1420

ARTICLE
An improvement in heat transfer for rotating flow of hybrid
nanofluid: a numerical study
Tanzila Hayat and S. Nadeem
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Abstract: The present study examines the comparison of heat transfer properties of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) rotating
traditional nanofluid with that of developing hybrid nanofluid. A new kind of standard fluid, “hybrid nanofluid” is used to
improve heat transfer in boundary layer flow. Silver (Ag) and copper oxide (CuO) nano-size particles are considered to constitute
our desired hybrid nanofluid. The rotation of nanofluid is accomplished about the vertical axis so that “angular velocity”, ␻ⴱ, is
constant. The system of nonlinear and coupled ordinary differential equations is handled using numerical approach BVP-4C with
shooting procedure. From the present research, it is noticed that, even in the presence of magnetic field, the rate of heat transfer
of hybrid nanofluid (Ag–CuO/water) is higher than that of ordinary nanofluid (CuO/water). In hybrid nanofluid, the required rate
of heat transfer can be accomplished by picking distinctive and suitable nanoparticle extents.

Key words: hybrid nanofluid, three-dimensional flow, MHD, stretching surface.

Résumé : Nous comparons les propriétés de transfert de chaleur d’un nanofluide MHD traditionnel en rotation avec celles d’un
nanofluide hybride. Un nouveau type de standard, le nanofluide hybride est utilisé pour améliorer le transfert de chaleur dans la
couche limite. Des particules de grosseur nano de CuO et d’Ag sont utilisées ici pour constituer le nanofluide hybride que nous
Can. J. Phys. 2018.96:1420-1430.

désirons. La rotation du nanofluide se faisant autour d’un axe vertical, la vitesse angulaire ␻ⴱ est constante. Le système
d’équations ordinaires non linéaires et couplées est solutionné par l’approche numérique MATLAB’s BVP-4C avec la procédure
de tir. Nos résultats indiquent que, même en présence d’un champ magnétique, le taux de transfert de chaleur du nanofluide
hybride (Ag-CuO/eau) est plus élevé que pour un nanofluide ordinaire (CuO/eau). Dans un nanofluide hybride, le transfert de
chaleur requis peut se faire en choisissant des nanoparticules distinctives et appropriées. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

Mots-clés : nanofluide hybride, département de mathématiques, MHD, surface étirable, fluide en rotation.

1. Introduction nanofluid over a vertical plate with uniform surface heat flux.
Conventional heat transfer fluids, including oil, water, and eth- Sheikholeslami and Ganji [6] examined nanofluid convective
ylene glycol mixture, are poor heat transfer fluids. The thermal heat transfer using semi-analytical and numerical approaches.
conductivity of these fluids plays an important role in determin- Sheikholeslami [7] studied the nanofluid natural convection in
ing the heat transfer coefficient between the heat transfer me- a porous medium with Lorentz forces using the Darcy model.
dium and heat transfer surface. Therefore, numerous methods Many more studies have been performed on nanofluids [8–27].
have been taken to improve the thermal conductivity of these Recently, several analyses have been implemented with two
fluids by suspending nano-, hybrid- or larger-sized particles in different types of nanoparticles distributed in a base fluid, called
them. The term “nanofluid” refers to the relatively new class of “hybrid nanofluid”; the next generation of nanofluid. A signifi-
fluids that consists of a base fluid with nano-sized metallic or cant enhancement in the rate of heat transfer is observed. Only a
non-metallic particles (1–100 nm) suspended within it. These few researchers came with different ideas of incorporation of
nanoparticles have been found to possess significantly enhanced various varieties of metal nanoparticles or nanotubes into oxide
thermophysical properties, such as thermal conductivity, thermal nanoparticles, which are then suspended in the base fluid and
diffusivity, and convective heat transfer coefficients, compared to called “hybrid nanofluid”. These hybrid nanofluids belong to a
those of base fluids. Choi and Eastman [1] were the first to analyse moderately new group of nanofluids that has many possible ap-
nanoparticles at Argonne National Laboratory in 1995. Nanofluids plications in all the fields of heat transfer microelectronics, micro-
have applications in microelectronics, hybrid-powered engines, fluidics, transportation, manufacturing, medical, defence, acoustics,
pharmaceuticals processes, particle storage installations, chemi- and naval structures propulsion.
cal catalytic reactors, cooling of electronic apparatus, and diffu- Few research papers have appeared describing the new techno-
sion of medicine in blood veins. Boundary layer flow of a logical concept of hybrid nanofluid. Hybrid nanofluid is intro-
nanofluid past a stretching sheet was investigated by Khan and duced to produce even more excellent outcomes. Specifically,
Pop [2]. CuO–water nanofluid melting heat transfer between two Suresh et al. [28] reviewed integration of (Al2O3–Cu/water) into
circular cylinders was investigated by Sheikholeslami and Ganji hybrid nanofluid. Test inquiry of mixed convection with hybrid
[3]. Makinde and Aziz [4] investigated boundary layer flow of a nanofluid (Al2O3–Cu/water) in inclined tube of laminar flow was
nanofluid past a stretching sheet with convective boundary con- investigated by Monobe and Schön [29]. Suresh et al. [30] discov-
dition. Khan and Aziz [5] analyzed natural convection flow of a ered the effect of (Al2O3–Cu/water) hybrid nanofluid in heat trans-

