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Density, Pressure,Solid Liquid (1)

The document consists of a series of physics questions related to pressure, gas laws, and properties of matter, including calculations and explanations regarding various scenarios. It covers topics such as the behavior of gases under pressure, the relationship between volume and pressure, and the effects of temperature on gas pressure. Additionally, it includes practical experiments and measurements involving air pressure, buoyancy, and density.

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Ibtisam Ur Rehman

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

15 views98 pages

Density, Pressure,Solid Liquid (1)

Uploaded by

Ibtisam Ur Rehman

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Questions

Q1.

(a) A diver breathes air from a cylinder when he is under water.

(i) The cylinder contains 8 litres of air at 200 times atmospheric pressure.

The air is released from the cylinder at normal atmospheric pressure.

The diver needs 16 litres of air per minute.

Calculate the maximum amount of time that the diver can breathe under water using this cylinder.
(3)

time = ........................................................... minutes

(ii) When the diver breathes out, bubbles are released.

Suggest why the bubbles expand as they rise to the surface.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) A student wants to investigate how the volume of a balloon changes with pressure.
(i) Suggest how the student could measure the volume of an inflated balloon.
(2)

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) The student plans to measure the pressure of the air in the balloon.

Explain why the student's plan will not work.

(2)

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question = 9 marks)

(Q13 4PH0/1P, Jan 2014)

Q2.

A student measures the diameter of a coin.

She uses the digital caliper shown in the photograph.

The digital caliper gives readings to the nearest 0.01 mm.

(a) The student measures the diameter of the coin eight times.
Her readings are shown below.

(i) Circle the anomalous reading.

(1)
(ii) Calculate the average diameter of the coin.
(3)

Average = ........................................................... mm

(b) The student wants to find the thickness of a coin.

She takes several similar coins and measures them together as shown.
She says:

Do you agree with the student?

Explain why.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(c) The student wants to find the density of the coin.

She uses her values for the diameter and thickness of the coin to calculate its volume.
What else must she do to find the density of the coin?
(3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q04 4PH0/2P, June 2012)

Q3.

A student investigates ice, water and steam.

She heats up a sample of ice.

When it has all melted, she carries on heating until the water has all boiled to steam.

(a) Complete the diagram to show how the particles are arranged in ice, water and steam.
One particle in each box has been drawn for you.
(4)

(b) Complete the table by describing how the particles move in ice, water and steam.
(3)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q01 4PH0/2P, June 2014)

Q4.

A teacher uses this apparatus to demonstrate atmospheric pressure.

The teacher puts a small amount of water into a metal can and heats it until the water boils.
(a) Describe what happens to the water particles inside the can when the water is heated.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Water in the can boils to form steam.

Describe how the arrangement of particles in the water differs from the arrangement of particles in the
steam.
You may draw diagrams to help your answer.
(2)

.............................................................................................................................................

When the can is inverted in the cold water, the can collapses.
Use ideas about particles and pressure to explain why the can collapses.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q03 4PH0/2P, June 2017)
Q5.

The diagram shows how air moves near the coast on a warm day.

(a) Explain why air moves as shown on the diagram.

(5)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Explain how Brownian motion provides evidence that air is made of small particles.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q09 4PH0/1P, June 2014)

Q6.

(a) Brownian motion provides evidence for particle theory.

(i) Give an example of how Brownian motion can be demonstrated.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain how Brownian motion provides evidence for particle theory.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Using ideas about particles, explain how air inside a container exerts pressure.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c) A car tyre exerts a pressure of 193 kPa on the ground.

The contact area between the tyre and the ground is 0.013 m2.
(i) State the equation linking pressure, force and area.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the force that the tyre exerts on the ground.
(3)
force = ........................................................... N
(iii) The air in the tyre heats up when the car is driven.
Explain how this affects the contact area between the tyre and the ground.
[assume the volume of the air in the tyre remains constant]
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 14 marks)

(Q12 4PH0/1PR, June 2017)

Q7.

(a) The diagram shows the construction of a bicycle pump.

When the piston handle is pulled, air moves past the flexible rubber disc into space S.
When the piston handle is pushed, the flexible rubber disc presses against the sides of the cylinder so
no air can pass the disc in either direction.
(i) When the volume of space S is 80 cm3, the air in space S has a pressure of 1.01×105 Pa.
The valve is sealed so no air can escape from the pump.
Calculate the pressure inside space S when the piston handle is pushed in and the volume
decreases to 10 cm3.
(3)

pressure = ........................................................... Pa
(ii) State an assumption you have made about the air in space S.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) When the bicycle pump is used to inflate a tyre, the pump becomes hot.
Suggest why the pump becomes hot.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The photograph shows a woman using a pump to lift water from a well.

