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 TRANSMUTATIONS.

THE SPECTRAL LAMP.

IX some common salt with spirit of wine in a
platinum or metallic cup; set the cup upon a wire
frame over a spirit-lamp, which should be inclosed
on each side, or in a dark-lantern: when the cup
becomes heated, and the spirit ignited, it will burn
with a strong yellow flame; if, however, it should
not be perfectly yellow, throw more salt into the cup. The lamp
being thus prepared, all other lights should be extinguished, and the
yellow lamp introduced, when an appalling change will be exhibited;
all the objects in the room will be but of one colour, and the
complexions of the several persons, whether old or young, fair or
brunette, will be metamorphosed to a ghastly, death-like yellow;
whilst the gayest dresses, as the brightest crimson, the choicest lilac,
the most vivid blue or green—all will be changed into one monotony
of yellow: each person will be inclined to laugh at his neighbour,
himself insensible of being one of the spectral company.
 Their astonishment may be heightened by removing the yellow
light to one end of the room, and restoring the usual or white light
at the other; when one side of each person’s dress will resume its
original colour, while the other will remain yellow; one cheek may
bear the bloom of health, and the other, the yellow of jaundice. Or if,
when the yellow light only is burning, the white light be introduced
within a wire sieve, the company and the objects in the apartment
will appear yellow, mottled with white.
Red light may be produced by mixing with the spirit in the cup
over the lamp, salt of strontian instead of common salt; and the
effect of the white or yellow lights, if introduced through a sieve
upon the red light, will be even more striking than the white upon
the yellow light.

CURIOUS CHANGE OF COLOURS.

Let there be no other light than a taper in the room; then put on
a pair of dark green spectacles, and having closed one eye, view the
taper with the other. Suddenly remove the spectacles, and the taper
will assume a bright red appearance; but, if the spectacles be
instantly replaced, the eye will be unable to distinguish any thing for
a second or two. The order of colours will, therefore, be as follows:
—green, red, green, black.

THE PROTEAN LIGHT.

Soak a cotton wick in a strong solution of salt and water, dry it,
place it in a spirit lamp, and, when lit, it will give a bright yellow light
for a long time. If you look through a piece of blue glass at the
flame, it will lose all its yellow light, and you will only perceive feeble
violet rays. If, before the blue glass, you place a pale yellow glass,
the lamp will be absolutely invisible, though a candle may be
distinctly seen through the same glasses.
 THE CHAMELEON FLOWERS.
Trim a spirit-lamp, add a little salt to the wick, and light it. Set
near it, a scarlet geranium, and the flower will appear yellow. Purple
colours, in the same light, appear blue.

TO CHANGE THE COLOURS OF FLOWERS.

Hold over a lighted match, a purple columbine, or a blue larkspur,
and it will change first to pink, and then to black. The yellow of
other flowers, held as above, will continue unchanged. Thus, the
purple tint will instantly disappear from a heart’s-ease, but the
yellow will remain; and the yellow of a wall-flower will continue the
same, though the brown streak will be discharged. If a scarlet,
crimson, or maroon dahlia be tried, the colour will change to yellow;
a fact known to gardeners, who by this mode, variegate their
growing dahlias.

CHANGES OF THE POPPY.

Some flowers which are red, become blue by merely bruising
them. Thus, if the petals of the common corn-poppy be rubbed upon
white paper, they will stain it purple, which may be made green by
washing it over with a strong solution of potash in water. Put poppy
petals into very dilute muriatic acid, and the infusion will be of a
florid red colour; by adding a little chalk, it will become the colour of
port wine; and this tint, by the addition of potash, may be changed
to green or yellow.

TO CHANGE THE COLOUR OF A ROSE.

Hold a red rose over the blue flame of a common match, and the
colour will be discharged wherever the fume touches the leaves of
the flower, so as to render it beautifully variegated, or entirely white.
If it be then dipped into water, the redness, after a time, will be
restored.

LIGHT CHANGING WHITE INTO BLACK.

Write upon linen with permanent ink, (which is a strong solution
of nitrate of silver,) and the characters will be scarcely visible;
remove the linen into a dark room, and they will not change; but
expose them to a strong light, and they will be indelibly black.

THE VISIBLY GROWING ACORN.

