Candidate number…………………………….

SECTION A – MULTIPLE CHOICE (10 MARKS)

1. Carcinogens are those chemicals that can cause cancer when ingested,
inhaled, or come in contact with skin, here below is an example of those
chemicals excluding one which is corrosive when contact the skin. Help
me on identification of corrosive chemical from a group of carcinogenic
chemicals
A. Benzidine
B. Nitrosamines
C. Nitrosophenols
D. O-dianosidine
E. Trichloroacetic acid
2. During macroscopic analysis of stool, A normal stool for adult should
be:
A. Black with mucus
B. Black without mucus
C. Soft Brown
D. Watery brown
E. Colorless
3. While performing glucose testing in urine, the following reagent is used
A. salphosalicylic acid
B. acetic acid
C. Benedict solution
D. Etheline diamine tetra-acetic acid
E. Glucose-6-phosphate

1
 Candidate number…………………………….

4. The science of detecting antigens(bacteria,viral or parasites)or

antibodies to antigens in blood, serum or plasma is termed as:
A. serological technique
B. microscopic technique
C. haematological technique
D. cultural technique
E. biochemical technique

5. The system of the microscope which consists of objectives lenses are:-

A. Adjustment system
B. Illumination system
C. Mechanical stage system
D. Magnification system
E. Iris diaphragm system
6. The cyst of amoeba are easily seen by the aid of:-
A. Adding the cover glass on the smear with saline
B. Gentian violet to make easily to see the parasite’s
C. Physiological saline then emulsify with applicator
D. Cadal wood oil on the smear to see the amoebae
E. Adding 1 drop of Iodine on the slide
7. The following parasite ova is characterized by lateral spine on
microscopic observation:-
A. AscaiesLumbricidrs ova
B. TrichuraTrichiura ova
C. Adult tape worm
D. Sch. Haematobium ova
E. Sch.mansoni ova
2
 Candidate number…………………………….

8. The storage of blood prior to transfusion must be at the temperature

of:-
A. 5oC – 9oC
B. 7oC – 8oC
C. 4oC – 6oC
D. 30C – 10oC
E. 12oC – 13oC
9. The best result are obtained using Giemsa staining with buffer solution
at:-
A. Ph 6.0
B. Ph. 7.8
C. Ph. 8.4
D. Ph. 7.2
E. Ph. 9.2
10.Acid fast MEANS:

A. Microorganism that are fast stained in the laboratory by Z-N stain

B. Microorganisms that are not resistant to decolorization with acid
during the staining process
C. Microorganisms that are resistant to decolorization with acid
during the staining process
D. Microorganisms that are resistant to decolorization with alkaline
during the staining process
E. They take up acid easily during staining process

3
 Candidate number…………………………….

SECTION B – MULTIPLE TRUE AND FALSE QUESTIONS (10 MARKS)

 Write in capital letters the word TRUE against the correct statement and
FALSE for the incorrect one.
 A ½ mark will be awarded for correct response

1. Regarding the thick blood smear, the following parasites can be

observed:
A. TRUE Plasmodium species
B. TRUE Borellia
C. FALSE Treponema pallidum

D. TRUE Trypanosomes
E. TRUE Microfilariae

2. The Serum means

A. FALSE Fluid that separates clotted blood
B. FALSE Fluid that separates un clotted blood
C. TRUE Fluid that separated from clotted blood
D. FALSE Fluid that separated from plasma
E. TRUE Fluid that separated from coagulated blood

3. Concerning materials, reagents and equipments used during blood smear for
parasites
A. FALSE coverslip
B. TRUE Field/Giemsa stain
C. FALSE Crystal violet/gentian violet
D. TRUE Microscope
E. TRUE staining rack/staining jar

4. Regarding blood group of an individual:

4
 Candidate number…………………………….

A. TRUE blood group A has A Antgens and B antibodies

B. TRUE blood group O has no antigens
C. FALSE blood group AB has no antigens
D. FALSE blood group O has no antibodies
E. TRUE blood group AB has no antibodies

SECTION C – MATCHING ITEMS (10 marks)

PART 1

Match laboratory diagnostic test in column A against clinical

condition/disease in column B

Laboratory diagnostic Clinical

test(COLUMN A) condition/disease(COLUMN B)
1 ……E….Benedict’s qualitative A Syphilis
test
2 ……C….DNA PCR test B Malaria
3 …...A…..Rapid plasma reagin C Genital chlamydial infection
4 ……G….Widal test D Urinary tract infection
5 ….…F….Whiff test E Diabetes melitus
F Bacterial vaginosis
G Typhoid fever
H Anaemia in pregnancy