Received 7 October 2017. Accepted 24 April 2018.

T. Hayat and S. Nadeem. Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
Corresponding author: Tanzila Hayat (email: [email protected]).
Copyright remains with the author(s) or their institution(s). Permission for reuse (free in most cases) can be obtained from RightsLink.

Can. J. Phys. 96: 1420–1430 (2018) dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0801 Published at www.nrcresearchpress.com/cjp on 12 November 2018.
 Hayat and Nadeem 1421

Fig. 1. Physical regime of the problem. [Colour online.]

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Can. J. Phys. 2018.96:1420-1430.

Fig. 2. Comparison of velocity field for (H2O), (CuO–water), and (Ag–CuO/water). [Colour online.]

1
Pure water
0.9 γ = 0.5, Ω = 0.3, M = 0.71,
CuO−water
δ = 1.0, φ2 = 0.1 Ag−CuO/water
0.8

0.7

0.6
p’(η)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
η

fer. The turbulent heat transfer and pressure drop aspects of a magnetic field on the nanofluid in a porous curved enclosure
diminished water-based (Al2O3–Cu/water) hybrid nanofluids were was investigated by Sheikholeslami [50]. The impact of shape fac-
investigated by Suresh et al. [31]. The application of (Al2O3–Cu/ tor on MHD CuO–water nanofluid inside a porous cavity was ana-
water) hybrid nanofluids used in an electronic heat sink was dis- lyzed by Sheikholeslami and Ganji [51].
covered by Selvakumar and Suresh [32]. A few more researchers “Hybrid nanofluid” has a lot of industrial and mechanical ad-
worked on hybrid nanofluid [33–37]. vantages because of its higher heat transfer properties as com-
Furthermore, the study of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nano- pared to “nanofluid”, which persuaded us to explore rotating
fluid flow over a stretching sheet has significant uses in numerous hybrid nanofluid over a linearly stretching surface where so far no
industries, such as extrusion of polymers, the cooling of metallic work has been endeavored. We have discussed the boundary layer
plates, and aerodynamics extrusion of plastic sheets [38–47]. Ther- flow of three-dimensional MHD rotating hybrid nanofluid (Ag–
mal radiation effect on magnetic nanofluid in a curved cavity was CuO/water) over a stretching surface. The system of governing
examined by Sheikholeslami and Ganji [48]. Ghadikolaei et al. [49] nonlinear partial differential equations has been simplified by
investigated MHD flow and heat transfer due to TiO2 nanopar- using suitable similarity transformations and then solved using
ticles in a porous medium towards a stretching sheet. The effect of an efficient numerical technique, BVP-4C [52, 53]. The effects of

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 1422 Can. J. Phys. Vol. 96, 2018

Fig. 3. Velocity field for different values of magnetic parameter (M) in x direction. [Colour online.]
1
CuO−water
0.9 γ = 0.5, Ω = 0.3, δ = 1.0, φ2 = 0.1 Ag−CuO/water

0.8

0.7

p’(η) 0.6

0.5
M = 0.0, 1.0, 2.0
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0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

η

Fig. 4. Velocity field for different values of magnetic parameter (M) in y direction. [Colour online.]
0.5
Can. J. Phys. 2018.96:1420-1430.