Cut a circular piece of card to fit the top
of a hyacinth glass, so as to rest upon the
ledge, and exclude the air. Pierce a hole
through the centre of the card, and pass
through it a strong thread, having a small
piece of wood tied to one end, which,
resting transversely on the card, prevents
its being drawn through. To the other end
of the thread attach an acorn; and, having
half filled the glass with water, suspend the
acorn at a short distance from the surface.
The glass must be kept in a warm room;
and, in a few days, the steam which has
generated in the glass will hang from the
acorn in a large drop. Shortly afterwards,
the acorn will burst, the root will protrude and thrust itself into the
water; and, in a few days more, a stem will shoot out at the other
end, and, rising upwards, will press against the card, in which an
orifice must be made to allow it to pass through. From this stem,
small leaves will soon be observed to sprout; and, in the course of a
few weeks, you will have a handsome oak plant, several inches in
height.
 CHANGES IN SAP GREEN.
Sap green is the inspissated juice of the buckthorn berries: if a
little carbonate of soda be dropped into it, the colour will be
changed from green to yellow; it may be reddened by acids, and its
green colour restored by chalk.

TO REVIVE APPARENTLY DEAD PLANTS.

Make a strong dilution of camphor in spirit of wine, which add to
soft water, in the proportion of a dram to a pint. If withered, or
apparently dead plants be put into this liquid, and allowed to remain
therein from two to three hours, they will revive.

SINGULAR EFFECT OF TEARS.

If tears are dropped on a dry piece of paper, stained with the
juice of the petals of mallows or violets, they will change the paper
to a permanently green colour.

BEAUTIES OF CRYSTALLIZATION.
Dissolve alum in hot water until no more can be dissolved in it;
place in it a smooth glass rod and a stick of the same size; next day,
the stick will be found covered with crystals, but the glass rod will be
free from them: in this case, the crystals cling to the rough surface
of the stick, but have no hold upon the smooth surface of the glass
rod. But, if the rod be roughened with a file at certain intervals, and
then placed in the alum and water, the crystals will adhere to the
rough surfaces, and leave the smooth bright and clear.
Tie some threads of lamp-cotton irregularly around a copper wire
or glass rod; place it in a hot solution of blue vitriol, strong as above,
and the threads will be covered with beautiful blue crystals, while
the glass rod will be bare.
Bore a hole through a piece of coke, and suspend it by a string
from a stick, placed across a hot solution of alum; it will float; but,
as it becomes loaded with crystals, it will sink in the solution
according to the length of the string. Gas-coke has mostly a smooth,
shining, and almost metallic surface, which the crystals will avoid,
while they will cling only to the most irregular and porous parts.
If powdered tumeric be added to the hot solution of alum, the
crystals will be of a bright yellow; litmus will cause them to be of a
bright red; logwood will yield purple; and common writing ink, black;
and the more muddy the solution, the finer will be the crystals.
To keep coloured alumn crystals from breaking, or losing their
colour, place them under a glass shade with a saucer of water; this
will preserve the atmosphere moist, and prevent the crystals getting
too dry.
If crystals be formed on wire, they will be liable to break off, from
the expansion and contraction of the wire by changes of
temperature.

TO CRYSTALLIZE CAMPHOR.
Dissolve camphor in spirit of wine, moderately heated, until the
spirit will not dissolve any more; pour some of the solution into a
cold glass, and the camphor will instantly crystallize in beautiful tree-
like forms, such as we see in the show-glasses of camphor in
druggists’ windows.

CRYSTALLIZED TIN.
Mix half an ounce of nitric acid, six drams of muriatic acid, and
two ounces of water; pour the mixture upon a piece of tin plate
previously made hot, and, after washing it in the mixture, it will bear
a beautiful crystalline surface, in feathery forms. This is the
celebrated moirée metallique, and, when varnished, is made into
ornamental boxes, &c. The figures will vary according to the degree
of heat previously given to the metal.

CRYSTALS IN HARD WATER.

Hold in a wine-glass of hard water, a crystal of oxalic acid, and
white threads will instantly descend through the liquid, suspended
from the crystal.

VARIETIES OF CRYSTALS.
Make distinct solutions of common salt, nitre, and alum; set them
in three saucers in any warm place, and let part of the water dry
away or evaporate; then remove them to a warm room. The
particles of the salts in each saucer will begin to attract each other,
and form crystals, but not all of the same figure: the common salt
will yield crystals with six square and equal faces, or sides; the nitre,
six-sided crystals; and the alum, eight-sided crystals; and if these
crystals be dissolved over and over again, they will always appear in
the same forms.