(i) State the relationship between work done, force and distance moved.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the work done in lifting 1.25 kg of water a distance of 8.70 m.
(3)

work done = ........................................................... J

(Total for question = 10 marks)

(Q10 4PH0/1P, Jan 2017)

Q8.

A student uses a solution of solvent and oil to estimate the length of an oil molecule.

(a) (i) Name an instrument that the student could use to accurately measure 10 cm3 of the solution.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The student uses a dropper to produce drops of the solution.
There are 2000 drops in 10 cm3 of the solution.
Calculate the volume of 1 drop.
(1)

volume of 1 drop = ........................................................... cm 3

(b) The student adds a drop of the solution to a tray of water.

She measures the diameter of the oil film that forms.

The student measures the diameter of the oil film several times.
The table shows her results.

(i) Calculate the average (mean) diameter of the oil film.

Give your answer to three significant figures.
(2)

average diameter = ........................................................... mm

(ii) When the drop touches the water, the solvent evaporates and an oil film forms with thickness
equal to the length of one oil molecule.
The volume of the oil film is 1.0 mm3.
The thickness of the oil film can be found using the formula
volume = π r2t
[r = radius of film, t = thickness of film]
Calculate the length of one oil molecule.
(3)

length = ........................................................... mm

(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q07 4PH0/2P, Jan 2018)

Q9.

All gases above absolute zero exert a pressure on the walls of their container.

(a) (i) State the value of absolute zero in °C.

(1)

absolute zero = .........................................°C

(ii) Explain, in terms of its molecules, how a gas exerts a pressure on the walls of its container.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) A pressure switch is used in a washing machine to control the flow of water. The water pushes on a
flexible container and compresses some trapped air. When the pressure of this trapped air reaches 104
kPa, the pressure switch turns the water off.
The pressure of the trapped air is given by this relationship

(i) State the equation linking pressure difference, height, density and g.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the height of water in the machine when the pressure of the trapped air reaches 104 kPa
and the switch operates.
[atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa, density of water = 1000 kg/m3]
(4)
height of water = ...............................................m

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q08 4PH0/1PR, June 2015)

Q10.

A student wants to calculate the pressure he exerts on the floor when he stands on one foot.

He records these measurements.

(a) (i) Complete the table by adding the unit for weight.
(1)
(ii) Which piece of equipment should the student use to measure his weight?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Suggest how the student measured the area of the floor in contact with his foot.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the pressure that the student's foot exerts on the floor.
(2)
pressure = ........................................................... N/cm 2

(Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q03 4PH0/1P, June 2014)

Q11.

The diagram shows a can that produces whipped cream using gas at high pressure.

The volume of the high pressure gas container is 10 cm3.

The pressure of the gas is 10 000 kPa.

When the seal at S is broken, the gas is released into the space above the cream.

The gas expands to a total volume of 270 cm3.

(a) Calculate the new pressure of the gas.
(2)

Pressure = ........................................................... kPa

(b) As the gas expands into the space above the cream, its temperature decreases.
Using ideas about molecules, explain how this affects the pressure of the gas.
(3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(c) Some of the gas molecules dissolve into the cream.

(i) Suggest how this affects the pressure of the gas in the space above the cream.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) When the tap is opened, the pressure of the gas forces the cream out of the spout.
The pressure outside the can is less than it is inside.

Suggest what happens to the dissolved gas as the cream leaves the can.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q14 4PH0/1P, June 2012)

Q12.

The table shows some data about planets in our Solar System.

Use data from the table to answer these questions.

(a) Which planet has about the same diameter as the Earth?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Jupiter has the largest gravitational field strength.

Suggest a reason for this.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the density of Neptune in kg/km3.

You may assume that Neptune is a sphere and that its volume is given by

(3)
density = ............................................. kg/km 3

(d) Calculate the orbital speed of Earth in km/s.

(3)

orbital speed = .............................................km/s

(e) A student says

Use data from the table to evaluate this statement.

(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 12 marks)

(Q10 4PH0/1PR, June 2015)

Q13.

The photograph shows two cups of coffee.

The cups are the same size.
One cup is full of coffee, the other cup is half full.

Compare the pressures in the coffee at the bottom of each cup.

(4)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 4 marks)

(Q12 4PH0/1P, June 2011)

Q14.

A student needs to find the mass of a large steel bolt but does not have access to a balance.

The student knows the density of steel.

Describe how he can accurately find the mass of the bolt using its density.

You may draw a diagram to help your answer.

(5)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 5 marks)

(Q04 4PH0/1P, Jan 2018)

Q15.

A student uses a pressure sensor to measure the pressure of air in a sealed flask.