PART 11

Match macroscopic findings of urine in column A against possible cause

in column B

COLUMN A(APPEARANCE OF URINE COLUMN

B(POSSIBLE
CAUSE)

5
 Candidate number…………………………….

1 …D……Cloudy A Schistosomiasis

2 …A……Red and Cloudy B UTI,

3 …C……Brown and cloudy C Black water fever

4 ….F……Yellow/green/brown D Urinary tract

infection
5 ….G……..Milky white E Certain poison e.g.
phenol
F Liver disease

G Bancroftian
Filariasis
H Enteric fever

SECTION D – SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

1. List five advantages of HIV rapid testing

A. Patients receive results in under 30 minutes

B. Whole blood can be used (finger prick)

C. Minimal skill and equipment required for accurate interpretation

D. Tests are easy to use and read

E. Most test kits can be stored at temperatures between 2-30oC

F. Small numbers of patients can be tested at once (unlike ELISA, which

requires a batch of samples)

2. Before performing the HIV test the tester should record/indicate/have

the following information, List five of them

A. The test date

B. Client identification

C. Name of the person performing the test

6
 Candidate number…………………………….

D. The name of the test

E. The expiration date of the test kit

F. Test lot and batch number of the test kit

G. A standard operating procedure

H. Results slip and register

3. Serological Techniques is the science of detecting antigens (bacterial,

viral, parasitic) or antibodies to antigens in blood or serum. Mention
five examples of those serological tests that are commonly performed in
the laboratory.

A. Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (mRDT)

B. HIV rapid test
C. RPR
D. VDRL test
E. Widal test

4. A microscope is a piece of optic equipment that aids in the visualization

of invisible objects that would otherwise be invisible to the ‘naked eye.’
Mention five types of microscopes that are used in the laboratory.

A. Ordinary Light Microscope

B. Phase Contrast Microscope

C. Electron Microscope

D. Fluorescence Microscope

E. Dark Field Microscope

5. Before collection of blood specimens, person should gather all necessary

materias for the procedure, list six(6) essential materials for the
collection of venous blood.
7
 Candidate number…………………………….

A. Specimen containers

B. Tourniquet

C. Needles and syringes

D. Small bore needles

E. Gloves

F. Aprons or laboratory coats

G. Alcohol swabs

H. Cotton Gauze/Wool

I. Hand towels (Preferably disposable)

J. Waste disposal containers

6. Mention five parasites that can be demonstrated through stool wet

preparation

A. ascaris lumbricoides

B. hookworm

C. strongloides stercolaris

D. taenia species

E. trichuris trichiura

7. List five specimens that can easily collected using swabs stick.

A. Conjunctival discharge

B. Urethral discharge

C. Vaginal discharge

D. Rectal swab

E. Pus discharge from different body sites

8
 Candidate number…………………………….

8. Outline four categories of gram stain reagents with one example to each
category

A. Primary Stain- Methyl violet or gentian violet or crystal violet

B. Mordant- Lugol’s iodine

C. Decolouriser-10% Acetone/Alcohol

D. Counter Stain- Dilute carbolfuchsin or sufranin or neutral red

SECTION E – GUIDED EASY QUESTIONS (30 marks)

1. Describe on how you instruct a patient on proper procedure for spot

Sputum collection

Provide patients with the following instructions for collecting spot sputum
specimens:
 Cough sputum in open air (preferably outdoors)
 Inhale deeply two to three times, and breathe out hard each time
 Cover mouth when coughing.
 Cough deeply from the lungs and expectorate sputum

9
 Candidate number…………………………….

 If possible, observe patient during specimen collection. Stand behind

the patient when they are coughing.
 Place the open container close to the mouth and spit the sputum into the
container
 Close the sputum container after specimen collection.
 Thank the patient

2. 22 year old lady presents with offensive vaginal discharge for 2 weeks.
She has never sought any medical advice since onset of symptoms.
Describe the type of specimen required, procedure for collection
and investigations that are relevant for this type of specimen

Answer

Type of specimen required (1 mark)

High vaginal swab or endocervical swab

It is commonly used to test for the presence of candidiasis infection, bacterial

vaginosis and trichomonas vaginalis.

