangle is the best-suited triangle
in Chain Triangulation or Chain Surveying.
Q43 Text Solution:
An offset is the lateral distance of an object or
ground feature measured from a survey line.
The purpose of offset is to locate the objects
which lie in the vicinity of the main survey line.
Types of offsets: Q47 Text Solution:
1. Perpendicular Offset: When these lateral Plane table surveying is the fast method of
measurements are taken perpendicular to the surveying. In radiation method of plane table
chain line. survey, orientation of the table is not required.
2. Oblique Offset: Any offset not Q48 Text Solution:
perpendicular, to the chain line is said to be Correction due to sag:
oblique.

Q44 Text Solution:

The needle of the magnetic compass is Where,
generally supported on a Jewel Bearing. A w = weight of tape per unit length
W = Total mass or weight of tape

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P0 = applied pull during measurement is kept over the drawing sheet touching the
L = Measured length of tape plotted position of the instrument station
while the other is inclined at a certain angle
Sag correction is always negative. (lower arm) has a hook from which plumb bob
The error in measured length due to sag is suspended on ground station.
of chain or tape is known as positive
error.

Error due to Error Correction

-ve or +ve
Standardization +ve or -ve
respectively
-ve or +ve
Temperature +ve or -ve
respectively
-ve or +ve
Pull +ve or -ve
respectively Q50 Text Solution:
Always Topographical surveys: To determine the
Slope Always -ve
+ve natural features of the country such as rivers,
Always hills, streams, lakes etc., and such artificial
Sagging Always -ve
+ve
features as roads, railways, canals, towns and
Wrong Always
Always -ve village etc.
Alignment +ve
Engineering surveys: To obtain data for
carrying out any type of project such as road,
railways, water supply, etc.
Q49 Text Solution: Cadastral surveys: To show the property line,
Plumbing fork with a plumb bob is used in the calculation of land area or the transfer of
large scale surveying for Centering of plane land property from one owner to another.
table and for Transferring of ground point. City survey: They are made in connection with
A plumbing fork is a hairpin-shaped brass the construction of streets, water supply
frame made of arms of equal length. One is systems, sewers and other works.
horizontal (upper arm) has a pointed end and

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