(a) The pressure sensor measures pressure in pascals (Pa).

Which of these is equivalent to pascals (Pa)?
(1)
A joules per metre (J/m)

B joules per square metre (J/m2)

C newtons per metre (N/m)

D newtons per square metre (N/m2)

(b) The student places the flask in a beaker containing hot water.

The pressure of the air in the flask increases.

Explain why the pressure of the air in the flask increases.
Use ideas about molecules in your answer.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 4 marks)

(Q07 4PH0/2P, Jan 2017)

Q16.

The diagram shows the basic details of a steam engine used in a steam train.
(a) Coal is burned in the firebox to heat up water in the boiler.
Coal is a non-renewable fuel.
Give an example of another non-renewable fuel.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) This is how the steam engine works.

 hot air from the firebox passes through a pipe to the chimney
 water is heated as the pipe passes through the boiler
 the water boils to form steam
 the steam is trapped by the closed inlet valve and continues to be heated
Explain why the pressure of the steam increases as its temperature increases.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c) When the inlet valve is opened, the steam moves into the cylinder.
The steam exerts a force on the piston in the cylinder.
(i) State the equation linking pressure, force and area.
(1)

(ii) The steam has a pressure of 1.45 MPa.

The piston has an area of 0.0243 m2.
Calculate the force exerted on the piston.
(3)
force = ........................................................... N

(d) The force pushes the piston so that the wheels turn and the train moves.
This process transfers chemical energy from the coal into useful kinetic energy.
(i) State a type of energy that is wasted in this process.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The Sankey diagram shows the energy transfers in the process.

Using the diagram, calculate the efficiency of the steam train.

(4)
efficiency = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 13 marks)

(Q12 4PH0/1P, June 2018)

Q17.

The diagram shows the path of a pollen grain moving on the surface of water.
Explain why the motion of the pollen grain shows that water is made of tiny particles.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 3 marks)

(Q12 4PH0/1P, Jan 2018)

Q18.

The table and graph show the melting points of different metals.
(a) (i) What is the name of the type of graph shown?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give a reason why this is the correct way to display the data.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) When these metals melt, they turn from a solid into a liquid.
(i) Compare the arrangement and motion of particles in a solid and in a liquid.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(4)

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe the changes that occur when a liquid boils to form a gas.
Refer to particles in your answer.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q05 4PH0/2P, June 2018)

Q19.

The diagram shows a chair with a weight of 370 N.

(a) Draw an X on the diagram to show the centre of gravity of the chair.
(1)
(b) The chair has four legs.
Each leg has an area of 5.2 cm2 in contact with the floor.
(i) State the equation relating pressure, force and area.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the pressure exerted on the floor by each leg.

Give a suitable unit.
(4)
pressure = ........................................................... unit ...........................................................

The manufacturer claims that using the cups will reduce the risk of damage to the floor.
Evaluate the manufacturer's claim.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q06 4PH0/1P, Jan 2018)

Q20.

A teacher demonstrates the effect of air pressure.

(a) The teacher inflates a balloon and places it inside a bell jar.
He fixes the bell jar firmly to a bench.
He then uses a pump to remove some of the air from the bell jar.
The balloon increases in size.
Explain, in terms of kinetic theory of particles, why the balloon increases in size.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The teacher then sets up this apparatus.

He uses a bung fitted with a narrow tube, and a beaker containing some coloured water.
He pushes the bung into the beaker trapping some air. Water rises up the narrow tube.
(i) Explain what would happen to the pressure of the trapped air if the bung is pushed further into the
beaker.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain what would happen to the water level in the narrow tube if the bung is pushed further into
the beaker.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain what would happen to the water level in the narrow tube if the pressure of the air outside
the beaker increases.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

(Q05 4PH0/2P, Jan 2018)

Q21.

This question is about pressure.

(a) Explain why it is easier to cut vegetables with a sharp knife than with one that is not sharp.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Balloons are often filled with helium so that they float in air.
A small canister of pressurised helium is used to fill some balloons.
(i) Using ideas about particles, explain why the pressure in the canister decreases as the helium is
used to fill the balloons.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The canister supplies 18 000 cm3 of helium at a pressure of 2300 kPa.
The volume of each balloon is 8200 cm3.
The pressure exerted by the helium in each balloon is 100 kPa.
Calculate how many balloons can be filled using the helium from the canister.
[assume temperature of the helium remains constant]
(3)

number of balloons = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q07 4PH0/1PR, June 2018)

Q22.

This question is about pressure and density.

(a) Photograph A shows a pile of identical metal squares on a table.

Photograph A

There are 6 metal squares in the pile.

The weight of each metal square is 0.072 N.

