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Short Notes Unit 11

Unit 1 covers essential mathematical concepts including units, scientific notation, significant figures, trigonometry, and vector addition. It provides examples of unit conversions, the use of scientific notation, and solving quadratic and simultaneous equations. The document emphasizes the importance of accuracy in calculations and the proper methods for vector addition.

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2 views

Short Notes Unit 11

Unit 1 covers essential mathematical concepts including units, scientific notation, significant figures, trigonometry, and vector addition. It provides examples of unit conversions, the use of scientific notation, and solving quadratic and simultaneous equations. The document emphasizes the importance of accuracy in calculations and the proper methods for vector addition.

Uploaded by

yung smoke
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SHORT NOTES UNIT 1 : MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS

REFERENCE : CUTNELL: Chapter 1; Appendixes A, B, C, E

1 Units (Chapter 1)

1.1. General (include imperial units)


1.2. Basic SI units
1.3. Other SI units
1.4. Conversion of units
i. Prefixes
ii. Other conversion factors

2 Scientific notation (Appendix A)

3 Significant figures (Appendix B)

4 Trigonometry & Geometry (Appendix E)

5 Scientific calculator

6 Quadratic & Simultaneous equations (Appendix C)

7 Areas and volumes (Appendix E)

8 Algorithm to solve problems


9 Scalars and vectors (Chapter 1)

10.1. Examples
10.2. Perpendicular components of a vector
10.3. Resultant & Equilibrant
10.4. Vector addition - graphical method (head-by-tail)
10.5. Vector addition by calculation (component method))
10.6. Unit vector notation (Giancoli 3.5; p 73)

v = vx i + vy j + vz k

Applicable problems:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Cutnell 7 9 11 19 23 25 27 30 33 35 43 1 X
10th p18
Cutnell 1 13 16 31 36 40 43 46 50 53 66 X 61
11th p 21 1
UNIT 1: Additional notes
Unit conversions:

Example 1: 20 cm3 = 20 x (10-2)3 m3 = 20 x 10-6 m3

Example 2: 2,3 g.cm-3 = 2,3 g = 2,3 x 10-3 kg = 2 300 kg.m-3


1 cm 3 1 x (10-2)3 m3

Example 3: 120 km/h = ? mi/h (A conversion factor has to be given:


1 mi = 1,609 km)
120 km/h = 74,58 mi/h

Scientific notation:

The speed of light is 299 790 000 m.s-1 = 2,9979 x 108 m.s-1

Scientific notation is used to present the number in a shorter, easier readable


notation and to indicate significance (see significant figures).

Significant figures:

The input data determines the accuracy of the final answer (result).
The accuracy of the final answer depends on the situation.

The speed of light in vacuum is given as: c = 2,9979 x 108 m.s-1 (5 significant figures).

The speed of light can also be given as: c = 3 x 108 m.s-1 (1 significant figure)
OR 3,0 x 108 m.s-1 (2 significant figures)
OR 3,00 x 108 m.s-1 (3 significant figures)
OR 2,998 x 108 m.s-1 (4 significant figures)
OR c = 2,99792458 x 108 m.s-1 (9 significant figures)!

Example: The wavelength of red light is known as 755 nm. What is the frequency of red
light? The formula to determine the frequency is:
f = c = 2,99792458 x 108 m/s = 3,970761033 x 1014 /s = 3,97 x 1014 Hz
λ 755 x 10-9 m

This answer can not be given more accurate than 3 significant numbers, because it is
restricted by the 3 significant numbers of the input data of the wavelength.

Always use the most accurate data available to do calculations, and round off the answer to
the number of applicable significant numbers.

Quadratic & Simultaneous equations

Example:
A sprinter accelerates from rest to a top speed with an acceleration which magnitude
is 3.80 m/s2. After achieving top speed, he runs the remainder of the race without
speeding up or slowing down. The total race is fifty meters long. If the total race is
run in 7.88 s, how far does he run during the acceleration phase?

Solution:
By using equations of motion the following 2 equations arise:
s = vit + ½ at2 = ½ (3,8)t2 = 1,9t2 …………..(1)
From vf = vi + at and v = s’/t’ : s = -3,8t(7,88 – t) + 50 ….……… (2)
These two simultaneous equations lead to:
0 = 1,9t2 -29,94t + 50, a quadratic equation, which is solved: s = 6,85 m.
SCALARS AND VECTORS
When adding vectors, remember the effect of the direction, and that the resultant has
a magnitude and direction.
(i) Vectors in the same direction (and the same unit) are added as if they were
scalars. The direction stays unchanged.
(ii) Two vectors in opposite directions are added by subtracting them. The
direction is in the direction of the bigger vector.
(iii) Vectors which make an angle of 90° with each other are added by using
Pythagoras’ theorem. The direction is determined with the tan Ө function.
(iv) When vectors make any other angle, e.g. 60° with each other, perpendicular
components are used, which are added, using methods (i), (ii) and (iii),
referred to as the component method.

Vector addition: Example:


Calculate the resultant of vectors A, B and C

H V
A 44 cos28 = 38,8 44 sin28 = 20,7
B 26,5 cos56 = 14,8 26,5 sin56 = 22,0
C 0 31
∑ 24 11,7

R 11,7 R = √ 242 +11, 72 = 26,7 (N)


11,7
24 tan Ѳ = 24 Ѳ = 26⁰

R = 26,7 (N) 26⁰ N of E

Answer in unit vectors: R = 24 i +11,7 j

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