COMPUTER NETWORKS

● A computer network is a set of nodes like computers

and networking devices that are connected through
communication for the purpose of communication and
sharing resources (hardware/software) among the users.
Benefits of computer network:
•Facilitate communication through email/ video conferencing/
instant messaging or any other mode.
•Share hardware devices like a printer or scanner
• Enable file sharing
•Share software or operating programs
• Share information
Disadvantages of computer network:
Lack of robustness, security issue, cost of network
 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork): In1969,TheUS govt.
formed an agency named ARPANET to connect computers at various universities
and defense agencies. The main objective of ARPANET was to develop a network
that could continue to function efficiently even in the event of a nuclear attack.
Internet (INTERconnection NETwork): The Internet is a world wide network of
computer networks. It is not owned by anybody. The internet has evolved from
ARPANET. services are instantly available through internet: Email, Web-enabled
audio/video conferencing services, Online movies and gaming, Data transfer/file-
sharing, Instant messaging, Internet forums, Social networking, Online shopping,
Financial services
Inter space: is a client/server software program that allows multiple users to
communicate online with real–time audio, video and text chat in dynamic 3D
environments.
 SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Switching Techniques: Switching techniques are used for
transmitting data across networks. Different ways of sending
data across the network are:
Circuit Switching:
• First the complete end-to-end transmission path
is established between the source and the
destination computers.
• Then the message is transmitted through the path.
• The main advantage of this technique is
guaranteed delivery of the message.
• Mostly used for voice communication.
 SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Packet Switching:
• Using the TCP protocol a single large message is divided into a sequence
of packets of size limits from 128 to 4096 bytes.
• Each packet is independent and has the address of
Sender and destination.
• The IP (Internet protocol) does the routing for the packets.
It keeps track of all the different routes available to the
destination. If one route is not available it finds the
alternate route to the destination.
• At the destination, the TCP protocol re-assembles the
packets into the complete message.
• If any packets are lost or damaged, a request is sent
to retransmit the same message.
 Data Communication Terminologies
• Channel/Medium: A channel is a separate path through which signals can flow.
• Bandwidth: Bandwidth refers to the amount of information that can be
transmitted over a network in a given amount of time, usually expressed in bits per
second or bps.
• Data Transfer Rate: The data transfer rate of a computer network connection is
normally measured in units of bits per second (bps).
• Larger units are Kbps, Mbps and Gbps, KBps, MBps,GBps
• bps means bit per second.
• Bps means Byte per second
• 1 kilobit per second (Kbps) = 1000 bits per second (bps)
• 1 megabit per second (Mbps) = 1000 Kbps or 10002 bps.
• 1 gigabit per second (Gbps) = 1000 Mbps
• 1 Terabit per second (Tbps) = 1000 Gbps.
 TRANSMISSION CHANNEL/MEDIUM
Channel/Medium:
■ A channel is a separate path through which signals can flow.
■ A channel has a certain capacity for transmitting information,
● often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or data rate in bits per second.
GUIDED MEDIA (WIRED CONNECTION)
 UNGUIDED MEDIA (WIRELESS CONNECTION)
• Wireless Networks–It uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires to
communicate. Wireless allows for devices to be shared without networkingcable
which increases mobility but decreases range.
• Infrared Wave Transmission-Short Range Communication: Infrared waves can
travel from a few centimeters to several meters (Approx.5m). Line of Sight
Propagation: Infrared uses point to point communication, both transmitter and
receiver should be placed in line of sight of each other and there should not
be any obstacle in between. Cannot Penetrate Solid object. It is Inexpensive
mode of Communication. Secure: At a time only two devices can communicate
therefore information passed to one device is not leaked to another device.
• Radio Wave Transmission:-Long Range Communication: Radio waves can cover
distances ranging from a few meters (in walkie-talkies) upto covering an entire
city. Omni-directional: Radio waves are propagated in all directions. Therefore
sending and receiving antennas do not have to be aligned. Penetrates Solid
Objects. Inexpensive mode of communication. Radio wave communication is
insecure communication.
 NETWORK DEVICES
• Microwave radio, a form of radio transmission that use. Ultra-high frequencies. It is
a point-to-point, rather than a broadcast, transmission system. Additionally, each
antenna must be with in line of sight of the next antenna. Frequency Bands
Maximum Antenna Separation Analog/Digital 4-6 GHz32-48km Analog 10-12 GHz
16-24 km Digital 18-23 GHz8-11km Digital.
• Satellite Communication It provide world wide coverage independent to population
density. Satellite communication Systems offer telecommunication (Satellite
Phones), positioning and navigation(GPS), broad casting, internet, Mobile, TV, etc.
• It support Very Long Range Communication with Line of Sight Propagation. It
Cannot Penetrate Solid Objects. It is Very Expensive communication mode.
 NETWORK DEVICES
Computer hardware devices which are used to connect computers, printers,
or any other electronic device to a computer network are called network devices.
These devices transfer data in a fast, secure and correct way with some specific
functionality over same or different networks.
 NETWORK DEVICES
Modem - Modulator Demodulator
• It’s an electronic device used to access the Internet that modulates carrier waves to
encode information to be transmitted and also demodulates incoming carrier
waves to decode the information they carry.
• Modulation means digital to analog signal conversion and its vice versa is
known as demodulation.

