ENGLISH – HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENTS

1. Read the following passage carefully: 12 (7-05-25)

1. The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a vast arid region in the northwestern part of India.
It spans across the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and parts of Punjab and Haryana. The desert is characterized by
its sandy terrain, extreme temperatures, and sparse vegetation. Despite the harsh conditions, the Thar Desert is
home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, including camels, desert foxes, and several species of snakes. The
survival of life in this region is a testament to the adaptability of both plants and animals to the desert’s extreme
environment.
2. The people living in and around the Thar Desert have also learned to adapt to the challenging conditions. The
local communities depend on livestock farming and small- scale agriculture, often utilizing innovative
techniques to conserve water. Traditional practices such as rainwater harvesting and the construction of
stepwells have allowed people to thrive despite the limited water resources. In addition to these agricultural
practices, the region has a rich cultural heritage, with vibrant festivals, music, and art that reflect the resilience
of its people.
3. The monsoon season brings much-needed relief to the Thar Desert, though the rains are often unpredictable.
The arrival of rain transforms the barren land, bringing a temporary burst of greenery and a brief window for
agricultural activities. However, the monsoon can also lead to flash floods, which pose a threat to both the
people and their livelihoods. The people of the Thar have developed unique ways to cope with these challenges,
including the use of flood-resistant crops and constructing homes on higher ground.
4. The Thar Desert’s ecosystem is fragile, with ongoing threats from human activity, such as overgrazing and
deforestation. However, conservation efforts have been initiated to protect this unique environment. Wildlife
sanctuaries have been established to protect endangered species like the Great Indian Bustard, and efforts are
being made to restore native vegetation. The delicate balance between human habitation and conservation in the
Thar is a constant challenge, requiring sustainable solutions to ensure the survival of both the desert and its
inhabitants.
5. Despite its arid conditions, the Thar Desert is a place of stunning beauty. The golden sands stretch for miles,
punctuated by the occasional green oasis or ancient fort. The desert offers a unique landscape that has fascinated
travelers for centuries. For those willing to brave the heat, the Thar Desert provides an experience of isolation
and tranquility, where the vast open spaces create a sense of timelessness.
Answer the following questions, based on the passage above.
i. According to paragraph 1, how have plants and animals adapted to the extreme conditions of the Thar Desert?
1
ii. How does the author describe the relationship between the people of the Thar Desert and their environment,
as mentioned in paragraph 2? 1
iii. Read and complete the following sentence suitably. 1
The phrase “rainwater harvesting” in paragraph 2 refers to the practice of collecting and storing rainwater for
future use. Choose the correct response from the two options to complete the sentence. Rainwater harvesting is
essential in the Thar Desert because _____.
(A) it ensures a steady water supply in the arid conditions (B) it prevents flooding during the monsoon season
iv. Complete the following with ONE example, with reference to paragraph 3 : 1
The arrival of the monsoon in the Thar Desert brings _____.
v. Why does the writer emphasize the importance of conservation efforts in paragraph 4? 1
Because
(A) They help in maintaining the beauty of the desert. (B) They protect endangered species and restore native
vegetation.
(C) They ensure tourism continues to thrive. (D) They encourage large-scale farming.
vi. Provide ONE textual evidence with reference to paragraph 4, to support the following : 1
Conservation efforts are being made to protect the Thar Desert and its ecosystem.
vii. In the line, ‘The arrival of rain transforms the barren land’ (Paragraph 3), what does
the word ‘transforms’ suggest about the effect of the monsoon on the desert? 2
viii. Complete the analogy with ONE word from paragraph 1 : 1
camels: animals :: stepwells: _____
(A) water (B) agriculture (C) desert (D) people
ix. Why is it fair to say that the statement ‘The Thar Desert provides an experience of isolation and tranquility’
in paragraph 5 uses descriptive language? 1
(A) It highlights the isolation of the desert. (B) It describes the harsh weather of the desert.
(C) It explains how the Thar Desert has little wildlife. (D) It focuses on the culture of the people living there.
x. Assess the potential challenges or benefits of balancing conservation efforts with the needs of the local
communities, as suggested in paragraph 4. 2

2. Read the following carefully. 10 (8-05-25)

1. A recent study revealed that less than 20% of teenagers report reading a book, magazine, or newspaper daily
for pleasure, while more than 80% say they use social media every day. This shift in media consumption
patterns is part of a larger trend in the digital age, according to research published by the World Psychological
Association.
2. Compared to previous generations, teens in the 2010s spend significantly more time online and less time with
traditional media, such as books and magazines. According to the lead author of the book yGen, this
displacement of traditional media by digital platforms has transformed how young people engage with content.
3. A study analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of approximately 50,000 eighth, tenth, and
twelfth-grade students. The survey, conducted from 1976 to 2016, encompassed more than 1 million teenagers
and examined their media consumption habits over time.
4. The use of digital media increased substantially from 2006 to 2016. Among twelfth- graders, internet use
during leisure time doubled from one to two hours per day during that period. Similarly, the study found a 75%
increase in digital media use for tenth-graders and a 68% increase for eighth-graders.
5. On average, twelfth-graders in the mid-2010s reported spending two hours a day texting, just over two hours
on the internet, and under two hours on social media—a total of about six hours daily on digital media during
their free time. This pattern was also reflected among younger age groups, with tenth-graders spending about
five hours and eighth-graders about four hours per day on digital activities.
6. Time spent on digital media has significantly reduced the amount of time students spend on traditional media,
such as print books and newspapers. In the early 1990s, 33% of tenth-graders read a newspaper almost daily. By
2016, this figure had dropped to 2%. Similarly, 60% of twelfth-graders in the late 1970s read books or
magazines regularly, while only 16% did so by 2016.
7. Despite having the ability to access large amounts of information, today’s youth struggle with focusing on
long-form content, which affects their ability to grasp complex issues and develop critical thinking skills. Their
dependence on digital media often makes it challenging to concentrate for extended periods.

Answer the following questions, based on given passage.