HEAT FROM CRYSTALLIZATION.

Make a strong solution of Epsom salts in hot water, and while
warm, bottle it, cork it closely, and it will remain liquid: draw out the
cork, when the salts will immediately crystallize, and in the process,
the remaining liquid and the bottle will become very warm.

SPLENDID SUBLIMATION.
 Put into a flask a small portion of iodine; hold the flask over the
flame of a spirit-lamp, and, from the state of rich ruby crystals, the
iodine, on being heated, will become a ruby-coloured transparent
gas; but, in cooling, will resume its crystalline form.

ARTIFICIAL ICE.
Mix four ounces of nitrate of ammonia, and four ounces of
subcarbonate of soda, with four ounces of water, in a tin vessel, and
in three hours the mixture will produce ten ounces of ice.

MAGIC INKS.
Dissolve oxide of cobalt in acetic acid, to which add a little nitre;
write with this solution, hold the writing to the fire, and it will be of a
pale rose colour, which will disappear on cooling.
Dissolve equal parts of sulphate of copper and muriate of
ammonia in water; write with the solution, and it will give a yellow
colour when heated, which will disappear when cold.
Dissolve nitrate of bismuth in water; write with the solution, and
the characters will be invisible when dry, but will become legible on
immersion in water.
Dissolve, in water, muriate of cobalt, which is of a bluish-green
colour, and the solution will be pink; write with it, and the characters
will be scarcely visible; but, if gently heated, they will appear in
brilliant green, which will disappear as the paper cools.

CHAMELEON LIQUIDS.
Put a small portion of the compound called mineral chameleon
into several glasses, pour upon each water at different
temperatures, and the contents of each glass will exhibit a different
shade of colour. A very hot solution will be of a beautiful green
colour; a cold one, a deep purple.
Make a colourless solution of sulphate of copper; add to it a little
ammonia, equally colourless, and the mixture will be of an intense
blue colour; add to it a little sulphuric acid, and the blue colour will
disappear; pour in a little solution of caustic ammonia, and the blue
colour will be restored. Thus, may the liquor be thrice changed at
pleasure.

THE MAGIC DYES.

Dissolve indigo in diluted sulphuric acid, and add to it an equal
quantity of solution of carbonate of potass. If a piece of white cloth
be dipped in the mixture, it will be changed to blue; yellow cloth, in
the same mixture, may be changed to green; red to purple, and blue
litmus paper to red.
Nearly fill a wine-glass with the juice of beet-root, which is of a
deep red colour; add a little lime water, and the mixture will be
colourless; dip into it a piece of white cloth, dry it rapidly, and in a
few hours, the cloth will become red.

WINE CHANGED INTO WATER.

Mix a little solution of subacetate of lead with port wine; filter the
mixture through blotting paper, and a colourless liquid will pass
through; to this add a small quantity of dry salt of tartar, when a
spirit will rise, which may be inflamed on the surface of the water.

TWO COLOURLESS TRANSPARENT LIQUIDS

BECOME BLACK AND OPAQUE.
Have in one vessel some sulphuric acid, and in another an
infusion of nut-galls; they are both colourless and transparent; mix
them, and they will become black and opaque.

TWO COLOURLESS FLUIDS MAKE A COLOURED

ONE.
Put into a wine-glass of water, a few drops of prussiate of potash;
and into a second glass of water, a little weak solution of sulphate of
iron in water: pour the colourless mixtures together into a tumbler,
and they will be immediately changed to a bright deep blue colour.
Or, mix the solution of prussiate of potash with that of nitrate of
bismuth, and a yellow will be the product.
Or, mix the solution of prussiate of potash with that of sulphate of
copper, and the mixture will be of a reddish brown colour.

CHANGE OF COLOUR BY COLOURLESS FLUIDS.

Three different colours may be produced from the same infusion,
merely by the addition of three colourless fluids. Slice a little red
cabbage, pour boiling water upon it, and when cold, decant the clear
infusion, which divide into three wine-glasses: to one, add a small
quantity of solution of alum in water; to the second, a little solution
of potash in water; and to the third, a few drops of muriatic acid.
The liquor in the first glass will assume a purple colour, the second,
a bright green, and the third a rich crimson.
Put a dram of powdered nitrate of cobalt into a phial containing
an ounce of the solution of caustic potass; cork the phial, and the
liquid will assume a blue colour, next a lilac, afterwards a peach
colour, and lastly a light red.