RJ45 Connector (Registered Jack–45)

It is an eight wired connector that is used to connect
computers on a local area network (LAN), especially Ethernet.
 NETWORK DEVICES
NIC - Network Interface Card
• This is at top among other networking devices and mostly
used networking device.
• This is also known as network adapter card, Ethernet Card
and LAN card.
• It allows our PC to communicate with other PCs.
• A PC uses parallel data transmission to transmit data
between its internal parts where as the media that
connects this PC with other device/PCs uses serial
data transmission.
• A NIC converts parallel data stream into serial data stream
and vice versa.
 NETWORK DEVICES

• HUB is used to connect multiple computers in a single LAN network of one work
group.
• Generally HUBs are available with 4,8,12,24,48 ports.
• When a hub receives signal on its port, it repeats the signal and forwards that
signal from all ports except the port on which the signal arrived.
There are two types of HUB
• Passive HUB:-It only forwards the signal on all ports without amplifying the signal.
• Active HUB:-it forwards the signal with improvement in the quality of data signal
by amplifying it. That why such hubs need additional power supply.
 NETWORK DEVICES
• Switch is also used to connect multiple computers together in a LAN work group,
just like hub.
• Switches are available with 4,8,12,24,48,64 ports.
• Switch makes their switching decisions by using application specific integrated
circuits(ASICs).
• Due to switching decision capability, switch sends signal to recipient only and that’s
why switches are called as intelligent hub.
 NETWORK
REPEATER: DEVICES
• In a network signal travels a long distance in transmission media.
• Due to resistance of media signal becomes weak.
• Repeater is a networking device which regenerates the signal and forwards these
signal with more power.
NETWORK
DEVICES
 NETWORK DEVICES
Gateway
• A networking device capable to convert protocols so
that two different network architecture based
system can communicate with each other.
• It works as protocol convertor.
 NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
Structure of a network- The geometrical arrangement of computer resources, network
devices along with communication channel is known as Network structure or
Network topology.
Topology can be physical or logical
• Physical Topology-physical layout of nodes and cables in the network.
• Logical topology - the way information flows between different components.
Types of Physical Network Topologies
 NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
The following factors are considered while selecting a topology:
1. Cost
2.Reliability
3.Scalability
4.Bandwidth capacity
5.Ease of installation
6.Ease of troubleshooting
7.Delay involved in routing information from one node to
another.
BUS TOPOLOGY:
 NETWORK
STAR
TOPOLOGY:
TOPOLOGY

RING
TOPOLOGY:
 NETWORK
TREE
TOPOLOGY:
TOPOLOGY

MESH
TOPOLOGY:
 NETWORK
HYBRID TOPOLOGY:
TOPOLOGY
- It is a combination of more than one
topology
1.Personal Area Network (PAN)
❖ For very small distance (10 METRES) like small room
❖ communicationbetweentwo-threemobiledevicesorPCforpersonalpurpose.
❖ Private Communication
❖ Example: Bluetooth
 NETWORK TYPES
2. Local Area Network(LAN)–limited area (within building)

❖ Use in small local area, like in an institute or an organization.

❖ Devices are connected via physical medium.
❖ Limited distance, up to 1KM
❖ Example – Intranet

3. Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)–within city

❖ Larger than LAN.
❖ Used in Metropolitan cities.
❖ Range up to 50 KM radius.
 NETWORK TYPES
4. Wide Area Network(WAN)
❖ Within multiple
city/state/countries
❖ Large network
❖ Public
❖ Example – Internet
NETWORK TYPES
 CASE STUDY BASED
QUESTIONS
Things to remember before solving

1 Install the SERVER in the block which has most number of computers

2 Draw the LAYOUT for efficient connection

-Draw all the possible LAYOUTS by using BUS and STAR topology and
SELECT THE LAYOUT WHICH HAS LOWEST DISTANCE