i. Complete the following suitably. 1
In the introduction, the researcher links the shift from traditional media to social media among teens to highlight
_____.
ii. What would the following be classified as? 1
To explore the decline in reading traditional media and the rise in digital media consumption among teenagers.
Select the appropriate response.
(A) Secondary objective (B) Research outcome (C) Method of analysis (D) Primary objective
iii. Give two points to support why the increased use of digital media among teenagers is seen as problematic. 2
iv. Paragraph 6 includes words – ‘traditional media’ and ‘digital media.’ 1
Classify the following sentences as ‘traditional media’ or ‘digital media’:
Sentence 1: Twelfth-graders spend about six hours per day on digital activities, including texting and social
media.
Sentence 2: In the early 1990s, a third of tenth-graders read a newspaper almost daily.
v. Read the following : 1
Arjun spends two hours each day texting and browsing the internet. Priya, his friend, rarely reads a book and
spends about five hours on social media every day. Meanwhile, Manish, another friend, struggles to focus on
complex issues due to his heavy reliance on digital platforms. Select the option that identifies the correct digital
media habits of Arjun, Priya, and Manish.
(A) Arjun – two hours texting; Priya – five hours on social media; Manish – difficulty
focusing on complex issues
(B) Arjun – reading books; Priya – two hours on social media; Manish – no internet use
(C) Arjun – texting; Priya – no internet use; Manish – reading newspapers
(D) Arjun – social media; Priya – newspapers; Manish – difficulty with short texts
vi. Why is the decline in reading traditional media considered a significant issue, even though teenagers are
more informed than ever? 1
vii. Analyse how the shift to digital media has impacted students’ ability to focus and develop critical thinking
skills. (Paragraph 7) 2
viii. What is the ultimate goal for stakeholders, based on the insights from the study? 1
(A) Encourage more time spent on digital media (B) Promote a balance between digital and traditional media
consumption
(C) Limit social media usage to reduce screen time (D) Increase access to social media for younger students.
3. Read the following carefully. 12 (9-05-25)
1. The human brain is one of the most intricate and powerful organs in the body, containing approximately 86
billion neurons. These neurons form complex networks through which they communicate using electrical
impulses. The cerebral cortex is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as memory, reasoning, and
problem-solving. Meanwhile, the cerebellum coordinates voluntary movement and balance, while the brainstem
controls essential functions like breathing and heart rate. Each region of the brain plays a distinct role, allowing
the body to function properly.
2. The brain, despite being well-protected by the skull and cerebrospinal fluid, is still susceptible to injuries and
diseases. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) can result from accidents, leading to anything from mild concussions
to life-threatening damage. Stroke, caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain, can result in permanent
impairments, depending on the area affected. Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
further complicate the brain’s health by causing gradual loss of neurons, which results in cognitive decline and
motor dysfunction.
3. One of the brain’s most fascinating characteristics is its plasticity, or the ability to change and adapt.
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s capacity to reorganize itself in response to new experiences, learning, or
injury. For example, after a stroke, some parts of the brain can take over functions that were lost due to damage.
This capacity for adaptation allows humans to learn new skills, retain memories, and recover from injuries.
4. Advances in neuroscience have been pivotal in understanding how the brain works. Techniques such as
functional MRI (fMRI) and PET scans allow researchers to visualize brain activity and understand how different
areas are involved in tasks like language, emotion, and movement. Additionally, researchers are exploring ways
to enhance brain health through diet, exercise, and mental stimulation, with the goal of preventing cognitive
decline and promoting recovery after injuries.
5. As research continues, the mysteries of the brain, such as how consciousness arises or how memory is stored,
remain largely unsolved. However, ongoing studies in neuroscience offer hope for developing new treatments
for brain-related diseases and injuries. The future of brain research holds great promise for improving our
understanding of this remarkable organ.
Answer the following questions, based on the passage above.
i. According to paragraph 1, what role does the cerebral cortex play in brain function? 1
ii. How does the author describe the brain’s vulnerability to injury, as mentioned in paragraph 2? 1
iii. Read and complete the following sentence suitably. 1
The phrase “neuroplasticity” in paragraph 3 refers to the brain’s ability to change and adapt.
Choose the correct response from the two options to complete the sentence. Neuroplasticity is important
because _____.
(A) it allows the brain to recover from injury and adapt to new experiences.
(B) it prevents all neurodegenerative diseases from progressing.
iv. Complete the following with ONE example, with reference to paragraph 3 : 1 Neuroplasticity is
demonstrated when _____.
v. Why does the writer emphasize brain imaging techniques in paragraph 4? 1
Because
(A) They allow researchers to observe brain activity in real-time. (B) They help cure diseases like Alzheimer’s
and Parkinson’s. (C) They provide immediate treatments for traumatic brain injuries. (D) They make surgery
safer.
vi. Provide ONE textual evidence with reference to paragraph 4, to support the following : 1
Brain imaging techniques have significantly advanced our understanding of brain functions.
vii. In the line, ‘The brain’s plasticity allows it to reorganize itself’ (Paragraph 3), what does the word
‘reorganize’ suggest about the brain’s response to injury? 2
viii. Complete the analogy with ONE word from paragraph 1 : 1 neurons: brain :: cells: _____
(A) blood (B) muscles (C) tissues (D) organs
ix. Why is it fair to say that the statement ‘The future of brain research holds great promise’ in paragraph 5 uses
descriptive language? 1
(A) It highlights the potential breakthroughs in neuroscience. (B) It explains the limitations of current brain
research. (C) It describes the complexity of brain diseases. (D) It focuses on the brain’s vulnerability to injury.

x. Assess the potential challenges or benefits of enhancing brain health through diet, exercise, and mental
stimulation, as suggested in paragraph 4. 2

4. Read the following carefully. 10 (10-05-25)

1. The Municipal Corporation of Gurugram recently admitted to the National Green Tribunal that untreated
sewage mixes with treated wastewater as it flows into the Yamuna. This is not unique to Delhi, as 80% of
India’s surface water is estimated to be contaminated, largely from untreated sewage.
2. The onset of the monsoon worsens water contamination. Reports of water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea
and cholera increase during this time as broken pipes and flooding allow sewage to mix with drinking water in
cities like Delhi, Pune, Varanasi, and Chennai.
3. According to a 2009 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report, India’s major cities and towns generate
more than 38 billion litres of sewage daily, yet only 30% is collected and less than 20% treated due to limited
treatment capacity. The rest is discharged into water bodies untreated.
4. A forthcoming report from WaterAid India reveals that 17 million urban households lack sanitation facilities.
Of those with sanitation, only 32% are connected to a sewage system. Additionally, more than 9 lakh toilets
directly drain into open water bodies, and over 12% of urban households practice open defecation.
5. Many septic tanks are left uncleaned for years, causing fecal sludge to leak into groundwater. When these
tanks are finally cleaned, the waste is dumped into fields and water bodies, worsening water contamination.
6. The WaterAid report details how much wastewater is left untreated in cities. Delhi treats only 61% of the
4,346 million litres of wastewater it generates. In Maharashtra, class I cities treat less than half of their total
wastewater, with statistics for class II cities being far worse, as shown in the accompanying chart.
7. Despite the introduction of the National Urban Sanitation Policy (2008) and substantial government
investment in sewage infrastructure, the problem has only worsened in the past five years. WaterAid
recommends decentralized sewage treatment plants and public promotion campaigns to address the crisis.
Answer the following questions, based on given passage.
i. Complete the following suitably. 1 In the introduction, the researcher links untreated sewage in urban areas
with water contamination to highlight _____.
ii. What would the following be classified as? 1 To investigate the impact of untreated sewage on water bodies
in India.
Select the appropriate response.
(A) Secondary objective (B) Research outcome (C) Method of analysis (D) Primary objective
iii. Give two points to support why decentralized sewage treatment is considered an important solution, based
on the passage. 2
iv. Paragraph 3 includes words – ‘sewage’ and ‘treatment capacity.’ 1
Classify the following sentences as ‘sewage’ or ‘treatment capacity’:
Sentence 1: India’s major cities produce over 38 billion litres of wastewater every day.
Sentence 2: Limited infrastructure means only 20% of this sewage is treated.
v. Read the following : 1
Ravi lives in Delhi, where only 61% of wastewater is treated, while Priya, who lives
in Maharashtra, faces worse conditions as less than half of the wastewater in her city
is treated. Arjun, in Uttar Pradesh, is impacted by untreated wastewater mixing with
surface water.
Select the option that identifies the correct wastewater management issues faced by
Ravi, Priya, and Arjun.
(A) Ravi – 61% treated; Priya – less than half treated; Arjun – untreated wastewater
(B) Ravi – less than half treated; Priya – 61% treated; Arjun – fully treated wastewater
(C) Ravi – fully treated wastewater; Priya – untreated wastewater; Arjun – 61% treated
(D) Ravi – untreated wastewater; Priya – fully treated; Arjun – 61% treated
vi. Although sewage treatment infrastructure exists, why is untreated sewage still a major
problem in urban areas? 1
vii. Analyse how broken sewage systems contribute to groundwater contamination.
(Paragraph 5) 2
viii. What is the ultimate goal for stakeholders, based on the insights from the study? 1
(A) Promote the use of septic tanks (B) Increase water consumption to clean surface water
(C) Implement decentralized sewage treatment plants (D) Encourage the construction of more dams