CuO−water
0.45
γ = 0.5, Ω = 0.3, δ = 1.0, φ2 = 0.1 Ag−CuO/water

0.35
q’(η)

0.25

M = 0.0, 1.0, 2.0

0.15

0.05

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

η

pertinent different parameters have been discussed in graphical Silver (Ag) and copper oxide (CuO) nano-size particles with water
and tabular form. (H2O) as a base fluid are considered for the analysis. Initially in this
problem CuO (␾1) nanoparticle of 0.1 vol. solid volume fraction
2. Problem formulation (which is fixed from beginning to the end of the problem) is scat-
Let us consider the steady, MHD, three-dimensional, viscous, tered in the base fluid (i.e., water) to form CuO–water nanofluid.
electrically conducting, rotating boundary layer flow of an incom- Thus, to constitute our desired hybrid nanofluid Ag–CuO/water,
pressible hybrid nanofluid over a linear stretching surface. The Ag (␾2) with different volume fraction is dispersed in CuO–water
fluid occupies z > 0 and flow is induced by the stretching of the nanofluid. Nanofluid is rotating about the vertical axis so that ␻ⴱ
sheet at z = 0 along x- and y-axes with velocities Uw = ax and Vw = by of the liquid is constant. With these assumptions along with stan-
(see Fig. 1). A consistent magnetic field B0 is applied normal to the dard boundary layer approximation, the governing equations
sheet. can be written as [54]

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 Hayat and Nadeem 1423

Fig. 5. Velocity field for different values of rotation parameter (⍀) in x direction. [Colour online.]

0.9 γ = 0.5, M = 0.71, δ = 1.0, φ2 = 0.1 CuO−water

Ag−CuO/water
0.8

0.7

0.6
p’(η)
0.5
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0.4 Ω = 0.0, 1.0, 2.0

0.3

0.2

0.1

−0.1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
η

Fig. 6. Velocity field for different values of rotation parameter (⍀) in y direction. [Colour online.]
Can. J. Phys. 2018.96:1420-1430.

0.5
CuO−water
γ = 0.5, M = 0.71, δ = 1.0, φ2 = 0.1 Ag−CuO/water
0.4

0.3
q’(η)

0.2
Ω = 0.0, 0.3, 0.5

0.1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

η

⭸u ⭸v ⭸w By introducing the following dimensionless quantities, the

⫹ ⫹ ⫽0 (1) above problem can be expressed in a simpler form:
⭸x ⭸y ⭸z

⭸u ⭸u ⭸u ⭸2u ␴B20
u ⫹v ⫹w ⫺ 2␻∗v ⫽ ␯hnf ⫺ u (2) u ⫽ axp(␩) v ⫽ ayq(␩) w ⫽ ⫺ 兹a␯f[p(␩) ⫹ q(␩)]
⭸x ⭸y ⭸z ⭸z 2 ␳hnf T ⫺ T∞

冪
a (7)
␩⫽z r(␩) ⫽
⭸v ⭸v ⭸v ⭸v 2 ␴B20 ␯f Tw ⫺ T∞
u ⫹v ⫹w ⫹ 2␻∗u ⫽ ␯hnf ⫺ v (3)
⭸x ⭸y ⭸z ⭸z2 ␳hnf
Consequently, the above governing problem reduces to
⭸T ⭸T ⭸T ⭸2T

再 冋 冉 冊册
u ⫹v ⫹w ⫽ ␣hnf (4)
⭸x ⭸y ⭸z ⭸z2 ␳s1
p (␩) ⫺ (1 ⫺ ␾1)2.5(1 ⫺ ␾2)2.5 (1 ⫺ ␾2) (1 ⫺ ␾1) ⫹ ␾1
␳f

冉 冊冎
with the relevant boundary conditions ␳s2
u ⫽ Uw ⫽ ax v ⫽ Vw ⫽ by w⫽0 T ⫽ Tw at z ⫽ 0 (5) ⫹ ␾2 {[p(␩)]2 ⫺ p (␩)[p共␩) ⫹ q(␩)] ⫺ 2⍀␦q(␩)}
␳f
u¡0 v¡0 T ¡ T∞ as z ¡ ∞ (6) ⫺ (1 ⫺ ␾1)2.5(1 ⫺ ␾2)2.5M2p(␩) ⫽ 0 (8)

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 1424 Can. J. Phys. Vol. 96, 2018

Fig. 7. Velocity field for different values of stretching ratio parameter (␥) in x direction. [Colour online.]
1

0.9 M = 0.71, Ω = 0.1, δ = 1.0, φ2 = 0.1 CuO−water

Ag−CuO/water
0.8

0.7

0.6
p’(η)
0.5
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0.4
γ = 0.2, 0.5, 0.9
0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

η

Fig. 8. Velocity field for different values of stretching ratio parameter (␥) in y direction. [Colour online.]