3 a Place the HUB/SWITCH – to connect all the computers within the block/building

b Place the ROUTER – to connect all the computers between two blocks/buildings

4 PLACING THE REPEATER

a If you using TWISTER PAIR CABLE – use REPEATER for above 100 meters

b If you using COAXIAL CABLE – use REPEATER for above 500 meters
(ESPECIALLY , THINNET – 185METERS and THICKNET – 500 METERS)

c If you using FIBER OPTIC CABLE – use REPEATER for above 80 KMS
 CASE STUDY BASED
Things to remember before solving
QUESTIONS
5 PLACING THE MODEM – in which block has maximum number of computers
6 SELECTING THE TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Media for longer distance – SATELLITE
LINK Media for Hilly areas – RADIO WAVE
Economic wireless connection – RADIOWAVE /
MICROWAVE
Best Wired media – Optical fiber
7 FIREWALL – for data protection and data security

8 CHOOSING THE INTERNET CONNECTION

For ECONOMIC internet connection – DIALUP INTERNET CONNECTION
For FASTER internet connection – BROADBAND INTERNET
CONNECTION
9 TYPE OF NETWORK
PAN – MAX. 10 METERS
LAN – MAX. 1KM
MAN – MAX. 100KMS
WAN – WORLD WIDE (CITY/STATE/COUNTRY/CONTINENT)
HTTP PPP SMTP

FTP VoIP POP3

TCP/IP TELNET HTTPS

GSM GPRS WLL
PROTOCOL FULL FORM
HT T P HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL

FTP ABBREVIATIONS
FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL

TC P/ I P TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL INTERNET PROTOCOL

PPP POINT TO POINT PROTOCOL

Vo I P VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL

TELNET TERMINAL NETWORK

IPv4 INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 4

I Pv 6 INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6

 ABBREVIATIONS
PROTOCOL FULL FORM

SMTP SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL

PO P 3 POST OFFICE PROTOCOL 3RD VERSION

HT T P S HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL SECURE

GSM GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

G PRS GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE

WLL WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP

WiFi WIRELESS FIDELITY

WiMAX WORLDWIDE INTEROPERABILITY FOR

MICROWAVE ACCESS
 NETWORK
PROTOCOLS
• Established set of rules that
determine how data is transmitted
between different devices in the
same network
• Rules that are applicable for
network
 HTTP - HYPER TEXT TRANSFER
•PROTOCOL
It is a request-response protocol, HTTP gives users
a way to interact with web resources such as HTML
files by transmitting hypertext messages between
clients and servers.
• HTTP clients generally use Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) connections to communicate with
servers.
• It is used for transfer all files and other data
from one computer to other computer on
WWW.
 HTTPS
HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL SECURE
• It is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) with the Secure Socket
Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS)
protocol.
• SSL works by using a public key to encrypt
data transferred over the SSL connection.
• HTTPS adds encryption, authentication,
and integrity to the HTTP protocol.
HTTP VS HTTPS
IPv4 – INTERNET PROTOCOL version 4
• An IPv4 address is a series of four eight-bit
binary numbers separated by a decimal point.
• Although you may use any numbering system to
represent a unique 32-bit number.
• Most commonly you see IP addresses
expressed in dot-decimal notation.
• Example- 192.0.2.126
 IPv6 – INTERNET PROTOCOL version 6
• An IPv6 address is 128 bits in length and consists
of eight, 16-bit fields, with each field bounded
by a colon.
• Each field must contain a hexadecimal number,
in contrast to the dotted-decimal notation of IPv4
addresses.
• EXAMPLE :
2001:db8:3333:4444:5555:6666:7777:8888
IPv4 VS IPv6
 TCP/IP – TRANSMISSION
CONTROL PROTOCOL INTERNET
• It isPROTOCOL
a set of protocols that define how two or
more computers can communicate with each
other.
• The protocol is effectively a set of rules that
describe how the data is passed between the
computers.
• TCP – is responsible for verifying the correct
delivery of data from client to server.
• IP – is responsible for moving packets from node
 FTP – FILE TRANSFER
PROTOCOL
• Simplest and most secure way to exchange files
over Internet.
• If you send files using FTP, files are either uploaded
or downloaded to the FTP server.
• When you're uploading files, the files are
transferred from a personal computer to the server.
• When you're downloading files, the files are
transferred from the server to your personal
computer.
 PPP – POINT to POINT PROTOCOL

• It transmits multi protocol data

between two directly connected
point to point computers.
• It is byte oriented protocol.
• It is widely used in
broadband communication.
 TELNET – TERMINAL
NETWORK
• Telnet is a protocol that allows you to
connect to remote computers (called hosts)
over a TCP/IP network.
• Using telnet client software on your
computer, you can make a connection to
a telnet server.
• An admin or other user can access
someone’s computer remotely.
• You login as a regular user with all privileges.
VOiP – VOICE OVER INTERNET
PROTOCOL
• VoIP is the technology that converts your
voice into a digital signal, allowing you to
make a call directly from a computer,a
VoIP phone, or other data-driven devices.
• Simply put, it's phone service delivered
over the internet.
 SMTP
SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER
• SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that
allow software toPROTOCOL
transmit an electronic mail over
the internet.
• It is a program used for sending messages to other
computer users based on e-mail addresses.
 RD