5. Read the following carefully. 12 (11-05-25)

1. The Rann of Kutch, located in Gujarat, is one of the largest salt deserts in the world. It stretches over
thousands of square kilometers, its flat, white expanse shimmering under the intense sunlight during the day. As
far as the eye can see, the barren land appears almost otherworldly, with the horizon blending into the sky.
Despite the harsh environment, the Rann of Kutch is a place of quiet beauty, where the vast emptiness holds a
certain allure. Walking across the cracked earth, visitors feel a sense of isolation, as if they have stepped into
another world.
2. During the winter months, the Rann comes alive with the Rann Utsav, a vibrant festival celebrating the rich
culture and heritage of the Kutch region. Colorful tents dot the landscape, offering visitors a taste of traditional
crafts, music, and dance. The sound of folk instruments fills the air, and local artisans display their handmade
goods, from intricate embroidery to pottery. The festival, held under the full moon, attracts tourists from all over
India and the world, who come to experience the magic of the salt desert under the moonlight.
3. The Rann is not only known for its cultural significance but also for its unique wildlife. Flamingos, wild
asses, and other migratory birds flock to the region during the cooler months, taking refuge in the wetlands that
form on the edges of the desert. The nearby Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary protects these animals, offering
visitors a chance to see rare species that thrive in this harsh landscape. The presence of wildlife in such an
extreme environment adds to the mystique of the Rann.
4. As dusk falls, the Rann undergoes a transformation. The sun sets, casting a warm orange glow over the salt
flats, and the cool evening breeze begins to blow. The desert, which was once scorching hot, now feels
pleasantly cool. The sky changes color, from bright blue to deep purple, and the first stars begin to appear,
creating a breathtaking view that feels almost surreal.
5. The Rann of Kutch is not just a desert—it is a place of contrasts, where extreme heat meets cold nights, and
silence is broken by the vibrant celebrations of the local people. For those who visit, it offers a rare glimpse into
a world where nature and culture exist in perfect harmony.
Answer the following questions, based on the passage above.
i. According to paragraph 1, what is unique about the Rann of Kutch’s appearance during the day? 1
ii. How does the Rann Utsav bring the salt desert to life, as mentioned in paragraph 2? 1
iii. Read and complete the following sentence suitably. 1
The phrase “the Rann of Kutch is a place of contrasts” in paragraph 5 suggests that the desert is full of opposing
features.
Choose the correct response from the two options to complete the sentence.
The Rann is described as a place of contrasts because _____.
(A) it shifts from intense heat during the day to cool nights (B) the wildlife disappears during the Utsav
iv. Complete the following with ONE example, with reference to paragraph 3 : 1
The Rann is home to unique wildlife, including _____.
v. Why does the writer mention the change in temperature as dusk falls in paragraph 4?1
Because
(A) It highlights the extreme conditions that make the Rann an unusual desert. (B) It shows how the desert is
uninhabitable. (C) It explains why people visit the Rann only in the evening. (D) It highlights the difficulty of
travel during the day.
vi. Provide ONE textual evidence with reference to paragraph 3, to support the following : 1
The Rann of Kutch supports a diverse range of wildlife despite its harsh environment.
vii. In the line, ‘the sky changes color, from bright blue to deep purple’ (Paragraph 4), what does the changing
color of the sky suggest about the mood of the evening? 2
viii. Complete the analogy with ONE word from paragraph 2 : 1 artisans: crafts :: musicians: _____
(A) pottery (B) instruments (C) embroidery (D) dance
ix. Why is it fair to say that the statement ‘the Rann of Kutch offers a rare glimpse into a world where nature
and culture exist in perfect harmony’ in paragraph 5 uses descriptive language? 1
(A) It emphasizes the peaceful coexistence of wildlife and local culture. (B) It explains why people visit the
Rann during the festival. (C) It compares the cultural aspects of the Rann to the weather.
(D) It describes the climate and landscape of the Rann.
x. Assess the potential challenges or benefits of preserving the Rann of Kutch, as suggested in paragraph 5.

6. Read the following carefully. 10 (12-05-25)

1. Deforestation is one of the leading causes of environmental degradation, affecting both biodiversity and
climate change. As forests are cleared for agriculture, urban development, and logging, the world faces severe
consequences, including the loss of species and the disruption of ecosystems. Over 3.1 million square
kilometers of forest have been lost since 1990.
2. Data from the World Resources Institute shows that over 18 million hectares of forests are lost each year,
contributing to approximately 15% of global CO2 emissions. Tropical deforestation, especially in the Amazon,
results in the extinction of 13% of species. Forests act as crucial carbon sinks, absorbing 2.6 billion metric tons
of CO2 annually, helping to mitigate global warming.
3. The study also reveals that 80% of global deforestation is driven by agricultural expansion. This includes
crops like soy, palm oil, and areas for livestock grazing. The deforestation rate in the Amazon alone has surged
by 9.5% annually in recent years. In addition, logging and infrastructure contribute to the remaining 20% of
forest loss. These activities increase CO2 emissions and affect rainfall patterns, leading to unpredictable climate
changes.
4. Deforestation also leads to soil erosion, reducing the fertility of the land. The study highlights that 24 billion
tons of fertile soil are lost annually due to deforestation and unsustainable farming practices. This contributes to
desertification, which affects 40% of the world’s land area, particularly in Africa and Asia. As more forests are
cleared, the likelihood of land degradation increases.
5. Efforts to combat deforestation include reforestation, sustainable farming, and stricter laws. Reforestation can
sequester up to 10% of global CO2 emissions annually. Brazil’s plan to restore 12 million hectares of land by
2030 aims to reverse some of the damage caused by deforestation.
6. This study emphasizes the urgent need for global cooperation to combat deforestation. By addressing the root
causes—agriculture, illegal logging, and poor land management— the world can reduce deforestation, preserve
biodiversity, and mitigate the effects of climate change.
Answer the following questions, based on given passage.