The pressure exerted on the table by the pile of metal squares is 820 Pa.

(i) State the equation linking pressure, force and area.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the area of the table in contact with the metal squares.
(3)

area = ........................................................... m 2

(b) Photograph B shows the 6 metal squares spread out on the table.

Photograph B
(i) Explain how spreading out the metal squares affects the pressure they exert on the table.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain whether spreading out the metal squares affects the density of the material they are made
from.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q04 4PH0/1P, Jan 2019)

Q23.
The photograph shows a cylinder of compressed air used to breathe underwater.

(a) Explain how the air causes a pressure on the inside of the cylinder.
Refer to particles in your answer.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Explain what happens to the pressure of the air inside the cylinder as its temperature increases.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c) A fixed mass of air has a volume of 43 000 cm3 when its pressure is 100 kPa.
Calculate the pressure of this fixed mass of air when it is inside the cylinder.
[volume of air in cylinder = 8500 cm3]
(3)

pressure = ........................................................... kPa

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q10 4PH0/1P, Jan 2019)

Q24.

(a) A student investigates how the pressure of a fixed volume of gas changes with temperature.
The graph shows her results.

(i) Extend the line of best fit to find the temperature of the gas when the pressure is zero kPa.
(2)
temperature = ........................................................... °C
(ii) State what happens to the average speed of the gas molecules when the temperature of the gas is
increased.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The student then investigates how the pressure of a gas changes with volume.
(i) State two variables that she should control in this investigation.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

(ii) Describe the relationship between the pressure of a gas and its volume.
You may sketch a graph to help your answer.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q09 4PH0/1P, Jan 2018)

Q25.

A student measures the density of water.

She uses a measuring cylinder and an electronic balance.

(a) State the equation linking density, mass and volume.

(1)

(b) A correct unit for density is

(1)
A g/cm

B kg/cm

C g/cm2

D g/cm3

(c) Complete the table to show what is measured by an electronic balance.

(1)

(d) Describe how the student should use each instrument to make her measurements
as accurate as possible.
(4)
Measuring cylinder
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

Electronic balance
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(e) The student wants to make sure her experiment is a fair test.
(i) State one factor that she should keep the same throughout her experiment.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Why is it important that she keeps this factor constant?

(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q02 4PH0/1P, Jan 2012)

Q26.

A student investigates the density of a liquid.

The student uses scales that show mass to the nearest gram.

The student uses a measuring cylinder that is marked with volume in cm3.

First the student puts an empty measuring cylinder on the scales.

Then the student puts some liquid into the measuring cylinder.

Then the student looks at the level of liquid in the measuring cylinder.

(a) Complete the results table for this investigation by transferring the information given
opposite.
(6)
(b) Show how the student should use these results to calculate the density of the liquid.
(2)

(c) Suggest two ways in which the student could improve the investigation to give a
more accurate value for the density.
(2)
1 .....................................................................................................................................................................
................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................................................................
................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

(Q11 4PH0/1P, June 2011)

Q27.

(a) Who is correct − Kalpana or Christine?

(2)
..............................................................................................................................................

Explain your answer.

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(b) Kalpana uses a measuring cylinder to find the volume of water displaced by the stone.
She has three measuring cylinders to choose from.
(i) Which measuring cylinder would give the most precise measurement? Explain
your answer.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) The most precise measuring cylinder may not give an accurate reading.
Suggest why.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(c) The table shows the measurements that Kalpana makes.

(i) State the equation linking density, mass and volume.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the density of the stone.

State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
Give the unit.
(3)
Density = ........................................................... Unit ...........................................................

(d) (i) How can Kalpana use her value of density to identify the type of stone?
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Kalpana may still be unsure about the type of stone.

Suggest why.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 12 marks)

(Q05 4PH0/1P, Jan 2013)

Q28.

Marbles is a game played with small balls of coloured glass.

Each ball is known as a marble.

(a) Describe how a millimetre scale and two set squares can be used to measure the diameter of a
marble.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(3)

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) Describe an experiment to find the density of a marble.

You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(5)

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q02 4PH0/1P, Jan 2017)

Q29.

A student uses this apparatus to investigate the pressure and volume inside a sealed gas syringe.

She takes readings of the volume as she increases the pressure (loading) and as she decreases the
pressure (unloading).

These are her results.

(a) (i) Complete the table by filling in the missing value.

(1)
(ii) Suggest why the student takes readings for increasing the pressure and for decreasing the
pressure.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The student plots this graph.

