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KAP Biology Spring Final Review

EVOLUTION

1. What is evolution?

2. How was the work of Lamarck important to Darwin?

Hutton and Lyell?
Malthus?

3. What conclusion did Charles Darwin make based on his study of the beak shape of Galapagos
finches?

4. Define natural selection and give an example.

5. How do homologous structures provide evidence for evolution?

Analogous structures?

6. Define:
Fitness—

Adaptation—

Speciation—

Vestigial organ—

7. Define behavioral isolation.

Give an example.

8. Define genetic drift.

Explain how it would affect a population.

9. Define mutation.
Give an example of when a mutation would be beneficial.

Would a beneficial mutation increase or decrease in successive generations? Explain.

10. In a cladogram such as the one below, which organisms are most closely related?
Why? Explain how you can tell.

11. What types of information can scientists use to

draw these conclusions on relatedness?

12. True or False: All living organisms contain the same 4 nitrogenous bases in their DNA.

13. Compare and contrast gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

14. What conclusion can be drawn from fossil remains of a species that lived thousands of years ago
differing little from the same species alive today (Ex: Galapagos tortoise)?

15. Natural selection on polygenic traits can result in 3 types of selection. Name these three and
draw a graph representing a population before and after each type of selection.

CELLULAR ENERGY

16. What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

a. What are the products?

17. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things?

18. What is the plant pigment that processes light energy?

19. What are heterotrophs?

a. autotrophs?

20. Light reaction, dark reaction, Calvin cycle all refer to what process?
21. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain all refer to what process?

22. What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

23. In what organisms does cellular respiration occur?

24. What is cellular respiration?

During cellular respiration energy is transferred from .....

25. What is anaerobic respiration?

26. What are two types of anaerobic respiration?

27. Where does anaerobic respiration occur in humans/animals?

28. Which is more efficient - anaerobic or aerobic?

Explain.

29. What are yeast used for regarding cellular respiration? Why?

30. What is ATP?

31. What are the reactants in cellular respiration?

a. products in cellular respiration?

32. What are enzymes?

33. Why are enzymes significant to the process of photosynthesis?

Why are they significant for cellular respiration?

PLANTS

34. How are root hairs an adaptive advantage for the plant?

Which organ structure in the intestinal tract performs a similar function?

What is the key difference between this plant structure and the similar intestinal structure?

35. Describe transpiration.

Which structure(s) of the plant regulate this process?

 36. What are plant adaptations for the following:

• Poor soil:

• Living in Desert:

• Fight Insects:

37. Define Xylem:

38. Define Phloem:

39. Label the structures on the diagram and list the

functions of each flower structure below

A F

B G

C H

D I

E J

40. Aquatic plants have stomata on the surface of the leaf instead of below. How does this adaptation
aid in their survival?

41. Write the equation for Photosynthesis:

42. Place the reactants and products in the

appropriate boxes in the diagram to the right.

43. How do the following plant structures influence the

process of Photosynthesis:

a. Stomata and Guard Cells –

b. Roots –

c. Stems –

d. Leaves –
44. Which structure regulates the opening and closing of stomata?

45. Describe the function and purpose of a plant’s stem.

46. What is turgor pressure?

Which organelle controls the amount of turgor pressure exerted inside a plant cell?

47. How would a plant continue the process of cellular respiration if it was removed from direct
sunlight?

48. Define the following plant responses and give examples of each:
Plant Response Definition Example
Gravitropism

Thigmotropism

Phototropism

49. The production of male haploid pollen grains and female ovules are all part of which system in
the plant?

50. What are the roles of plant hormones?

51. What adaptations occurred over time to allow plants to transition from water to land? Name three &
how they helped plants that were no longer tied to water.
a.
b.
c.

ANIMAL SYSTEMS (INCLUDING VIRUSES & BACTERIA)

52. List the levels of organization within an organism from smallest to largest.

53. Draw and label a neuron.

Neurons are the smallest functional unit of which body system?

54. Explain the importance of each layer of the skin.

 55. What 3 systems work together to produce movement?

56.What is the body’s response to increased internal body temperature?

57. Fill in the chart below.

Body system Main function

Muscular

Skeletal

Integumentary

Immune/Lymphatic

Circulatory

Respiratory

Digestive

Excretory

Nervous

Reproductive

Endocrine

58. Describe feedback mechanisms like the one to the

right explain their role in maintaining homeostasis.

59. What is the function of the pituitary gland?

Adrenal glands?

Thyroid gland?
 60. After a doctor’s visit, a patient is informed of severe
inflammation in one of their kidneys. Which body
systems must work together to remedy this infection?

61. What part of the body controls breathing, heart rate, and
swallowing?

62. The reproductive organs of both males and females go through a special form of cell division
known as meiosis. Meiosis allows for __________________________ in sexually
reproducing organisms.

63. What is the structure of a virus? Write the parts & their functions and draw a labeled example.

Which part(s) are unique to the virus?

Which part(s) are similar to a cell?

64. How are viruses able to reproduce?

65. What type of white blood cell does HIV/AIDS infect?

66. How can viral infections be prevented?

67. Draw a diagram and describe what happens at each step during the Lytic cycle and the
lysogenic cycle (separate diagrams).

68. Explain how antibiotics work on bacterial infections.

69. Explain the effect of antibiotics on viral infections.

ECOLOGY

70.How much energy can be used from one feeding (trophic) level to the next?

What happens to the rest of the energy?

71. How does energy move through an ecosystem?

72. In an ecological pyramid, which level contains the most energy?

73. Describe the following ecological relationships:

Relationship Definition Example

Predator-prey

Competition

Symbiosis

Parasitism

Mutualism

Commensalism

74. Label each organism on the food web below as a producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer,
tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer, etc. Write out full term for each – do not abbreviate. Some
may have more than 1 label!
 75. In a general food web, which organisms are present in the greatest numbers?
Fewest numbers?

75. Examine the food web to the right.

a. What would happen to the food web if

mice were removed from the food chain?

b. Which organisms are classified as primary

consumers?

c. If the population of grasshoppers

increased rapidly; what solution could be
used to reduce the population?

76. Define and give an example for each of the following vocabulary terms:
Definition Example
Herbivore

Carnivore

Omnivore

Food web

Producers

Primary
consumers
Secondary
consumers
Decomposers

77. Define Biodiversity.

How is biodiversity an advantage for the survival of an ecosystem?

78. What role do bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms play in regulating ecosystems?

79. Label each step of the 5 missing steps of the nitrogen cycle pictured below.

80. What role do bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?

81. Describe the biggest difference between primary and secondary succession.

82. Why are lichens and mosses needed during the first phase of primary succession?

83. What process removes carbon from the atmosphere?

Name two processes that releases carbon back into the atmosphere.

Double check that you have done all multi-part questions & labeled diagrams properly! Initial on the
bottom right corner of each page to indicate that you have completed it and checked your work.

Must be TURNED INTO teacher for credit – not just stamped!