0.9
Can. J. Phys. 2018.96:1420-1430.

CuO−water
0.8 M = 0.71, Ω = 0.1, δ = 1.0, φ2 = 0.1 Ag−CuO/water

0.7

0.6

0.5
q’(η)

0.4

0.3
γ = 0.2, 0.5, 0.9
0.2

0.1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

η

再
q (␩) ⫺ (1 ⫺ ␾1)2.5(1 ⫺ ␾2)2.5 (1 ⫺ ␾2) (1 ⫺ ␾1) ⫹ ␾1冋 冉 冊册
␳s1
␳f
Here ⍀, M, ␥, and Pr are defined in the following expression as:

⫹ ␾2 冉 冊冎再
␳s2
␳f
⍀
[q(␩)]2 ⫺ q (␩)[p(␩) ⫹ q(␩)] ⫹ 2 p(␩)
␦
冎 ⍀⫽
␻∗
a
M⫽
冪
␴B20
a␳f
␥⫽
b
a
Pr ⫽
␯f(␳Cp)f
Kf
(12)
2 
⫺ (1 ⫺ ␾1) (1 ⫺ ␾2) M q (␩) ⫽ 0
2.5 2.5
(9)

冉 再 冋 册冎
Khnf (␳Cp)s1 The parameters of physical interest of the present problem are
r (␩) ⫹ Pr (1 ⫺ ␾2) (1 ⫺ ␾1) ⫹ ␾1 defined by
Kf (␳Cp)f

⫹ ␾2 冋 册冊
(␳Cp)s2
(␳Cp)f
[p(␩) ⫹ q(␩)]r(␩) ⫽ 0 (10) Cfx ⫽
␮hnf(⭸u/⭸z)z⫽0

␳f(ax)
2
Cfy ⫽
␮hnf(⭸v/⭸z)z⫽0

␳f(ax)2

冉 冊冏
(13)
xKhnf ⭸T
p⫽0 p ⫽ 1 q⫽0 q ⫽ ␥ r⫽1 at ␩ ⫽ 0 Nux ⫽ ⫺
(11)
p ¡ 0 q ¡ 0 r¡0 as ␩ ¡ ∞ Kf(Tw ⫺ T∞) ⭸z z⫽0

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 Hayat and Nadeem 1425

Fig. 9. Comparison of temperature field for pure water (H2O), nanofluid (CuO–water), and hybrid nanofluid (Ag–CuO/water). [Colour online.]

1
 = 0.5, M = 0.71, = 2.0, = 1.0, 2 = 0.1 Pure water
0.9 CuO−water
Ag−CuO/water
0.8

0.7

0.6
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r()
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Can. J. Phys. 2018.96:1420-1430.

Fig. 10. Temperature field for different values of magnetic parameter (M). [Colour online.]

1
CuO−water
0.9 γ = 0.5, Ω = 0.3, δ = 1.0, φ2 = 0.1 Ag−CuO/water

0.8

0.7

0.6
r(η)

M = 0.0, 2.0, 4.0

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
η

The above physical quantities are written in dimensionless form as ical approach BVP-4C with shooting procedure. In MATLAB, the
program BVP-4C is utilized to handle the governing equations
1 because of its viability in solving boundary value problems, which
Re1/2Cfx ⫽ p (0) are significantly more difficult than initial value problems. In this
(1 ⫺ ␾1) (1 ⫺ ␾2)
2.5 2.5
process, the system of (8)–(10) with (11) is reduced to first-order
⫺1 1 linear equations. To satisfy the asymptotic boundary conditions
␦ Re Cfy ⫽
1/2
q (0) (14)
(1 ⫺ ␾1) (1 ⫺ ␾2)2.5
2.5 (11), suitable initial guesses are chosen. The complete process is
explained by Shampine et al. [55, 56] in detail. The acquired results
Khnf
Re⫺1/2Nux ⫽ ⫺ r(0) exhibit the effects of dimensionless parameters, rotation para-
Kf meter ⍀, magnetic parameter M, stretching ratio parameter ␥,
and Prandtl number Pr on velocity, temperature, skin-friction,
2.1. Numerical solution and Nusselt number. To achieve the convergence criterion of 10–6,
The system of nonlinear and coupled ordinary differential (8)– the shooting procedure is repeated. The solutions of the given
(10) along with boundary conditions (11) are handled using numer- problem are displayed in the form of tables and graphs.