POP3 – POST OFFICE PROTOCOL 3VERSION

• It is the most recent version of a standard

protocol for receiving e-mail.
• POP3 is a client/server protocol in which
e- mail is received and held for you by
your Internet server.
• It allows you to download the received
messages on local machine, so that you
can read even offline.
 GSM
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
• It is a digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobilevoice
and data services.
• GSM technology was developed as a digital system using
the time division multiple access (TDMA) technique for
communication purposes.
 WiFi – WIRELESS FIDELITY
• Wi-Fi is a family of wireless network protocols, based
on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards,
• These are commonly used for local area networking of
devices and Internet access, allowing nearby digital
devices to exchange data by radio waves.
• It is an underlying technology of wireless local area
network (WLAN).
• Wi-Fi allows computers and other devices to
communicate over a wireless network.
WiMAX – WORLDWIDE
INTEROPERABILITY FOR
MICROWAVE ACCESS
• While a Wi-Fi signal can cover a radius of
several 100 feet, a fixed WiMAX station can
cover a range of up to 30 miles.
• it will potentially be used to provide
wireless Internet access to entire cities and
other large areas
 WiFi VS WiMAX
WiFi WiMAX
Launched in the year 1997 Launched in the year 2004
Under IEEE 802.11 x standards Under IEEE 802.16 y standards
It covers range upto 100meters It covers range upto 80-90kms
It can transfer data at 54mbps speed It can transfer data at 40mbps speed

It is not connection oriented It is connection oriented

It is short range technology It is long range technology
Mainly used for home or It provides internet for whole city.
corporate purpose
It used in LAN applications It used in MAN applications
 WEB SERVICES
WWW URL DNS

HTML DHTM XML

L
WEB
WEB PAGE WEBSITE
SERVE
R
WEB WEB
BROWSER HOSTING
 ABBREVIATIONS
PROTOCOL FULL FORM
WWW WORLD WIDE WEB

URL UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR

DNS DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM

HTML HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE

D H T ML DYNAMIC HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE

XML EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE

 WEB SERVICES

▪ Web service-is a standardized medium, protocol or

language to propagate communication between
the client and server applications on the World
Wide Web.
▪ A web service is a software module that isdesigned
to perform a certain set of tasks.
▪ Web services are invoked by the user directly or
indirectly to provide services to the
program/software which is being used as a part of
WWW.
 WWW and INTERNET

▪ Collection of linked documents or pages stored on

million of computers and distributed acrossinternet.
▪ Many people think that the internet and the world
wide web (WWW) are the same thing. While they are
closely linked, they are very different systems.
▪ The internet is a huge network of computers all
connected together.
▪ The world wide web (‘www’ or ‘web’ for short) is a
collection of web pages found on this network of
computers.
 WEB BROWSER AND WEB
▪WebSERVER
Browser is a software which is used to browse and display pages
available over internet.
Ex: Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google chrome.
▪Web server is a software which provides these documents
when requested by web browsers.
▪A web browser sends request to server for web based documents
and services.
 WEB PAGE AND WEBSITE
▪ Web page – A html document which can be
displayed in a web browser.
▪ Website – A collection of web pages which are
grouped together and usually connected together in
various ways. Often called a “website” or simply a
“site”.
▪ Home page – First page of the website.
▪ Web portal – website that hosts other websites.
Ex: google.com , yahoo.com
URL – UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR
❑ Uniform Resource Locator is defined as the global
address of documents and other resources on
the World Wide Web.
❑ The URL is an address that sends users to a specific
resource online, such as a webpage, video or other
document or resource.
 DNS – DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
❑ The Domain Name System, translates human
readable domain names (for example,
www.cbse.nic.in) to machine readable IP
addresses (for example,182.156.84.26).
❑ DNS servers translate requests for names into IP
addresses.
❑ Domain name is our website name.
HTML - HYPER TEXT MARKUP
LANGUAGE
❑ Web document written in special language.
❑ It tells browser that how data to be displayed.
❑ It provide various kinds of tags (commands) used
to define the structure and appearance of web
page.
XML – EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE
❑ It is a language for defining a structured
information.
❑ We can create our own tags.
❑ It defines a set of rules for encoding documents
in a format that is both human-readable and
machine-readable.
❑ XML is Platform Independent and Language
Independent.
XML VS HTML
 ▪Web hosting is the place where all the files of your
website live.
▪It is like the home of our website where it
actually lives.
▪Four types of web hosting:
1. FREE HOSTING
2. VIRTUAL or SHARED HOSTING
3. DEDICATED HOSTING
4. CO-LOCATION HOSTING