(i) Suggest a reason why the axes do not start from the origin (0,0).
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The student has drawn both a straight line of best fit and a curve of best fit.
Discuss which line is correct for this investigation.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest a way that the student could make this experiment valid (a fair test).
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iv) Suggest two ways in which the student could improve the quality of her data.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c) The student concludes that her data validates the relationship between pressure and volume of a
fixed mass of gas.
Use data from this table to evaluate her conclusion.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 12 marks)

(Q12 4PH0/1PR, June 2016)

Q30.

The volume of a piece of brass is 16.3 cm3.

A student measures its mass using an electronic balance.
The mass of the brass is 138 g.
(a) (i) State the equation linking density, mass and volume.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the density of brass.

Give the unit.
(3)

density = ...........................................................

(b) The student notices that the electronic balance has a zero error, so it shows mass readings that are
all slightly too small.
This means that the density value is
(1)
A incorrect and slightly too large

B incorrect and slightly too small

C correct because the student used three significant figures

D correct because the mass of the block is more than zero

(Total for question = 5 marks)

(Q09 4PH0/1P, Jan 2015)

Q31.

The photograph shows some large concrete cubes.

The mass of one of the concrete cubes is 1000 kg.

(a) State the weight of this concrete cube.

Give the unit.
(2)

weight of concrete cube = ....................... unit ...........

(b) The density of this concrete cube is 2300 kg/m3.

(i) State the equation linking density, mass and volume.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the volume of this concrete cube.

(2)

volume of concrete cube = ........................................ m 3

(i) State the type of graph shown.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give a reason why a line graph is not an appropriate way to display this data.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Use information from the graph to compare the densities of cork and water.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q02 4PH0/2P, Jan 2016)

Q32.

The photograph shows a car tyre that needs to be inflated.

The tyre exerts a pressure on the road of 270 kPa.

The area of the tyre touching the road is 0.016 m2.

(a) (i) State the equation linking pressure, force and area.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the force exerted on the road by the tyre.

Give the unit.
(4)

force = ............................. unit .............................

(b) Use ideas about molecules to explain why the air inside the tyre exerts pressure.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c) Air is pumped into the tyre to inflate it.

This increases the temperature and the pressure of the air in the tyre.
Use ideas about molecules to explain why the air pressure in the tyre increases.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 11 marks)

(Q07 4PH0/1P, Jan 2015)

Q33.

Aneroid barometers are used to measure air pressure.

A student makes a model aneroid barometer as shown.

(a) (i) The balloon fabric is attached to the can to stop the air escaping.
Explain how the air inside the can causes a pressure on the balloon fabric.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The balloon fabric is tight and flat.
The pointer is horizontal as shown.
Explain what happens to the different parts of the model when the atmospheric pressure increases.
[You may assume that the temperature remains constant.]
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest two ways that the model could be altered to increase its sensitivity to changes in
atmospheric pressure.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The student heats the air in her can by placing the can in a water bath.
(i) State how this affects the reading shown by the pointer.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why this happens.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 12 marks)

(Q10 4PH0/1P, Jan 2016)

Q34.

Liquid helium boils at 4.2 K.

(a) Convert 4.2 K to a temperature in °C.

(1)

temperature = ...........................................................°C

(b) Liquid helium boils to form helium gas.

(i) State two ways in which the arrangement and motion of the molecules change
as the helium becomes a gas.
(2)
1

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The average kinetic energy of the molecules in helium gas depends on its
Kelvin temperature.
Sketch a graph on the axes below to show this relationship.
(2)

(c) Some air is trapped in a narrow glass tube so that its pressure remains constant.
Describe how this apparatus can be used to investigate the relationship between
the temperature and the volume of air at constant pressure.
You may add to the diagram to help your answer.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q05 4PH0/2P, Jan 2015)

Q35.

A ship is taken out to sea before being intentionally sunk.

(a) The ship is floating on the water and is not moving.

Add two labelled arrows to the diagram to show the forces acting on the ship.
(2)
(b) The ship is then sunk.
It sinks to a depth of 48 m below the surface of the sea.
(i) State the equation linking pressure difference, height, density and g.
(1)

(ii) The density of sea water is 1030 kg/m3.

Show that the pressure difference from the surface is about 500 kPa when the ship is at a depth of
48 m.
(2)

(c) A small pocket of air is trapped inside the ship as it sinks.

Air has a pressure of 100 kPa at the surface of the sea.
(i) Calculate the total pressure of the air at a depth of 48 m below the surface.
(1)

pressure = ........................................................... kPa

(ii) The volume of trapped air is 24 m3 at the surface of the sea.
Calculate the volume of the trapped air at a depth of 48 m below the surface.
(3)

volume = ........................................................... m 3

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q09 4PH0/1PR, June 2017)

Q36.

The diagram shows some gas particles in a container.