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 1426 Can. J. Phys. Vol. 96, 2018

Fig. 11. Temperature field for different values of rotation parameter (⍀). [Colour online.]

1
 = 0.5, M = 0.71, = 1.0, Pr = 6.2, 2 = 0.1 CuO−water
0.9 Ag−CuO/water

0.8

0.7

0.6
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r()

0.5 = 0.0, 2.0, 4.0

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Can. J. Phys. 2018.96:1420-1430.

Fig. 12. Temperature field for different values of stretching ratio parameter (␥). [Colour online.]

1
CuO−water
0.9 M = 0.71, = 2.0, = 1.0, 2 = 0.1 Ag−CuO/water

0.8

0.7

0.6
r()

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2
 = 0.3, 0.5, 0.9
0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5


2.2. Results and discussion sistive force and restricts the motion of the fluid. So by increasing
Graphical analyses of the flow and heat transfer characteristics magnetic field the Lorentz force increases, that is why velocity
have been carried out to understand the present problem. The and the associated boundary layer thickness diminishes in x and y
comparison of velocity field for pure water (H2O), nanofluid (CuO– directions. Moreover, the velocity profile and the associated
water), and hybrid nanofluid (Ag–CuO/water) is presented in Fig. 2. boundary layer thickness decreases as the rotation parameter (⍀)
Figures 3 and 4 demonstrate the effects of magnetic parameter (M) is augmented through Figs. 5 and 6. Figures 5 and 6 also explain
on the velocity fields p共␩兲 and q共␩兲. By increasing the magnetic that the hybrid nanofluid velocity is always smaller than the nano-
parameter (M), for both nanofluid (CuO–water) and hybrid nano- fluid velocity because the addition of more colossal particle causes
fluid (Ag–CuO/water), it is anticipated from these figures that the flow of the fluid to decay. Figures 7 and 8 clarify the impacts of
there is an increment in retarding force. Physically, the presence stretching ratio parameter ␥ on p共␩兲 and q共␩兲. Physically, along
of transverse magnetic field creates Lorentz force, which is a re- the y axis as the value of stretching ratio parameter ␥ increases,

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 Hayat and Nadeem 1427

Fig. 13. Skin friction for different values of magnetic parameter (M) for nanofluid (CuO–water) and hybrid nanofluid (Ag–CuO/water) in
x direction. [Colour online.]

2.8
M = 1.5
2.6
 = 0.9, = 1.0
2.4 CuO−Water
Ag−CuO/Water
( 2 = 0.005)
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2.2
fx

Ag−CuO/Water
C

2 ( 2 = 0.01)

M = 0.71
1.8

1.6 M=0

1.4

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Can. J. Phys. 2018.96:1420-1430.

Fig. 14. Skin friction for different values of Magnetic parameter (M) for nanofluid (CuO–water) and hybrid nanofluid (Ag–CuO/water) in
y direction. [Colour online.]

