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Governor

The document describes various types of governors used in engines, including the Watt, Porter, Proell, Wilson-Hartnell, Hydraulic, Pneumatic, and Electronic governors, each with distinct working principles and applications. Governors are crucial for stabilizing engine speed, adjusting fuel supply based on load, and providing mechanical feedback control. They ensure consistent engine performance across varying operational conditions.

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Peterson muchiri
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6 views

Governor

The document describes various types of governors used in engines, including the Watt, Porter, Proell, Wilson-Hartnell, Hydraulic, Pneumatic, and Electronic governors, each with distinct working principles and applications. Governors are crucial for stabilizing engine speed, adjusting fuel supply based on load, and providing mechanical feedback control. They ensure consistent engine performance across varying operational conditions.

Uploaded by

Peterson muchiri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Watt Governor (Centrifugal Governor)

Diagram:

Working Principle:

The Watt Governor operates using centrifugal force.


As the engine speed increases, the flyweights move outward due to centrifugal
force.
This movement lifts the sleeve, which is connected to the throttle valve.
The throttle reduces fuel supply, slowing the engine.
When speed decreases, the opposite happens, increasing fuel supply.
Used in steam engines and low-speed applications.

2. Porter Governor (Centrifugal Governor with Dead Weight)

Diagram:

Working Principle:

Similar to the Watt Governor but includes an extra central weight to improve
stability.
As engine speed increases, flyweights move outward, lifting the sleeve.
The central load keeps the governor more stable.
The sleeve movement controls the fuel supply via the throttle.
Used in steam engines for better speed control.

3. Proell Governor (Modified Porter Governor)

Diagram:

Working Principle:

Instead of a central weight, the flyweights are positioned above the arms for
increased sensitivity.
When speed increases, flyweights move outward, lifting the sleeve, reducing fuel.
When speed decreases, flyweights move inward, increasing fuel supply.
Used in steam and diesel engines for better load handling.

4. Wilson-Hartnell Governor (Inertia Governor)

Diagram:

Working Principle:

Unlike centrifugal governors, this uses inertia forces instead of speed changes.
A heavy mass is mounted on a lever.
When engine speed changes, the inertia of the mass causes movement in the lever.
This movement adjusts the fuel supply through a throttle valve.
More responsive than centrifugal governors, used in high-speed engines.

5. Hydraulic Governor

Diagram:

Working Principle:

Uses oil pressure to control engine speed.


A pump generates hydraulic pressure that moves a servo mechanism.
The servo controls the throttle valve, regulating fuel supply.
Used in steam turbines, diesel engines, and power plants.

6. Pneumatic Governor

Diagram:

Working Principle:

Uses air pressure to regulate fuel supply.


A diaphragm or valve adjusts the throttle based on engine speed.
If speed increases, air pressure changes, moving the diaphragm to reduce fuel.
Common in small engines and carburetor systems.
7. Electronic Governor (ECU-Based)

Diagram:

Working Principle:

Uses electronic sensors and actuators instead of mechanical parts.


A speed sensor detects engine RPM.
The Electronic Control Unit (ECU) processes the data.
An actuator adjusts the fuel injection system.
Used in modern diesel engines, aircraft, and industrial generators.

Functions and Characteristics of Governors


Governors serve essential purposes in engine operation:
1. Stabilizing Mean Speed:
o While flywheels minimize speed fluctuations within a cycle,
governors focus on long-term mean speed control.
o Governors adjust energy supply (fuel, steam, or water) to
maintain nearly constant mean speed despite load variations.
2. Load-Dependent Fuel Supply:
o When load increases, governors increase working fluid supply to
the prime mover (engine).
o Conversely, when load decreases, they reduce the supply.
o This keeps the prime mover’s speed consistent across different
loads.
3. Mechanical Feedback Control:
o Governors sense speed changes and regulate fuel supply
accordingly.
o A simple example of a mechanical feedback control system.

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