The piston can be moved in or out to change the volume of the gas.
(a) Add arrows to the diagram to show the random motion of the gas particles.
(2)
(b) Explain how the motion of the gas particles produces a pressure inside the container.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c) State what would happen to the pressure if you pushed the piston into the container without changing
the temperature.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(d) When the gas in the container is heated, the piston moves outwards.
Place ticks against the three correct statements.
(3)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q03 4PH0/1PR, June 2016)

Q37.

The particles in the different states of matter behave differently.

(a) Draw a straight line linking each state of matter with the description of its particles.
(2)

(b) Ethyne is a substance that is a gas at room temperature.

At a temperature of –81°C, ethyne can exist as a solid, a liquid or a gas.
This temperature is called the triple point of ethyne.
(i) Complete the table by giving the missing temperatures.
(2)

(ii) State what happens to the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules as the temperature is
lowered from room temperature to the triple point of ethyne.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) State what happens to the volume of an ethyne molecule when the gas changes to a solid at the
triple point.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 6 marks)

(Q03 4PH0/2P, Jan 2016)

Q38.

A student investigates friction between a block of wood and different types of surface.
(a) The student uses the equipment shown in photograph A to measure the force needed
to move the block of wood.

(i) Suggest why the student places masses on the block.

(ii) Explain why he keeps the masses constant during the experiment.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(b) The student investigates five different types of surface.

The table shows his results.

(i) Give an example of a non-continuous variable in this investigation.

(ii) Complete the table by inserting the missing average.

(1)
(iii) Display the average force results for this investigation on the grid.
(4)

(c) The student compares his results with others in the class.
He finds that they have different values for the forces.
Suggest why.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(d) The student repeats the investigation using another block of wood as shown in
photograph B.

This block of wood has the same mass but a different area of contact.
Explain how this change affects the pressure on the surface.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(e) Suggest two ways in which the student could reduce friction between the two surfaces.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 14 marks)

(Q03 4PH0/2PR, June 2013)

Q39.

A student has a small piece of steel.

Describe an experiment that he could do to find the density of steel.

You may draw a diagram to help your answer.

(5)

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 5 marks)

(Q04 4PH0/1P, June 2018)

Q40.

(a) A student uses this apparatus to investigate the relationship between the speed of a fluid and its
pressure.
The apparatus consists of a pipe of variable diameter with three tubes attached.
The student passes a constant flow of water through the pipe.
(i) State the equation linking pressure difference, height, density and g.
(1)

(ii) The pressure at point Y is lower than the pressure at points X and Z.
Explain how the diagram shows that the pressure is lower at Y.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) A constant volume of water flows through the pipe each second.
Explain how the speed of water at Y differs from the speed of water at X and Z.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The student hangs two balloons from the ceiling.

He then uses a drinking straw to blow air between the balloons.
Explain why the balloons move towards each other when the student blows air between them.
Refer to air speed and pressure in your answer.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q14 4PH0/1PR, June 2018)

Q41.

A student heats a liquid in a beaker and measures the highest temperature reached when the liquid
becomes a gas.

(a) (i) Name the process when a liquid changes into a gas.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe the changes in the arrangement and movement of molecules when a liquid becomes a
gas.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The student collects the gas in a flask.

He seals the flask to make sure the volume of the gas remains constant.
He then heats the flask.
(i) Before being heated, the gas is at a temperature of 350 K and a pressure of 100 kPa.
Calculate the pressure of the gas when the temperature is increased to 450 K.
(3)
pressure = ........................................................... kPa
(ii) Complete the graph to show how the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules changes as the
temperature of the gas increases.
(2)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q04 4PH0/2PR, June 2017)

Q42.

The object shown in the photograph is an old, brass mass.

It is marked 500 g.

(a) A student puts the mass on an electronic balance.

The electronic balance reading is 498.2 g.
The student concludes:

Evaluate this conclusion.

(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(b) The student wants to find the density of the old, brass mass.

First he obtains a correct value for the mass.

What else must he do to find the density?

(3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 5 marks)

(Q04 4PH0/1P, June 2013)

Q43.

The photograph shows a water barrel with a tap.

The barrel is used to store rainwater.

A student investigates the water depth in the barrel.

She measures the depth and then opens the tap.

As water flows out of the barrel, she measures the depth every minute.

The table shows her results.

(a) Which two measuring instruments should the student use in her investigation?
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

(b) (i) Plot a graph to show how the depth changes with time, and draw the curve of best fit.
(5)
(ii) Describe the relationship between depth and time.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c) The student notices that the water flows out less quickly as time passes.
Suggest a reason for the decrease in flow.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

(Q04 4PH0/2P, June 2015)

Q44.

A hot air balloon is filled with air through an opening.