2.8

2.6 M = 1.5
CuO/Water
Ag−CuO/Water
2.4
φ2 = 0.005
γ = 0.9, δ = 1.0 Ag−CuO/Water
2.2 φ2 = 0.01
Cfy

2
M = 0.71
1.8
M=0

1.6

1.4
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Ω

there is an increase in the rate of stretching, a, which implies an increase in temperature is because of the hybrid nanofluid (Ag–
increase in velocity field and momentum boundary layer thick- CuO/water). The impact of stretching ratio parameter ␥ on tem-
ness. The comparison of temperature field for pure water (H2O), perature field can be seen in Fig. 12. It is noticed that temperature
nanofluid (CuO–water), and hybrid nanofluid (Ag–CuO/water) is distribution and thermal boundary layer are diminishing func-
displayed in Fig. 9. We observe that the hybrid nanofluid (Ag–CuO/ tions of ␥. Physically, as the velocity increases, the thermal
water) achieves higher temperature than nanofluid even under boundary layer gets thinner along with the reduction in the
the same nanoparticle volume fraction. Figure 10 represents the temperature. In Figs. 13 and 14, by increasing rotation parameter
influence of magnetic parameter M on temperature field. As the ⍀, with the nonzero stretching ratio parameter ␥, it is noticed
magnetic field tends to stifle the velocity, clearly there is a rise in that, in the x-direction, a normal stress in the tangential direction
temperature and the associated thermal boundary layer thickness decreases to a particular value, but in the y-direction, the same
increases. Figure 11 shows the effects of rotation parameter ⍀ on tangential stress increments, while in both directions, hybridity
temperature field. It is noticed from the figure that the rotation increases skin friction. The present study is compared with the
enhances thermal boundary layer thickness. Additionally, instant results of Butt and Ali [57] in Fig. 15. From this validation figure it

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 1428 Can. J. Phys. Vol. 96, 2018

Fig. 15. Validation figure for present work versus Butt and Ali [57] in limiting case.

0.9 M = 1.0, 1 = 0.0, 2 = 0.0, = 0.0, Pr = 1.0

p’()
0.8
q’()
0.7
p’(), q’() 0.6
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0.5

0.4

0.3
 = 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7

0.2

0.1
 = 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5


Table 1. Thermophysical properties of CuO–water and Ag–CuO/water.

Can. J. Phys. 2018.96:1420-1430.

Property Nanofluid (CuO–water) Hybrid nanofluid (Ag–CuO/water)

Density (␳) ␳nf ⫽ 共1 ⫺ ␾兲␳f ⫹ ␾␳s ␳hnf ⫽ 兵共1 ⫺ ␾2兲关共1 ⫺ ␾1兲␳f ⫹ ␾1␳s1兴其 ⫹ ␾2␳s2
␮f ␮f
Viscosity (␮) ␮nf ⫽ ␮hnf ⫽
共1 ⫺ ␾兲2.5 共1 ⫺ ␾1兲 共1 ⫺ ␾2兲2.5
2.5

Heat capacity (␳CP) 共␳Cp兲nf ⫽ 共1 ⫺ ␾兲共␳Cp兲f ⫹ ␾共␳Cp兲s 共␳Cp兲hnf ⫽ 兵共1 ⫺ ␾2兲关共1 ⫺ ␾1兲共␳Cp兲f ⫹ ␾1共␳Cp兲s1兴其 ⫹ ␾2共␳Cp兲s2

Khnf Ks2 ⫹ 共n ⫺ 1兲Kbf ⫺ 共n ⫺ 1兲␾2共Kbf ⫺ Ks2兲

⫽
Knf Ks ⫹ 共n ⫺ 1兲Kf ⫺ 共n ⫺ 1兲␾共Kf ⫺ Ks兲 Kbf Ks2 ⫹ 共n ⫺ 1兲Kbf ⫹ ␾2共Kbf ⫺ Ks2兲
Thermal conductivity (K) ⫽ Kbf Ks1 ⫹ 共n ⫺ 1兲Kf ⫺ 共n ⫺ 1兲␾1共Kf ⫺ Ks1兲
Kf Ks ⫹ 共n ⫺ 1兲Kf ⫹ ␾共Kf ⫺ Ks兲 ⫽
Kf Ks1 ⫹ 共n ⫺ 1兲Kf ⫹ ␾1共Kf ⫺ Ks1兲