Technique for collection of High Vaginal Swab and Endocervical Swabs

(5 points, 1 mark each)

 Procedure
o Insert the speculum into the vagina and open fully
o Take the sterile swab and pass it high into the posterior fornix of the
vagina
o Roll the swab for a few seconds to collect the secretions
o Replace the swab in the test tube
o Label and send the specimen to the laboratory for investigation

Investigation (4 points, 1 mark each)

 Microscopy
o Wet preparation to look for trichomonas vaginalis and candida albicans,
bacterial vaginosis (clue cells)
o Gram stain for suspected bacteria infection

10
 Candidate number…………………………….

 Whiff test for suspected bacterial vaginosis

 PCR if chlamydial infection is suspected.
 Culture and sensitivity to identify the causative agent and treatment of
choice.
 Pap smear for cervical cytology

3. Blood smear in the laboratory can be stained by either field stain or

giemsa stain. Each method has its advantage and disadvantages
following their procedures. Explain on disadvantages of staining
blood smear using field stain during hemoparasites identification
in the laboratory

4. Outline five examples of blood cells morphology and cell count

A. RBC Morphology
B.WBC Morphology
C. Red blood cell count
D. WBC Count
E. Differential count
F. Basophil count
G. Eosinophils count

5. List five cast detected in urine microscopically

A. Hyaline casts
B. WBC
C. RBC
D. Epithelial
E. Granular cast

6. Dark ground illumination is used to examine

A. Treponema pallidum
B.Borrelia species in blood
C.Leptospirae in urine

11
 Candidate number…………………………….

D.Microfilariae in blood
E. Vibrio cholerae

7. Wet preparation techniques allow observation

A.Red blood cells, pus cells and macrophages
B. Motile trophozoites of protozoa
C. Bacteria with characteristic shape and motility
D. Cysts of protozoa
E Helminth ova
F.Helminth larvae
8. Pin point five example of serological test
A. mRDT
B.HIV rapid test
C.RPR
D.VDRL test
E . Widal test
9. State five major symptoms of hyperglycemia
A. Increase thirst
B. Increase urination
C. Fatique
D. Blurred vission
E. Slow-healing infection
10.List five important information before performing the test
A. The test date
B. Client identification
C. Name of the person performing the test
D. The name of the test
E. The exipiration date of the test kit
11.Explain the principles that underline serological, biochemical and
cultural techniques
12.Describe HIV testing using SD Bio line and interpret your result
13.Outline five major equipment commonly used in clinical laboratory
A. Centrifuge Machine
B. Haemocytometer
C. Autoclave or Pressure Cooker
D. Weighing Scales
E. Water Filter

12
 Candidate number…………………………….

14.Name five methods of sterilization

A. Dry heat sterilization
B• Moist heat sterilization
C• Sterilization by filtration
D• Sterilizing by irradiation
E.Chemical method of sterilization

15. Mention five importance items when performing vein puncture

A. Tourniquet
B• Needles and syringes
C• Small bore needles
D• Gloves
E• Aprons or laboratory coats
F• Alcohol swabs
G• Cotton Gauze/Wool
H• Hand towels (Preferably disposable)
I• Waste disposal containers

16.Outline five precautions to take when working in clinical laboratory

A. Wear protective gloves while collecting and processing
specimens
B• Do not drink, eat or smoke in the laboratory
C• Do not sit on the working bench
D• Do not allow unauthorized visitors to enter the laboratory
E• Wash hands with antiseptic after handling specimens and
before leaving the laboratory

17.List five parts of microscope

A. Iris Diaphragm
B. Objective Lenses
C. Ocular Lens
D. Body Tube:
E. Arm or Handle:

18. Name five micro-organism pathogenic to respiratory tracts

A. Strep.pneumoniae
B.Staph.aureus
C. Enterobacteriaceae
D. Respiratory virus
E. Haemophilus influenza
19.Pin point five steps of hand washing
A…………………………………………………………………………………..
13
 Candidate number…………………………….

B……………………………………………………………………………………..
C…………………………………………………………………………………….
D………………………………………………………………………………………
E……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Describe the procedure of venous puncture
11. Explain the instruction to the patient on how to collet stool to the
laboratory for examination

19.How to interprate protein in the urin

-If the turbidity disappears (clears) with liberation of bubbles it

means that the urine is
NEGATIVE for protein but there are bicarbonates.
- If the turbidity disappears (clears) without bubbles it means that
the urine is
NEGATIVE for protein but there are phosphates.
- If turbidity persists or increases it means there is protein in urine
and the test is
POSITIVE .

12. Blood glucose estimated after taking meals is called

random blood glucose

20.What are Symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

􀂃 Sweating
􀂃 Hunger
􀂃 Trembling
􀂃 Anxiety
􀂃 Confusion
􀂃 Blurred Vision

21.What are normal Values of glugose

• Adults
o Fasting 3.6 – 6 .4 mmol/L
o Random 3.3. – 7.4 mmol/L
• Children
o Fasting 2.4 – 5.3 mmol/L
o Newborn 1.1 – 4.4 mmol/L

14