i. Complete the following suitably. 1
In the introduction, the researcher links deforestation with environmental degradation to highlight __________.
ii. What would the following be classified as? 1
To explore the causes of deforestation and its global environmental impacts. Select the appropriate response.
(A) Secondary objective (B) Research outcome (C) Method of analysis (D) Primary objective
iii. Give two points to support why agriculture was included as a focus in the study on deforestation. 2
iv. Paragraph 3 includes words – ‘carbon sinks’ and ‘soil erosion.’ 1
Classify the following sentences as ‘carbon sinks’ or ‘soil erosion’:
Sentence 1: Forests absorb CO2 , helping to regulate atmospheric carbon levels.
Sentence 2: When trees are removed, the soil is exposed to wind and water, which removes topsoil and
decreases land fertility.
v. Read the following : 1
Ravi works on a palm oil plantation where forests have been cleared to make room for crops. Meanwhile,
Mohan lives in a mountainous region where heavy rains have caused soil erosion due to deforestation.
Select the option that identifies the correct environmental challenges faced by Ravi and Mohan.
(A) Ravi – agriculture-driven deforestation; Mohan – soil erosion (B) Ravi – biodiversity loss; Mohan – carbon
emissions (C) Ravi – desertification; Mohan – water shortage (D) Ravi – soil erosion; Mohan – deforestation
vi. Although both agriculture and logging contribute to deforestation, why is agriculture the largest driver? 1
vii. Analyse how reforestation efforts can help reduce CO2 emissions and support soil fertility. (Paragraph 5) 2
viii. What is the ultimate goal for stakeholders, based on the insights from the study? 1
(A) Promote agricultural expansion to increase food production (B) Preserve biodiversity and mitigate climate
change through sustainable practices (C) Prioritize industrial development over environmental concerns
(D) Reduce soil erosion without addressing other factors
7. Read the following carefully. 12 (13-05-25)
1. The vast Sundarbans, a sprawling delta region in the southern part of West Bengal, is one of the most unique
and biodiverse areas in the world. Known for its dense mangrove forests, the Sundarbans is home to the
endangered Bengal tiger and a wide variety of wildlife, including spotted deer, crocodiles, and rare bird species.
The intricate network of tidal waterways, islands, and mudflats creates an ecosystem that is both fragile and
resilient. The air is thick with humidity, and the salty smell of the ocean mixes with the earthy scent of the
mangroves, creating a distinctive atmosphere that reflects the raw beauty of the region.
2. The Sundarbans is not only a haven for wildlife but also a lifeline for the communities that live along its
edges. The people of the Sundarbans rely on the forest for their livelihoods, collecting honey, fishing, and
gathering wood to meet their daily needs. Life in the Sundarbans is tough, with unpredictable weather patterns,
rising sea levels, and the constant threat of cyclones. Despite these challenges, the people have adapted to their
environment, learning to live in harmony with the forest and its wildlife.
3. Every year, during the monsoon season, the rivers swell, and large portions of the land become submerged.
The sound of the rain hitting the leaves of the mangroves is a steady rhythm that echoes through the forest.
Boats become the primary mode of transport, navigating the narrow, waterlogged paths that crisscross the forest.
The monsoon brings with it both blessings and challenges: while the rains nourish the mangroves and support
the ecosystem, they also cause flooding that threatens homes and crops.
4. The Sundarbans is not just a natural wonder, but a reminder of the delicate balance between man and nature.
The mangroves act as a natural buffer, protecting the inland from storms and cyclones. Without the forest, the
communities would be far more vulnerable to the ravages of nature. Conservation efforts are underway to
protect this vital region, ensuring that both the environment and the people who depend on it can continue to
thrive.
5. To visit the Sundarbans is to step into a world where nature reigns supreme. The interplay of water, land, and
forest creates a landscape unlike any other, where survival depends on respecting the delicate balance of the
ecosystem. For those who make the journey, the Sundarbans offers a glimpse of a world that is both beautiful
and unforgiving.
Answer the following questions, based on the passage above.
i. According to paragraph 1, what makes the Sundarbans ecosystem both fragile and resilient? 1
ii. How does the author describe the relationship between the people of the Sundarbans and the forest, as
mentioned in paragraph 2? 1
iii. Read and complete the following sentence suitably. 1
The phrase “a lifeline for the communities” in paragraph 2 suggests that the forest is essential for the survival of
the people living nearby.
Choose the correct response from the two options to complete the sentence.
The Sundarbans is a lifeline because _____.
(A) it provides resources like honey, fish, and wood for the local people (B) it is a tourist destination that
supports the local economy
iv. Complete the following with ONE example, with reference to paragraph 3 : 1
The monsoon season in the Sundarbans brings _____.
v. Why does the writer emphasize the importance of mangroves in paragraph 4? 1
Because
(A) Mangroves help prevent the spread of diseases in the region. (B) They act as a buffer, protecting
communities from storms and cyclones.
(C) Mangroves are used as a resource for building materials. (D) They support the tourism industry in the
region.
vi. Provide ONE textual evidence with reference to paragraph 4, to support the following : 1
Conservation efforts are being made to protect the Sundarbans and its ecosystem.
vii. In the line, ‘The sound of the rain hitting the leaves of the mangroves is a steady rhythm’
(Paragraph 3), what does the phrase ‘steady rhythm’ suggest about the atmosphere during the monsoon season?
2
viii. Complete the analogy with ONE word from paragraph 1 : 1 tigers: wildlife :: mangroves: _____
(A) sea (B) rivers (C) forest (D) storms
ix. Why is it fair to say that the statement ‘The Sundarbans offers a glimpse of a world that is both beautiful and
unforgiving’ in paragraph 5 uses descriptive language? 1
(A) It highlights the importance of tourism in the region. (B) It describes the harsh yet stunning natural
environment of the Sundarbans.
(C) It explains how the Sundarbans is easy to navigate. (D) It focuses on the weather patterns in the Sundarbans.
x. Assess the potential challenges or benefits of balancing conservation efforts with the needs of the local
communities, as suggested in paragraph 4. 2

