Integration 1

Learning outcomes

• Understanding of the fundamental principles of integration

• Apply basic rules of integration

• Evaluate definite integrals

• Integrate by substitution

Differentiation in reverse
The topic of integration can be approached in several different ways. The
simplest way of introducing it is to think of it as differentiation in reverse.

In some applications we may know the derivative of a function, but not the
function from which it was derived. This is why we need knowledge of
integration.

If we differentiate the function y = x2, we can find its derivative as y’ = 2x.

Integration reverses this process, and we say that the integral of 2x is x2.

Differentiate

x2 2x

Integrate
 Differentiation in reverse
However, there are lots of functions that when differentiated give 2x. For
example:
x 2 + 5, x 2 − 11, x 2 + 0.5
This is because when we differentiate the constant term of a function we obtain
zero. Because of this we include in our answer an unknown constant c, which is
known as the constant of integration.

The symbol for integration is ∫ , known as an integral sign. Formally we write,

∫
integral sign
2x dx = x 2
+c constant of
integration
the term dx indicates
the name of the
the integrand variable involved

Integrals of this sort are called indefinite integrals.

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Table of Integrals
Engineers usually refer to a table of integrals when performing calculations involving integration.
This leaflet provides such a table. Sometimes restrictions need to be placed on the values of

A table of integrals
some of the variables. These restrictions are shown in the third column.

Like in the case of differentiation we can use a ‘table of integrals’ such as that
1. A table of integrals
shown below. f (x)
!
f (x) dx
k, any constant kx + c
x2
x 2
+c
x3
x2 3
+c
Care must be taken when using the entries xn xn+1
n+1
+c n != −1
x−1 = x1 ln |x| + c
in the table. For example: ex ex + c
1 kx
ekx k
e +c
cos x sin x + c

• when dealing with trigonometrical

1
cos kx k
sin kx + c
sin x − cos x + c
functions the variable x must always be sin kx
tan x
− k1 cos kx + c
ln(sec x) + c − π2 < x < π2
measured in radians and not degrees. sec x ln(sec x + tan x) + c − π2 < x < π2

• note that the fourth entry for integrating

cosec x
cot x
ln(cosec x−cot x) + c
ln(sin x) + c
0<x<π
0<x<π
a power of x is valid when n is positive, cosh x
sinh x
sinh x + c
cosh x + c
negative or fractional, but not when tanh x ln cosh x + c
n=-1. If n = -1, the fifth entry of the coth x
1
ln sinh x + c
1
tan−1 xa + c
x>0
a>0
x2 +a2 a
table must be used. 1
x2 −a2
1
2a
ln x−a
x+a
+c |x| > a > 0
1 1 a+x
a2 −x2 2a
ln a−x
+c |x| < a
√ 1 −1 x
x2 +a2
sinh a + c a>0
√ 1 cosh−1 xa + c x!a>0
x2 −a2 √
√ 1 ln(x + x2 + k) + c
x2 +k
√ 1
a2 −x2
−1 x
sin a + c −a " x " a
Source : mathcentre (http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk )
 Lecture Exercise 1
Use the table of integrals to find the following:
2π t
a) ∫ x 7 dx b) cos 5x dx c) ∫ sin
∫ T
dt, where T is a constant d) ∫ 3x dx

Tutorial Exercise 1
Determine the following indefinite integrals:
1
a) ∫ 4x dx b) x 2 dx c) e 4 x dx d) cos t dt
∫ ∫ ∫ 2 e) ∫ 6 dt f) ∫ sin 3x dx

Rules of integration
Rule 1: The integral of a constant multiple of a function

∫ k f (x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx
Rule 2: The integral of f (x) ± g(x)

∫ [ f (x) ± g(x)]dx = ∫ f (x)dx ± ∫ g(x)dx

Lecture Exercise 2
Determine the following indefinite integrals:
a) ∫ 11x 2 dx b)∫ 14 2 ds c) π r 2 dr d) (x 3 + sin x)dx
1+ s ∫ ∫ e) ∫ 2x − e x dx