The air is heated using a burner.

(a) Describe the effect of an increase in temperature on the average speed of the air molecules.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(b) The hot air causes a pressure on the inside of the balloon.
Use ideas about molecules to explain how the hot air causes this pressure.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(c) Give a reason why the hottest air rises to the top of the balloon.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(d) The average density of the hot air in the balloon is 0.95 kg/m3.
The volume of this air is 2800 m3.
(i) State the equation linking density, mass and volume.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the mass of hot air in the balloon.

(3)
mass of hot air = .......................................... kg

(e) As the balloon climbs higher, the air pressure outside it decreases.
(i) Suggest a reason for this change in the outside air pressure.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest how the decrease in air pressure outside the balloon affects the hot air inside.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 11 marks)

(Q08 4PH0/1P, June 2015)

Q45.

A student places a pile of coins on a table, as shown in photograph A.

There are 8 coins in the pile.

The weight of each coin is 0.036 N.

The area of each coin is 0.0013 m2.

(a) (i) State the equation linking pressure, force and area.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the pressure on the table caused by the pile of coins.
(2)

Pressure = ........................................................... Pa

(b) The student then spreads the 8 coins out on the table as shown in photograph B.

(i) Describe how this affects the total force from the coins on the table.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how this affects the pressure on the table caused by the coins.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q04 4PH0/1P, June 2012)

Q46.

The LR5 is a specialist submarine for underwater rescues.

The average density of sea water is 1028 kg/m3.

(a) (i) State the equation linking pressure difference, depth, density and g.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the increase in pressure as the LR5 descends from the surface to a
depth of 700 m.
(2)

increase in pressure = .............................. Pa

(iii) Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

Calculate the total pressure on the LR5 when it is at a depth of 700 m.
(1)

total pressure = .............................. Pa

(b) On another descent, the LR5 experiences a total pressure of 41 × 105 Pa.
The entrance to the LR5 is through an access door which has an area of 3.1 m2.
(i) State the equation linking pressure, force and area.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the force on the outside of the door.

(3)

force = .............................. N
(c) The LR5 is tested in fresh water.
The density of fresh water is 1000 kg/m3.
Explain why the pressure on the submarine in the fresh water is less than the
pressure in sea at the same depth.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(d) A student is given a sample of liquid labelled sea water.

Describe an experiment that the student could carry out to find the density of the
sample.
(5)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 14 marks)

(Q07 4PH0/1PR, June 2013)

Q47.

The photograph shows two containers that store rainwater.

The containers have taps that are joined by a pipe.

The taps are closed.

The diagram shows the water levels inside the containers.

(a) The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.

(i) State the equation linking pressure difference, height, density and g.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the pressure that the water causes at the base of container A.
(2)

pressure = ...................................... Pa
(b) When the taps are opened, water flows in the pipe for some time. The diagram
shows the final water level in container A.
(i) Complete the diagram to show the final water level in container B.
(1)
(ii) Explain why the water starts to flow and then stops.
(3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q14 4PH0/1P, June 2013)

Q48.

A student blows up two balloons to the same size.

She puts one balloon into a freezer.

After a while, the student compares the two balloons.

The balloon that has been cooled is smaller.

(a) Use ideas about particles to explain why the cooled balloon is smaller.
(4)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(b) The student decides to investigate the link between temperature and the size of
the balloon.

She writes a plan.

There are several faults in the student's plan.

Identify three of these faults and suggest an improvement to correct each one.
(6)
1 .....................................................................................................................................................................
................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................................................................
................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
3 .....................................................................................................................................................................
................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

(Q07 4PH0/2P, Jan 2012)

Q49.

Compressed air from a can is used to clean computer keyboards.

(a) Use ideas about particles to explain how a gas causes a pressure on the inside of a container.
(3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(b) The can has a warning sign on it.

(i) How would increasing the temperature of the compressed air affect the pressure
in the can?
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain your answer.

Calculate the volume that the air would occupy if it were all released to atmospheric
pressure.
(2)
Volume = ........................................................... cm 3

(Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q10 4PH0/1P, Jan 2013)

Q50.

A spray-can contains gas particles that are constantly moving.

(a) (i) How do the gas particles produce a pressure on the walls of the spray-can?
(3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) A student presses the button and some liquid leaves the can.
The student concludes

Evaluate this conclusion.

(b) What happens to the average speed of the gas particles when the spray-can is
warmed by the sun on a hot day?
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q06 4PH0/1PR, June 2013)

Q51.

This question is about pressure in a liquid.

(a) A teacher uses this apparatus to demonstrate pressure difference in water.

The apparatus is hollow and has three short tubes at different depths.
The teacher completely fills the apparatus with water.