8. Read the following carefully. 10 (14-05-25)

1. A large number of citizens suffer from diseases linked to tobacco addiction. In a recent check-up camp
organized by the Cancer Patients Aid Association (CPAA), 830 street children were examined, revealing a
troubling picture:
All boys, young and old, smoked ganja. Girls consumed supari or burnt tobacco powder. Children also inhaled
white ink or erasing fluids to get a ‘high’. These substances are legal and cost only `2. This trend is seen across
all sections of society, with tobacco use rampant among higher-income children as well.
2. According to CPAA officials, the consumption of gutkha has increased significantly in recent years. The
absence of restrictions on advertising allows gutkha companies to sponsor festivals and display large ads.
3. Over 50% of the people screened in the camp were addicted to tobacco. The most common forms of use were
gutkha and chewing tobacco, with some people consuming tobacco up to 22 times a day. Worldwide, 4 million
people die each year from tobacco- related causes. By 2030, this figure is projected to rise to 10 million
annually due to aggressive tobacco promotion.
4. Despite the knowledge that tobacco harms both health and economies, many governments are reluctant or
unable to introduce strong legislation to control its use.
5. More young people are being drawn into tobacco use through deceptive advertising. Although the tobacco
industry claims individuals make informed choices, the reality is that most youths make uninformed decisions
when it comes to consuming tobacco.
6. The tobacco industry masks the harmful effects of tobacco by promoting it as key to a happy, social life.
7. According to a CPAA survey: Children as young as 7-8 smoke bidis, and the youngest smoker was 6 years
old. 87 children had already developed pre-cancerous lesions. Over 50% of people screened were addicted to
tobacco.
4 million people die annually from tobacco-related causes, a figure expected to reach 10 million by 2030.
Answer the following questions, based on given passage.
i. Complete the following suitably. 1
In the introduction, the researcher links tobacco addiction with its widespread use across different income
groups to highlight _____.
ii. What would the following be classified as? 1
To investigate the rise in tobacco consumption among children and its long-term effects. Select the appropriate
response.
(A) Secondary objective (B) Research outcome (C) Method of analysis (D) Primary objective
iii. Give two points to support why advertising is a focus in the study on tobacco use. 2
iv. Paragraph 3 includes words – ‘tobacco addiction’ and ‘deceptive advertising.’ 1
Classify the following sentences as ‘tobacco addiction’ or ‘deceptive advertising’:
Sentence 1: People consume gutkha up to 22 times a day, leading to severe addiction.
Sentence 2: Tobacco companies sponsor large festivals to promote their products.
v. Read the following : 1
Ravi regularly consumes gutkha, even though he is aware of its harmful effects. Priya, his friend, started
smoking bidis to fit in with her peers. Anil, another friend, developed pre-cancerous lesions due to his long-term
tobacco use.
Select the option that identifies the correct situations Ravi, Priya, and Anil face.
(A) Ravi – gutkha; Priya – bidis; Anil – pre-cancerous lesions
(B) Ravi – erasing fluids; Priya – gutkha; Anil – social pressure
(C) Ravi – bidis; Priya – white ink; Anil – tobacco advertising
(D) Ravi – gutkha; Priya – erasing fluids; Anil – tobacco addiction
vi. Why is the projected rise in deaths from tobacco-related causes considered alarming, even though
governments are aware of the risks? 1
vii. Analyse how misleading advertising contributes to the increasing number of young tobacco users.
(Paragraph 5) 2
viii. What is the ultimate goal for stakeholders, based on the insights from the study? 1
(A) Strengthen tobacco control through legislation (B) Increase tobacco production to meet demand
(C) Promote traditional tobacco use in rural areas (D) Support the tobacco industry through advertising
9. Read the following carefully. 12 (15-05-25)
1. The coastal town of Clearwater was famous for its peaceful beaches and calm atmosphere. The ocean
stretched far into the distance, glittering under the warm sunlight. Gentle waves rolled onto the shore, and the
sound of the sea created a soothing rhythm. By the docks, fishermen quietly mended their nets, getting ready for
the next day’s work. The fresh, salty breeze reminded everyone of the ocean’s ever-present influence on the
town’s way of life. Tourists often came to Clearwater to enjoy its beauty, but for the locals, the sea was not just a
scenic view—it was a part of their everyday life and livelihood.
2. Clearwater was not just known for its natural beauty; it also had a rich history. One of the most famous
landmarks was the old lighthouse, standing proudly at the edge of the town. Built more than a hundred years
ago, it had once guided ships safely to the harbor when sailors depended on its light to avoid dangerous rocks.
Over time, modern technology replaced the lighthouse’s role, but it remained a symbol of the town’s resilience.
The lighthouse represented the community’s ability to adapt while still holding on to their past. Today, it served
as a historical site, attracting visitors who marveled at its enduring presence.
3. The heart of Clearwater was its bustling marketplace, where the energy of the town came alive. Fishermen
sold their daily catch, while farmers offered fresh produce, and artisans displayed handmade goods. The
marketplace wasn’t just about commerce; it was a social hub where townspeople gathered, exchanged stories,
and celebrated their shared way of life. The people’s lives were deeply connected to the sea, and there was a
strong sense of pride in maintaining traditions that had been passed down through generations.
4. As evening approached, the town began to slow down. The setting sun cast a golden glow over the ocean, and
families gathered by the beach to watch it sink below the horizon. In those quiet hours, the bond between the
town, its people, and the sea felt strongest, as if time itself slowed down to match the rhythm of the waves.
5. Though Clearwater had changed with the times, its connection to the sea remained unbroken. The town’s
identity had been shaped by the ocean for generations, and it continued to be a source of life, beauty, and
inspiration for all who lived there.
Answer the following questions, based on the passage above.
i. According to paragraph 1, what does the ocean’s salty breeze symbolize for the people of Clearwater? 1
ii. How does the author describe the role of the lighthouse in Clearwater’s history, as mentioned in paragraph 2?
iii. Read and complete the following sentence suitably. 1
The phrase “a sense of pride in maintaining their traditions” in paragraph 3 suggests that the people of
Clearwater feel connected to their past and are proud to keep their customs alive.
Choose the correct response from the two options to complete the sentence.
The phrase ‘a sense of pride’ refers to _____.
(A) the modern changes in the town (B) the traditions shaped by the sea
iv. Complete the following with ONE reason, with reference to paragraph 3 : 1
The marketplace in Clearwater is important to the town because _____.
v. Why does the writer refer to the lighthouse as a “symbol of resilience” in paragraph 2? 1 Because
(A) It has stood tall for over a century. (B) It represents the town’s strength in keeping its history alive.
(C) It still guides ships today. (D) It is a landmark that tourists come to see.
vi. Provide ONE textual evidence with reference to paragraph 4, to prove the following : 1
The bond between the people of Clearwater and the sea grows stronger during the evening.
vii. In the line, ‘As evening approached, the town began to slow down...’ (Paragraph 4),
what does the phrase ‘slow down’ mean in this context? 2
viii. Complete the analogy with ONE word from paragraph 4: 1 dusk: night :: golden light: _____
(A) sunset (B) lighthouse (C) dawn (D) marketplace
ix. Why is it fair to say that the statement ‘the town’s identity had been shaped by the ocean’ in paragraph 5,
uses figurative language? 1
(A) It is comparing the town’s development to the ocean’s physical influence. (B) It exaggerates the importance
of the ocean to the town.
(C) The town has literally changed its shape due to the ocean. (D) It is a symbolic way to show how deeply the
town depends on the sea.
x. Evaluate the potential benefits or challenges of preserving Clearwater’s traditional way of life, as suggested in
paragraph 5.
10. Read the following carefully. 10 (16-05-25)
1. Introduction :
In modern urban areas, waste management has become a crucial aspect of maintaining
public health and environmental sustainability. This case study explores the waste
disposal habits among various residential communities and evaluates the effectiveness of
recycling programs in reducing landfill waste.
2. Methodology :
A survey was conducted in multiple urban residential communities to assess their waste
disposal practices. Participants were asked to provide information on how they segregate
and dispose of waste and their participation in local recycling programs. Data was
collected and analysed to identify trends in waste management habits across different
demographics.
3. Survey Examination :
The survey delved into waste management habits, focusing on key aspects such as the
frequency of waste disposal, participation in recycling programs, and the reasons for
adopting or not adopting sustainable waste practices. The study examined factors that
influenced people’s decision to recycle, such as convenience, environmental concerns, and
economic incentives.
4. Results :
The survey results highlighted the following trends in waste management practices:

5. Implications for Interventions :

The survey results indicate that waste management programs need to be tailored to address the specific needs of
different demographic groups. For example, increasing economic incentives for young adults may encourage
more participation in recycling. Similarly, enhancing accessibility to recycling programs for middle-aged
individuals could improve participation rates further. For the elderly, ensuring ease of waste segregation and
disposal may increase engagement in sustainable practices.
6. Conclusion :
This study provides important insights into urban waste management practices and highlights the need for
targeted interventions to promote recycling. By addressing the unique concerns of each demographic,
communities can work towards more effective waste management strategies that protect public health and the
environment for future generations.
Answer the following questions, based on given passage.
i. Complete the following suitably. 1
In the introduction, the researcher links waste management with public health and environmental sustainability
to highlight _____.
ii. What would the following be classified as? 1
To assess waste disposal habits in residential communities and evaluate the effectiveness of recycling programs.
Select the appropriate response.
(A) Method of analysis (B) Primary objective (C) Research outcome (D) Secondary objective
iii. Give two points to support why recycling programs were included as a focus in the survey on waste
management practices. 2
iv. Paragraph 3 includes words – ‘factors’ and ‘influences.’ 1 Classify the following sentences as ‘factor’ or
‘influence’:
Sentence 1 : Economic benefits drive middle-aged individuals to participate in recycling programs.
Sentence 2 : Government incentives increase recycling participation among the elderly.
v. Read the following : 1
Ravi disposes of his household waste regularly but rarely participates in recycling programs. His neighbor,
Anjali, diligently recycles every week, and Arjun, who lives nearby, segregates his waste but struggles to find
time to recycle.
Select the option that identifies the correct demographic Ravi, Anjali, and Arjun belong to.
(A) Ravi – young adult; Anjali – elderly; Arjun – middle-aged (B) Ravi – middle-aged; Anjali – elderly; Arjun –
young adult
(C) Ravi – young adult; Anjali – middle-aged; Arjun – elderly (D) Ravi – elderly; Anjali – young adult; Arjun –
middle-aged
vi. Although the elderly and middle-aged groups both show high participation in recycling programs, why is the
percentage highest among the elderly?
vii. Analyse how tailored interventions can improve recycling participation rates across different demographic
groups. (Paragraph 5) 2
viii. What is the ultimate goal for stakeholders, based on the insights from the study? 1
(A) Increase economic benefits for recyclers (B) Build a comprehensive urban waste management strategy
(C) Encourage more frequent waste disposal (D) Promote a reduction in government incentives.
11. Read the following carefully. 12 (17-05-25)
1. On the outskirts of the bustling city of Jaipur, in a quiet village, stands an old banyan tree that has been there
for centuries. The tree’s thick roots run deep into the earth, and its wide branches stretch across the sky, casting
a cool shadow on the ground below. Locals say the tree has witnessed countless generations, standing as a silent
guardian over the village. During the hottest summer days, villagers gather beneath the tree to escape the
scorching sun, and in the evenings, the air is filled with the sounds of children laughing and playing around its
base.
2. The banyan tree is more than just a tree; it has become a part of the village’s daily life and traditions. Every
year, during the festival of Makar Sankranti, the villagers tie colorful ribbons and small paper wishes to the
tree’s branches, believing that the banyan will carry their hopes and dreams to the gods. The tree has become a
sacred place where villagers come to offer their prayers, share stories, and seek peace. It stands as a symbol of
resilience and faith, connecting the people to their roots and their ancestors.
3. In the early mornings, when the village is still wrapped in mist, the tree appears almost mystical. The dew-
covered leaves glisten as the first rays of sunlight touch them, and the soft rustle of the leaves in the breeze
seems to whisper forgotten tales. Birds find refuge in the tree’s vast branches, singing their morning songs,
while the villagers begin their day with quiet devotion at the tree’s base. Farmers often start their workday by
bowing their heads in respect before the tree, believing it will bring them good fortune.
4. As the seasons change, so does the appearance of the banyan tree. In spring, new leaves sprout, and the tree is
full of life and activity, with birds building nests and children playing in its shade. In the monsoon, the tree’s
roots absorb the nourishing rains, making it look even more vibrant and strong. Even in winter, when the air is
cool and dry, the tree stands tall, a reminder of the cycles of nature and life.
5. The banyan tree is not just a part of the landscape; it is woven into the fabric of the village’s identity. It is a
symbol of endurance, a place of gathering, and a witness to the joys and sorrows of the people who live beneath
its branches. The villagers believe that as long as the banyan tree stands, their community will continue to
thrive, rooted in tradition and connected to the natural world.
Answer the following questions, based on the passage above.
i. According to paragraph 1, why do the villagers gather under the banyan tree during the day? 1
ii. How does the author describe the significance of the banyan tree during the festival of
Makar Sankranti, as mentioned in paragraph 2? 1
iii. Read and complete the following sentence suitably. 1
The phrase “woven into the fabric of the village’s identity” in paragraph 5 suggests that the banyan tree is
deeply connected to the daily lives and traditions of the villagers.
Choose the correct response from the two options to complete the sentence.
The banyan tree is important to the village because _____.
(A) it provides shade during the day (B) it represents the village’s resilience and connection to their ancestors
iv. Complete the following with ONE example, with reference to paragraph 3 : 1
The banyan tree appears mystical in the morning because _____.
v. Why does the writer describe the banyan tree as a “symbol of resilience and faith” in paragraph 2? 1
Because
(A) The tree has been standing for generations and plays a significant role in village traditions.
(B) The tree provides shelter to the villagers and protects them from the weather.
(C) It is the oldest tree in the village, and people believe it grants wishes.
(D) It is the place where villagers gather to offer sacrifices to their gods.
vi. Provide ONE textual evidence with reference to paragraph 4, to support the following : 1
The banyan tree changes with the seasons but remains strong and resilient throughout the year.
vii. In the line, ‘the banyan tree is not just a part of the landscape; it is woven into the fab-ric of the village’s
identity’ (Paragraph 5), what does the phrase ‘woven into the fabric’ suggest about the tree’s role in the village?
viii. Complete the analogy with ONE word from paragraph 4 : 1 spring: new leaves :: monsoon: _____
(A) dry air (B) strong roots (C) colorful ribbons (D) changing appearance
ix. Why is it fair to say that the statement ‘the banyan tree stands as a symbol of endurance’ in paragraph 5 uses
figurative language? 1
(A) It highlights the tree’s long-lasting presence in the village’s history. (B) It compares the tree to a protector of
the villagers. (C) It describes the physical strength of the banyan tree. (D) It exaggerates the importance of the
tree in the village.
x. Assess the potential challenges or benefits of preserving the banyan tree, as suggested in paragraph 5.
12. Read the following carefully. 10 (18-05-25)
1. Global water scarcity has become a critical issue, with 47% of the global population expected to live in areas
of high water stress by 2030. This case study examines water consumption across various regions, focusing on
disparities between developed and developing countries, and the factors contributing to water shortages.
2. Data from the World Bank shows that water consumption in developed regions, such as North America and
Europe, averages 350 liters per person per day. However, in developing regions like sub-Saharan Africa and the
Middle East, water consumption is much lower, averaging just 50 liters per person per day. The global average
is 200 liters per person per day.
3. A breakdown of water usage shows that 70% of the world’s fresh water is used for agriculture, 20% for
industry, and 10% for domestic use. In water-scarce regions, the demand for agricultural water is even higher,
with 85% of available water being used for farming. This heavy reliance on agriculture contributes significantly
to water stress in these areas.
4. The study also reveals that groundwater provides 40% of the world’s fresh water. However, in many regions,
over-extraction has led to significant depletion. Some regions report water tables dropping by as much as 3
meters per year, raising concerns about the long-term sustainability of groundwater reserves.
5. In areas of high water stress, it is estimated that 1 in 4 people live under conditions where more than 80% of
available water is used annually. These regions are at increased risk of facing acute water shortages, particularly
in the context of climate change.
6. The data highlights the importance of implementing effective water management strategies. Efficient
irrigation practices could reduce agricultural water consumption by as much as 30% in water-stressed regions,
offering a path toward sustainable water use in the future.
Answer the following questions, based on given passage.
i. Complete the following suitably. 1
In the introduction, the researcher links global water demand with water scarcity to highlight _____.
ii. What would the following be classified as? 1
To explore the factors contributing to water consumption disparities between developed and developing
countries.
Select the appropriate response.
(A) Method of analysis (B) Research outcome (C) Primary objective (D) Secondary objective
iii. Give two points to support why agriculture was included as a focus in the study on water consumption. 2
iv. Paragraph 3 includes words – ‘over-reliance’ and ‘over-extraction.’ 1
Classify the following sentences as ‘over-reliance’ or ‘over-extraction’:
Sentence 1: The extensive use of groundwater for farming in dry regions leads to rapid depletion of water
sources.
Sentence 2: Many regions depend on water-intensive crops, such as rice and cotton, further straining limited
water resources.
v. Read the following : 1
Nina lives in a rural area where water scarcity is a daily challenge. Her family consumes only 50 liters of water
per day, most of which is used for farming. Her friend Alex, who lives in an urban area, consumes 250 liters per
day, with most of it used for domestic purposes.
Select the option that identifies the correct water consumption patterns for Nina and Alex.
(A) Nina – 350 liters; Alex – 50 liters (B) Nina – 50 liters; Alex – 250 liters
(C) Nina – 100 liters; Alex – 350 liters (D) Nina – 250 liters; Alex – 100 liters
vi. Although rural and urban areas both face water challenges, why is the per capita water consumption lower in
rural areas? 1
vii. Analyse how targeted water management interventions, such as improving irrigation techniques, can
significantly reduce water consumption in agriculture-heavy regions. 2
viii. What is the ultimate goal for stakeholders, based on the insights from the study? 1
(A) Promote increased water usage in industrial regions (B) Reduce global water stress and ensure sustainable
water usage
(C) Limit the use of groundwater to urban areas (D) Focus only on domestic water use