Table 2. Thermophysical properties of nanoparticles rate of heat transfer. Physically, nanoparticles disperse energy in
and base fluid. the form of heat. Continuously, addition of more nanoparticles
Properties CuO Ag Base fluid (water) can exert more energy, which increases the rate of heat transfer.
Additionally, we have observed that hybrid nanofluid (Ag–CuO/
␳ 6320 10 500 997.1
water) has a higher rate of heat transfer when compared to the
Cp 531.80 235 4179.0
K 76.50 429 0.6130 nanofluid (CuO–water).
Pr — — 6.20
3. Conclusion
In this paper, numerical analysis is executed on MHD three-
dimensional stagnation point flow of rotating hybrid nanofluid
(Ag–CuO/water) past a stretching sheet. Using similarity transfor-
is clear that there is good agreement between our work and that mations, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations
of Butt and Ali [57] in the limiting case. are transformed into ordinary differential equations. For differ-
In Table 1, the fundamental thermophysical properties of nano- ent physical parameters, numerical solutions are acquired. The
fluid and hybrid nanofluid are stated. For spherical nanoparticles significant results are as follows:
we put n = 3. Here, the fluid, nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid, solid
• In the presence of magnetic field, the flow of hybrid nanofluid
nanoparticles of copper oxide, and solid nanoparticles of silver
are denoted f, nf, hnf, s1 and s2. Table 2 provides the thermophysi- assumes extraordinary part in heat transfer.
cal properties at 25 °C. From Table 3, by incrementing nanopar- • Hybridity diminishes velocity distribution; however, it incre-
ticle volume fraction ␾2, the velocity of the fluid increases, which ments temperature distribution.
clearly reduces the skin friction for both hybrid nanofluid (Ag– • Hybrid nanofluid would give preferable heat transfer execution
CuO/water) and nanofluid (CuO–water). From Table 4 it can be when contrasted with nanofluid.
seen that the rotation parameter ⍀ and magnetic parameter M • In hybrid nanofluid, the coveted heat transfer rate can be ac-
have decreasing impact but stretching ratio parameter ␥ and complished by picking distinctive and proper nanoparticle
nanoparticle volume fraction ␾2 have increasing impact on the extents.

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 Hayat and Nadeem 1429

Table 3. Variations of reduced skin frictions ⫺p 共0兲, ⫺q 共0兲 for CuO–water and Ag–CuO/water with ␾1 ⫽ 0.1.
⍀ ␥ M ␾2 ⫺共1 ⫺ ␾1兲⫺2.5p 共0兲 ⫺共1 ⫺ ␾1兲⫺2.5共1 ⫺ ␾2兲⫺2.5p 共0兲 ⫺共1 ⫺ ␾1兲⫺2.5q 共0兲 ⫺共1 ⫺ ␾1兲⫺2.5共1 ⫺ ␾2兲⫺2.5q 共0兲
0.1 0.5 0.71 0.06 2.04364 2.38553 1.18579 1.38416
0.3 0.5 0.71 0.06 1.93741 2.26152 1.53247 1.78884
0.5 0.5 0.71 0.06 1.88474 2.20005 1.86815 2.18068
0.3 0.2 0.71 0.06 1.99092 2.32400 0.91252 1.06518
0.3 0.5 0.71 0.06 1.93741 2.26152 1.53247 1.78884
0.3 0.9 0.71 0.06 1.88373 2.19886 2.57639 3.00740
0.3 0.5 0 0.06 1.74780 2.04020 1.44325 1.68470
0.3 0.5 0.71 0.06 1.93741 2.26152 1.53247 1.78884
0.3 0.5 1.5 0.06 2.51442 2.93507 1.86305 2.17473
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0.3 0.5 0.71 0.04 1.81933 2.01480 1.41764 1.56995

0.3 0.5 0.71 0.08 2.05920 2.53647 1.65120 2.03390
0.3 0.5 0.71 0.1 2.18521 2.84372 1.77456 2.30933

Table 4. Variations of heat flux at surface ⫺ r共0兲 for CuO–water and 21. M. Sheikholeslami and M. Sadoughi. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 113, 106
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 1430 Can. J. Phys. Vol. 96, 2018

53. Y.Y. Lok, I. Pop, and A.J. Chamkha. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 45, 173 (2007). doi:10.1016/ Khnf thermal conductivity of the hybrid nanofluid
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Pr Prandtl number
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␥ stretching ratio parameter
␯hnf
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List of symbols kinematic viscosity of hybrid nanofluid

␳hnf density of the hybrid nanofluid
a, b rates of stretching ␾1 nanoparticle volume fraction of copper oxide
(Cfx, Cfy) skin-friction along x and y axis ␾2 nanoparticle volume fraction of silver
(Cp)hnf specific heat capacity of the hybrid nanofluid ␻ⴱ angular velocity
(Cp)s1, (Cp)s2 specific heat capacity of the solid nanoparticles ⍀ rotation parameter
Can. J. Phys. 2018.96:1420-1430.

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