Water comes out of all the tubes.

(i) State the relationship between pressure difference, height, density and g.
(1)

(ii) The diagram shows the path of water coming from the top tube.
Complete the diagram by drawing the paths of water you would expect to see from the other two
tubes.
(2)
(iii) Explain the pattern of the paths of water from the tubes.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) In another demonstration, the teacher uses this container.

The container is made of glass and each section has a different shape.
The teacher pours water into the container until it reaches the level shown in the left-hand section.

(i) Complete the diagram by drawing the water levels in the other four sections.
(1)
(ii) Explain why the water fills the container in the way you have shown.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q06 4PH0/1PR, June 2016)

Q52.

A diver works in the sea on a day when the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa and the density of the
seawater is 1028 kg/m3.

(a) The diver uses compressed air to breathe under water.

1700 litres of air from the atmosphere is compressed into a 12-litre gas cylinder.

The compressed air quickly cools to its original temperature.

Calculate the pressure of the air in the cylinder.

(3)

pressure = ........................................................... kPa

(b) (i) State the equation linking pressure difference, depth, density and g.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the increase in pressure when the diver descends from the surface to a depth of 11 m.
(2)
increase in pressure = ......................................... kPa
(iii) Calculate the total pressure on the diver at a depth of 11 m.
Assume that the atmospheric pressure remains at 101 kPa.
(1)

total pressure = ........................................................... kPa

(c) As the diver breathes out, bubbles of gas are released and rise to the surface.
The bubbles increase in volume as they rise.
Explain this increase in volume.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q04 4PH0/1P, June 2016)

Q53.

James Dewar was a scientist who investigated liquid oxygen.

(a) He discovered that the boiling point of liquid oxygen is −183 °C.
(i) Convert −183 °C to a temperature on the Kelvin scale.
(1)

Temperature = ........................................................... K

(ii) Use ideas about particles to describe the changes that happen when a liquid
boils to form a gas.
(3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(b) Dewar invented a special flask for storing liquid oxygen in the laboratory.
It was designed to reduce heat flow from the air outside to the liquid oxygen inside.
The flask had two glass walls with a vacuum between them.
The inside glass surfaces were each covered with a thin layer of shiny metal.
The diagram shows a cross section of the flask.

(i) Explain how the shiny surfaces reduce the thermal energy transferred to the
liquid oxygen from the laboratory.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how the vacuum reduces the thermal energy transferred to the liquid
oxygen from the laboratory.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(c) Dewar's flask did not have a lid when it was holding liquid oxygen.
Suggest why a lid was not needed.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

(Q03 4PH0/2P, June 2013)

Q54.

(a) Temperature can be measured using different scales.

Complete the table by inserting the missing temperatures.
(2)

(b) Some students measure the volume of a sample of gas at different temperatures.
The table below shows their results.

(i) Draw a graph to show how the volume of gas varies with temperature.
(3)
(ii) Circle the anomalous point on your graph.
(1)
(iii) Use your graph to find the temperature of the gas when its volume is zero.
(1)
temperature = .............................. °C

(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q03 4PH0/1PR, June 2013)

Q55.

The photograph shows a kettle on a camping stove.

The cylinder contains some gas.

(a) Water in the kettle boils at a temperature of 100 °C and steam is produced.
(i) Convert this to a temperature on the Kelvin scale.
(1)

100 °C = ........................................................... K

(ii) State one way in which the molecules in steam are different from the molecules
in water.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(iii) Explain how the molecules of steam exert a pressure on the inside of the kettle.
(3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(b) The wind blows the flame out and 820 cm3 of gas, at a pressure of 130 kPa, escapes
from the cylinder.
As the gas escapes, its pressure decreases to 101 kPa.
Calculate the volume of the escaped gas at a pressure of 101 kPa.
(2)

Volume = ........................................................... cm 3

(c) The cylinder is turned off to stop more gas escaping.

The temperature of the gas in the cylinder decreases.
Explain what happens to the pressure of the gas in the cylinder.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q06 4PH0/2P, June 2011)

Q56.

The properties of materials can be explained using particle theory.

Brownian motion provides evidence to support particle theory.

(a) (i) Give an example of Brownian motion.

(1)

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how Brownian motion supports the idea that matter is made from tiny particles in continuous
motion.
(2)

.............................................................................................................................................

(b) These are some observations about samples of ice, water and steam.

Explain each of the observations in terms of the arrangement and motion of the particles.

You may use diagrams to help your answer.

(6)
particles in ice

.............................................................................................................................................

particles in water

.............................................................................................................................................

particles in steam

.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question = 9 marks)

(Q03 4PH0/2P, Jan 2014)

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