13. Read the following carefully. 12 (19-05-25)

1. The Himalayas, the world’s tallest mountain range, stretch across northern India and serve as a natural barrier
between the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia. These tow-ering peaks, some rising above 8,000 meters,
include Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. The Himalayas are home to diverse ecosystems, from snow-
covered summits to dense forests in the lower regions. The variation in altitude results in a wide range of
climates and habitats, supporting a rich variety of flora and fauna, including endangered species like the snow
leopard and the red panda.
2. The people living in the Himalayan region have adapted to its rugged terrain and harsh climatic conditions.
Most rely on agriculture, though the short growing season at high altitudes limits the crops they can cultivate.
Terrace farming is commonly practiced to make the most of the limited arable land. In addition, many
communities depend on livestock, and some have turned to tourism, offering trekking and mountaineering ser-
vices to adventurers from around the world.
3. The monsoon rains are crucial for life in the Himalayas, though they also bring risks. The heavy rainfall
during the monsoon season replenishes the rivers that flow from the mountains, providing water for agriculture
and daily needs. However, the rains can also cause landslides and floods, devastating villages and infrastructure.
The local population has developed early warning systems and adapted their building methods to mitigate these
risks, but the unpredictable nature of the monsoon remains a challenge.
4. The Himalayan glaciers are a critical source of freshwater, not only for the people of the region but for
millions across South Asia. These glaciers feed the major rivers, including the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra.
However, climate change poses a serious threat to the glaciers, which are melting at an alarming rate. If this
trend continues, it could lead to water shortages and increased flooding downstream. Efforts are being made to
study and protect the glaciers, but the magnitude of the problem requires global cooperation.
5. For those who visit the Himalayas, the experience is one of awe and inspiration. The sheer scale of the
mountains, the crisp, thin air, and the breathtaking views make the Himalayas one of the most popular
destinations for nature lovers and adventure seekers. Beyond its natural beauty, the Himalayas are also a
spiritual haven, attracting pilgrims to its sacred sites, which are often located in remote, hard-to-reach areas.
Answer the following questions, based on the passage above.
i. According to paragraph 1, how does the variation in altitude affect the ecosystems of the Himalayas? 1
ii. How does the author describe the relationship between the people of the Himalayas and their environment, as
mentioned in paragraph 2? 1
iii. Read and complete the following sentence suitably. 1
The phrase “terrace farming” in paragraph 2 refers to the agricultural practice of creat-ing steps on the slopes of
hills to grow crops.

Choose the correct response from the two options to complete the sentence.
Terrace farming is essential in the Himalayas because _____.
(A) it prevents soil erosion and makes arable land available on the steep slopes (B) it allows the cultivation of a
wide variety of crops
iv. Complete the following with ONE example, with reference to paragraph 3 : 1
The monsoon season in the Himalayas brings _____.
v. Why does the writer emphasize the importance of the glaciers in paragraph 4? 1 Because
(A) They provide a habitat for endangered species. (B) They are a major source of freshwater for the region and
beyond.
(C) They help control the climate of the region. (D) They are popular tourist attractions.
vi. Provide ONE textual evidence with reference to paragraph 4, to support the following : 1
Climate change is seriously affecting the Himalayan glaciers.
vii. In the line, ‘The sheer scale of the mountains’ (Paragraph 5), what does the phrase ‘sheer scale’ suggest
about the Himalayas? 2
viii. Complete the analogy with ONE word from paragraph 1 : 1 snow leopard: fauna :: dense forests: _____
 (A) land (B) climate (C) flora (D) altitude
ix. Why is it fair to say that the statement ‘the Himalayas are also a spiritual haven’ in paragraph 5 uses
descriptive language? 1
(A) It highlights the cultural significance of the Himalayas. (B) It explains how the Himalayas are a popular
adventure destination.
(C) It describes the physical challenges of reaching sacred sites. (D) It focuses on the importance of spirituality
in the region.
x. Assess the potential challenges or benefits of balancing conservation efforts with the needs of the local
communities, as suggested in paragraph 4. 2
14. Read the following carefully. 10 (20-05-25)
1. Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health, with 1.1 billion people globally breathing unhealthy
air. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), urban air pollution leads to approximately 800,000
deaths worldwide each year, and 4.6 million people lose their lives due to pollution-related causes annually.
2. Several factors contribute to the aggravation of air pollution, including traffic, inade-quate drainage facilities,
lack of open spaces, carbon emissions, and waste accumulation. In developing countries, air pollution is linked
with an increased risk of Acute Respira-tory Infections (ARI), which is a leading cause of child mortality.
3. Urban air quality in mega cities such as Kolkata is particularly concerning. An Exceed-ance Factor (EF)
analysis of ambient air quality in Kolkata found that out of 17 moni-toring stations, five fell under the “critical”
category, while 12 were classified as having high pollution levels. The pollutants identified include RPM, SPM,
NO, and SO2, with major sources being vehicular emissions (51.4%), industrial sources (24.5%), and dust
particles (21.1%).
4. A health assessment conducted near highly polluted areas revealed that 85.1% of respond-ents had respiratory
diseases, compared to 14.9% who suffered from waterborne diseases. Common respiratory ailments included
Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) (60%), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (7.8%), and
Influenza (12.7%).
5. In order to promote well-being, it is essential for individuals to adopt pollution-avoiding practices in their
daily lives. Public awareness campaigns about the dangers of polluted air can encourage these changes, helping
people protect themselves and their communities.

Answer the following questions, based on given passage.