TO CHANGE A BLUE LIQUID TO WHITE.

 Dissolve a small lump of indigo in sulphuric acid, by the aid of
moderate heat, and you will obtain an intense blue colour: add a
drop of this to half a pint of water, so as to dilute the blue; then
pour some of it into strong chloride of lime, and the blue will be
bleached with almost magical velocity.

VERITABLE “BLACK” TEA.

Make a cup of strong green tea; dissolve a little green copperas in
water, which add to the tea, and its colour will be black.

RESTORATION OF COLOUR BY WATER.

Water being a colourless fluid, ought, one would imagine, when
mixed with other substances of no decided colour, to produce a
colourless compound. Nevertheless, it is to water only that blue
vitriol, or sulphate of copper, owes its vivid blueness; as will be
plainly evinced by the following simple experiment. Heat a few
crystals of the vitriol in a fire shovel, pulverize them, and the powder
will be of a dull and dirty white appearance. Pour a little water upon
this, when a slight hissing noise will be heard, and at the same
moment, the blue colour will instantly re-appear.
Under the microscope, the beauty of this experiment will be
increased, for the instant that a drop of water is placed in contact
with the vitriol, the powder may be seen to shoot into blue prisms. If
a crystal of prussiate of potash be similarly heated, its yellow colour
will vanish, but re-appear on being dropped into water.

THE MAGIC WRITING.

Dissolve a small portion of green-copperas in water, and soak in it
sheets of writing paper, so as to allow them to be taken out whole,
and then dried; then, cover the paper with very finely powdered
galls, and write on it with a pen dipped in water; when dry, brush off
the galls, and the writing will appear.

TWO LIQUIDS MAKE A SOLID.

Dissolve muriate of lime in water until it will dissolve no more;
make also a similar solution of carbonate of potash; both will be
transparent fluids; but if equal quantities of each be mixed and
stirred together, they will become a solid mass.

TWO SOLIDS MAKE A LIQUID.

Rub together in a mortar, equal quantities of the crystals of
Glauber’s salts and nitrate of ammonia, and the two salts will slowly
become a liquid.

A SOLID OPAQUE MASS MADE A

TRANSPARENT LIQUID.
Take the solid mixture of the solutions of muriate of lime and
carbonate of potash, pour upon it a very little nitric acid, and the
solid opaque mass will be changed to a transparent liquid.

TWO COLD LIQUIDS MAKE A HOT ONE.

Mix four drams of sulphuric acid, (oil of vitrol,) with one dram of
cold water, suddenly, in a cup, and the mixture will be nearly half as
hot again as boiling water.

QUADRUPLE TRANSMUTATION.
Dissolve a small piece of nickel in nitric acid, and it will appear of
a fine grass-green colour; add to it a little ammonia, and a blue
precipitate will be formed; this will change to a purple-red in a few
hours, and the addition of any acid will convert it to an apple-green.

QUINTUPLE TRANSMUTATION.
Heat potassium over the flame of a spirit-lamp, and the colour will
change from white to a bright azure, thence to a bright blue, green,
and olive.

COMBINATION OF COLOURS.
Cut out a disc or circle of pasteboard, and cover it with paper half
green and half black: cause the disc to be rapidly turned round, (like
the shafts of a toy wind-mill,) and the colours will combine and
produce white.

UNION OF TWO METALS WITHOUT HEAT.

Cut a circular piece of gold-leaf, called “dentist’s gold,” about half
an inch in diameter; drop upon it a globule of mercury, about the
size of a small pea, and if they be left for a short time, the gold will
lose its solidity and yellow colour, and the mercury its liquid form,
making a soft mass, of the colour of mercury.

MAGIC BREATH.
Half fill a glass tumbler with lime-water; breathe into it frequently,
at the same time stirring it with a piece of glass. The fluid, which
before was perfectly transparent, will presently become quite white,
and, if allowed to remain at rest, real chalk will be deposited.

TWO BITTERS MAKE A SWEET.

 It has been discovered, that a mixture of nitrate of silver with
hypo-sulphate of soda, both of which are remarkably bitter, will
produce the sweetest known substance.

VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE.

Write with French chalk on a looking-glass; wipe it with a
handkerchief, and the lines will disappear; breathe on it, and they
will re-appear. This alteration will take place for a great number of
times, and after the lapse of a considerable period.
 ARTIFICIAL MIRAGE.
HE mirage is an optical phenomenon, produced by
the refractive power of the atmosphere. The
appearance presented is that of the double image of
an object in the air; one of the images being in the
natural position, and the other inverted, so as to
resemble a natural object and its image in the water.
The mirage is commonly vertical, or upright, that is, presenting the
appearance, above described, of one object over another, like a ship
above its shadow in the water. Sometimes, however, the image is
horizontal, or upon the water, and at other times, it is seen on the
right or left hand of the real object, or on both sides.
All the effects of the mirage may be represented artificially to the
eye. For this purpose, provide a glass tumbler two-thirds full of
water, and pour spirit of wine upon it; or pour into a tumbler some
syrup, and fill it up with water: as the water and spirit, or the syrup
and water incorporate, they will produce a refractive power; then, by
looking through the mixed or intermediate liquids at any object held
behind the tumblers, its inverted image may be seen. The same
effect, Dr. Walloston has shown, may be produced, by looking along
the side of a red-hot poker at a word or object ten or twelve feet
distant. At a distance less than three-eighths of an inch from the line
of the poker, an inverted image was seen; and within and without
that, an erect image.
The above phenomena may likewise be illustrated, by holding a
heated iron above a tumbler of water, until the whole becomes
changed; then withdraw the iron, and, through the water, the
phenomena of the mirage may be seen in the finest manner.
Or, look directly above the flame of a candle, or over the glass of
a lighted lamp, and a tremulous motion may be observed; because
the warm air rises, and its refracting power being less than that of
the colder air, the currents are rendered visible by the distortion of
objects viewed through them. The same effect is observable over
chimney pots, and slated roofs which have been heated by the sun.

MOTION OF THE EYE.

On entering a room, we imagine that we see the whole side of it
at once, as the cornice, the pattern of the paper-hanging, pictures,
chairs, &c., but we are deceived; for each object is rapidly, but singly
presented to the eye, by its constant motion. If the eye were steady,
vision would be lost. For example, fix the eye on one point, and you
will find the whole scene become more and more obscure, till it
vanishes. Then, if you change the direction of the eye ever so little,
at once the whole scene will be again perfect before you.

SINGLE VISION WITH TWO EYES.

As we have two eyes, and a separate image of every external
object is formed in each, it may be asked, why do we not see
double? The answer is, it is a matter of habit. Habit alone teaches
us, that the sensations of sight correspond to any thing external,
and shows to what they correspond. Thus, place a wafer on a table
before you; direct your eyes to it, that is, bring its image on both
retinæ to those parts which habit has ascertained to be the most
sensible, and best situated for seeing distinctly, and you will see only
the single wafer. But, while looking at the wafer, squeeze the upper
part of one eye downwards, by pressing on the eyelid with the
finger, and thereby forcibly throw the image on another part of the
retina of that eye, and double vision will be immediately produced;
that is, two wafers will be distinctly seen, which will appear to
recede from each other as the pressure is stronger, and approach,
and finally blend into one, as it is relieved. The same effect maybe
produced without pressure, by directing the eyes to a point nearer
to, or farther from them, than the wafer; the optic axes, in this case,
being both directed away from the object seen.

TWO OBJECTS SEEN AS ONE.

On a sheet of black paper, or other dark ground, place two white
wafers, having their centres three inches distant. Vertically above the
paper, and to the left, look with the right eye, at twelve inches from
it, and so that, when looking down on it, the line joining the two
eyes shall be parallel to that joining the centre of the wafers. In this
situation, close the left eye, and look full with the right
perpendicularly at the wafer below it, when this wafer only will be
seen, the other being completely invisible. But, if it be removed ever
so little from its place, either to the right or left, above or below, it
will become immediately visible, and start, as it were, into existence.
The distances here set down may, perhaps, vary slightly in different
eyes.
Upon this curious effect, Sir John Herschel observes: “It will cease
to be thought singular, that this fact of the absolute invisibility of
objects in a certain point of the field of view of each eye, should be
one of which not one person in ten thousand is apprised, when we
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