Tutorial Exercise 2
Determine the following indefinite integrals:
8
a) ∫ (x 3 + cos x)dx b)∫ ds c) ∫ (x + 3)2 dx d)∫ (3x 4 + sin x)dx e)∫ 7x −2 dx
16 + s 2
 Definite Integrals
Definite integrals can be recognised by numbers written to the upper and lower
right of the integral sign. The quantity:
b
∫a
f (x)dx

is called the definite integral of f(x) from a to b. The numbers a and b are known
as the lower and upper limits of the integral. When evaluating a definite
4
integral the result will usually be a number. For example, to find x 2 dx we
can use the following process: 1 ∫
x3
We can first integrate x2 in the normal way.
∫ x dx = +c
2

3
However, to show that we are dealing with a definite integral, the result must be
enclosed in square brackets and the limits of integration are written on the right
bracket. Therefore: 4
4
3
⎡x ⎤
∫1
x 2 dx = ⎢ + 4 ⎥
⎣3 ⎦1

Definite Integrals
Then, the quantity in the squared brackets is evaluated, first by letting x equal
the value at the upper limit, then by letting x equal the value at the lower limit.
Finally we can subtract the resulting values and calculate the definite integral as
follows:
4
⎡ x3 ⎤
⎢3 + 4 ⎥ = (evaluate when x equals upper limit) - (evaluate when x equals lower limit)
⎣ ⎦1
⎛ 43 ⎞ ⎛ 13 ⎞ 64 1 63
= ⎜ + c⎟ − ⎜ + c⎟ = − = = 21
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ 3 3 3
We can notice that the constants, c, cancel out. This will always happen and so
in the future we can ignore them when calculating definite integrals.
4
So, the value of the definite integral ∫1
x 2 dx is 21.
 Lecture Exercise 3
Evaluate the following definite integrals
2 2π
a) ∫ e x dx b) ∫ (2x + 7x 2 )dx c) ∫ sin x dx d) 1 (1 + t 2 )dt e) k
4
1 1 π ∫−1 ∫ 2(kv − v )dv
3 4
0

Tutorial Exercise 3

Evaluate the following definite integrals

3
a) ∫1 e2t dt b) ∫ (8x 3 + 3x)dx
3 π 1
c) ∫ 3sin x dx
1
1
d) ∫ a
dt e) ∫ 2π mr 3 dr
9 − 4t 2
0 0 0

Integration by substitution
We can use this technique to simplify an integral by substituting a part of the
function we are trying to integrate.
Let’s assume that we need to find ∫ (5x − 4)6 dx

As it can be seen the function is of the form y 6 where y has been replaced by
5x − 4. So if we substitute 5x − 4 with y our integral becomes ∫ y dx .
6

Before we can continue with the integration we need to change the variable
involved (from dx to dy).
dy 1
Since we have assigned y = 5x − 4 ⇒ = 5 ⇒ dx = .dy
dx 5

1 1 6 1 y7 y7
and our integral becomes
∫ y 5 dy = 5 ∫ y dy = 5 7 + c = 35 + c
6

Finally we must express y, in terms of our original variable x.

(5x − 4)7
Therefore: ∫ (5x − 4) dx = +c
6

35
 Substitution and definite integrals
We can apply the technique of substitution in order to find definite integrals of
functions but care must be taken when we substitute. Consider the following
example:
3

Find ∫ t sin(t 2 )dt by making the substitution u = t 2

2
du du
The derivative = 2t ⇒ dt = and our integral becomes
dt 2t
t=3 t=3
du
∫
t =2
t sin(u)dt = ∫
t =2
t sin(u)
2t
. The limits of integration are limits of the variable t.

To emphasise this they have been written explicitly as t = 2 and t = 3. When we

integrate with respect to the variable u, the limits must be written in terms of u.
In our case when t = 2,u = 2 2 = 4 and when t = 3,u = 32 = 9.
Therefore:
t=3 u=9 u=9
du du 1 1 1
∫t = 2 [ ]
2t u ∫= 4 2 2 u ∫= 4
= = = − = (− cos 9 + cos 4) = 0.129
9
t sin(u) sin(u) sin(u)du cosu 4
2 2

Lecture Exercise 4
Determine/Evaluate the following integrals
2
1
a) ∫ cos(2x − 7)dx b) ∫ e 3x + 4
c) ∫ d) ∫ (2x + 3) dx
7
dx dx
4x + 3 1

Tutorial Exercise 4

Determine/Evaluate the following integrals

3 3

b) ∫ x ( 2x + 7 ) dx
e 2x
a)∫ x sin ( x + 1)dx
4
c) ∫ t ⋅ sin(t ) d) ∫ x
2 3 2 2
dx
2 2
e −1