i. Complete the following suitably. 1
In the introduction, the researcher links urban air pollution with the global death toll to highlight _____.
ii. What would the following be classified as? 1
To examine the contribution of various sources, such as vehicular emissions and indus-trial sources, to air
pollution in Kolkata.
Select the appropriate response.
(A) Secondary objective (B) Research outcome (C) Method of analysis (D) Primary objective
iii. Give two points to support why awareness about air pollution is critical, based on the passage. 2
iv. Paragraph 3 includes words – ‘vehicular emissions’ and ‘dust particles.’ 1
Classify the following sentences as ‘vehicular emissions’ or ‘dust particles’:
Sentence 1: The majority of pollutants in Kolkata come from cars and other motor ve-hicles.
Sentence 2: Air quality deteriorates significantly due to dust from construction sites.
v. Read the following : 1
Ravi works in an industry that is a major contributor to air pollution. Priya lives in an area where dust particles
are the primary source of pollution. Meanwhile, Arvind, who drives a truck, contributes to vehicular emissions.
Select the option that identifies the correct sources of pollution associated with Ravi,
Priya, and Arvind.
(A) Ravi – industrial pollution; Priya – dust particles; Arvind – vehicular emissions
(B) Ravi – vehicular emissions; Priya – industrial pollution; Arvind – dust particles
(C) Ravi – dust particles; Priya – vehicular emissions; Arvind – industrial pollution
(D) Ravi – industrial pollution; Priya – vehicular emissions; Arvind – dust particles
vi. Why is the increased incidence of respiratory diseases in polluted areas considered a major health concern? 1
vii. Analyse how the major sources of pollution in Kolkata contribute to deteriorating air quality. (Paragraph 3)
2
viii. What is the ultimate goal for stakeholders, based on the insights from the study? 1
(A) Encourage more use of industrial resources (B) Increase awareness of pollution-avoiding practices
(C) Promote the use of diesel generators for energy (D) Limit the availability of medical assessments in polluted
areas
15. Read the following carefully. 12 (21-05-25)
1. The old library stood at the end of a quiet street, its walls showing signs of age. Inside, the air smelled of old
books, a reminder of the knowledge stored here over the years. Tall wooden shelves were filled with books that
seemed to hold endless stories. The only sound was the gentle rustling of pages, creating a peaceful atmosphere
for anyone who visited. The library had stood for over a century, a silent witness to the countless people who
had come in search of knowledge, solace, or simply an escape from the rush of everyday life.
2. Sunlight shone through the large, stained-glass windows, creating colorful patterns on the floor. The light was
a quiet reminder of how time was passing by, even though the library itself seemed to stay the same. For many,
the library was a place of escape, where the busy world outside didn’t matter. Some visitors found comfort in its
stillness, while others appreciated the opportunity to disconnect from the constant barrage of notifications and
demands of modern life. Others, however, felt that the library was becoming outdated in a world where
everything was available online at the click of a button.
3. In the quietest corners of the library, where dust gathered on untouched books, there was still something
special. It wasn’t just about reading; it was about discovering forgotten wisdom and stories. Holding a book,
feeling its weight, and turning its pages was a connection to the past—a time when stories were shared through
paper, not screens. For some, this act of reading provided a sense of nostalgia, while for others, it was a
reminder of the simple pleasures that technology could never replace.
4. Despite the rise of technology, the library remained a symbol of human curiosity and the desire for
knowledge. In today’s fast-paced world, the library encouraged visitors to slow down and take their time. It
wasn’t about how much information they could get, but about enjoying the experience of reading and thinking.
Libraries represented a rare space where reflection and deep thinking were valued over speed.
5. In this space, time was measured not by the ticking of clocks but by how deeply one could lose themselves in
a story. While the modern world seemed obsessed with speed, the library offered a different kind of richness—
the kind that could only be found in the pages of a book, in the quiet moments of reflection. For those who
appreciated it, the library was not just a place, but an experience, a pause from the relentless pace of life.
Answer the following questions, based on the passage above.
i. According to paragraph 1, what does the scent of old books in the library symbolize? 1
ii. How does the author use the sunlight coming through the stained-glass windows to show the passage of time
in paragraph 2? 1
iii. Read and complete the following sentence suitably. 1
The phrase ‘something special’ in paragraph 3 suggests that beyond the dust and forgotten books, there is still an
element of magic in the act of choosing and reading a book, connecting readers to the past.
Choose the correct response from the two options to complete the sentence.
The ‘something special’ refers to _____.
(A) a collection of rare and valuable artifacts (B) untold stories and knowledge waiting to be discovered
iv. Complete the following with ONE reason, with reference to paragraph 2 : 1
The library is considered a place of escape because _____.
v. Why does the author describe reading physical books in the library as a ‘connection to the past’ in paragraph
3? 1
Because
(A) It brings readers closer to an old way of learning and storytelling. (B) It offers a sense of nostalgia for those
who miss the past.
(C) It provides a more authentic experience than reading on screens. (D) It preserves books that have been
forgotten by time.
vi. Provide ONE textual evidence with reference to paragraph 3, to support the following : 1
The act of reading a book is more than just gathering information.
vii. In the line, ‘In today’s fast-paced world, the library encouraged visitors to slow down...’
(Paragraph 4), what does the phrase ‘slow down’ mean in this context? 2
viii. Complete the analogy with ONE word from paragraph 4 : 1
rest: relax :: library: _____
(A) read (B) discover (C) think (D) slow
ix. Why is it fair to say that the statement ‘In this space, time was measured not by the ticking of clocks but by
how deeply one could lose themselves in a story’ in paragraph 5, uses contrast? 1
(A) It shows the difference between regular time and the emotional experience of losing oneself in a book.
(B) The author is pointing out the slow pace of the library compared to the busy modern world.
(C) The writer contrasts how people experience time in the library versus the outside world.
(D) The statement highlights the difference between time spent reading and time spent on other activities.
x. Evaluate the potential benefits or challenges of keeping libraries relevant in the digital age, as suggested in
paragraph 4. 2
16. Read the following carefully. 10 (22-05-25)
1. Introduction :
In the fast-paced environment of urban living, transportation choices play a significant role in daily life. This
case study aims to analyse the preference for public transport compared to private vehicles among different age
groups and the implications for environmental sustainability.
2. Methodology :
A survey was conducted among individuals of various age groups, from teenagers to the elderly, to identify their
preferred mode of transport. Participants were asked to choose between public transport and private vehicles
and explain the reasons behind their choice. The collected data was analysed to observe trends in transportation
preferences across age demographics.
3. Survey Examination :
The survey provided a detailed examination of transportation habits, focusing not only on the preferred modes
of transport but also exploring the reasons behind these choices. Participants were asked to elaborate on their
decisions, revealing the complexities of their transportation choices, such as convenience, environmental
concerns, and cost.
4. Implications for Interventions :
Understanding the preferences of different age groups can help policymakers design targeted interventions. For
instance, promoting sustainable transport options for young adults through flexible and affordable plans may
encourage more eco-friendly choices. Similarly, improving public transport accessibility for the elderly and
middle-aged groups could address safety and convenience concerns while promoting environmental
sustainability. Initiatives like these can result in broader support for public transport systems and reduced
reliance on private vehicles.
5. Conclusion :
The survey findings provide a basis for developing interventions that cater to the diverse needs of different age
demographics, fostering a more sustainable and efficient transportation system. By addressing the underlying
reasons behind transportation preferences, stakeholders can collaborate on building an eco-friendly and
accessible urban transport network for future generations.
Answer the following questions, based on given passage.
i. Complete the following suitably. 1
In the introduction, the researcher links fast-paced urban living with transportation choices in the study to
highlight _____.
ii. What would the following be classified as? 1
To examine transportation preferences across various age groups in detail, and assess environmental
implications.
Select the appropriate response.
(A) Primary purpose (B) Secondary objective (C) Method of analysis (D) Research outcome
iii. Give two points to support why public transport was given as an option to the survey
participants to choose from in the study on transportation preferences.
iv. Paragraph 3 includes words – ‘reasons’ and ‘decisions.’ 1
Classify the following sentences as ‘reason’ or ‘decision’:
Sentence 1 : Traffic congestion leads middle-aged individuals to prefer public transport over private vehicles.
Sentence 2 : The desire to save money drives young adults to opt for a mix of public and private transportation.
v. Read the following : 1
Ravi regularly commutes by bus and train, preferring the convenience of public transport. Sneha, his colleague,
mostly drives her car to work for comfort and independence. Anirudh, who lives nearby, switches between using
his bike and car based on the weather.
Select the option that identifies the correct demographic Ravi, Sneha, and Anirudh belong to.
(A) Ravi – elderly; Sneha – young adult; Anirudh – middle-aged (B) Ravi – middle-aged; Sneha – young adult;
Anirudh – teenager (C) Ravi – young adult; Sneha – teenager; Anirudh – middle-aged
(D) Ravi – elderly; Sneha – middle-aged; Anirudh – young adult
vi. Although teenagers and middle-aged groups both prefer public transport, why is the preference percentage
highest among the elderly? 1
vii. Analyse how targeted interventions based on the diverse transportation preferences of different age groups
can lead to a more sustainable urban transport system. (Paragraph 5) 2
viii. What is the ultimate goal for stakeholders, based on the insights from the study? 1
(A) Encourage widespread adoption of electric vehicles (B) Build a sustainable and efficient public transport
network (C) Reduce individual commuting time (D) Increase affordability of private transport options
17. NOTICE WRITING (23-05-25)
You are the Secretary of your School Literary Association. Write a notice in not more than 50 words for your
school notice board, giving details of the proposed inauguration of the Literary Association of your school. You
are ‘XYZ’ of Jain Vidyashram, Cuddalore.
18.NOTICE WRITING (24-05-25)
You are the Head Girl/Head Boy of your school. Write a notice informing students about a Cleanliness Drive
being organized in your school and inviting volunteers.
19 NOTICE WRITING (25-05-25)
Your school is organizing a Blood Donation Camp. As the Secretary of the Health Club, write a notice
informing students and staff about the event and encouraging participation.
20. INVITATION WRITING (26-05-25)
You are the President, Literary Society of Sunshine International School. Draft an invitation to author, Ms
Manjul Bajaj requesting her to conduct a workshop on creative writing in your school. You are Romi/Rohit of
Zenith Public School.
21.INVITATION REPLY (27-05-25)
You have received a formal invitation to attend the Annual Day function of St. Xavier’s School as a guest
speaker. Draft a formal refusal reply stating valid reasons for your inability to atSchool.
22. INVITATION REPLY (28-05-25)
Your friend has invited you to his birthday party through an informal card. Write an informal refusal reply
expressing your regret and giving a reason for not being able to come.
23. INVITATION ACCEPTANCE (29-05-25)
You have received a formal invitation to be the Chief Guest at your school’s Annual Function. Draft a formal
acceptance reply, confirming your attendance and expressing gratitude.
24. INVITATION ACCEPTANCE (30-05-25)
Your best friend has invited you to his birthday party at home. Write an informal acceptance reply, showing your
excitement and confirming your presence.
25. LETTER TO THE EDITOR (31-05-25)
26. JOB APPLICATION (01-06-25)
Write a letter in about 120-150 words for the post of the Librarian in Vision Senior Secondary School, Calicut.
Also, enclose your Bio-data with it. You are Radhika/Rajeev from 21, Cherry Road, Madurai.