6/3/25, 3:43 PM An Overview of Modern Cartographic Trends Aligned with the ICA’s Perspective - ScienceDirect

Revue Internationale de Geomatique

Volume 32, Issue 0, 27 December 2023, Pages 1-16

Review

An Overview of Modern Cartographic Trends

Aligned with the ICA’s Perspective
Maan Habib 1 , Maan Okayli 2

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https://doi.org/10.32604/RIG.2023.043399

Under a Creative Commons license Open access

This study provides a comprehensive overview of modern cartography innovations and

emerging trends, highlighting the importance of geospatial representation in various
fields. It discusses recent advancements in geospatial data collection techniques,
including satellite and aerial imagery, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology,
and crowdsourcing. The research also investigates the integration of big data, machine
learning, and real-time processing in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), as well as
advances in geospatial visualization. In addition, it examines the role of cartography in
addressing global challenges such as climate change, disaster management, and urban
planning in line with the International Cartographic Association’s (ICA) perspectives. The
study discusses the ethical considerations and challenges associated with modern
cartography, including privacy, data security, and accessibility issues. Finally, it outlines
future directions and opportunities in cartography, focusing on the potential applications
of artificial intelligence, interdisciplinary collaborations, and open-source platforms. This
discussion aims to emphasize the significance of continued research and development in
cartography and encourage interdisciplinary collaboration for a better understanding of
the world.

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Modern cartography; geospatial data collection; geographic information systems;

emerging mapping trends

1. Introduction
Cartography is the art and science of producing maps, and it is at the heart of human
history because it plays a pivotal role in representing the world [1]. The development of
map-making stretches from the earliest cave paintings to today’s high-resolution satellite
images [2,3]. In the era of rapidly evolving technology and increasing global connectivity,
maps have become an indispensable tool for understanding and navigating the world [4–
6]. Since the earliest known maps from ancient civilizations, cartography has played a
vital role in various fields, including exploration, navigation, transportation, urban
planning, and environmental management. Currently, most computerized data produced
today has a geospatial component, and cartography has long focused on representing,
analyzing, and transmitting this location-based data [7,8]. Over the years, various
methods, tools, and technologies have been introduced in cartography to allow for
effective communication of this data [9–11]. These cartographic developments have
facilitated the ability to navigate the environment, comprehend complex natural and
societal phenomena, and provide critical insights for social, political, and economic
decision-making [12–17].

The International Cartographic Association (ICA) plays a pivotal role in shaping the
trajectory of cartography and geospatial information science. This role, as highlighted by
Virrantaus et al. [18], stems from the inherent power of maps and geographic
information to connect, integrate, and represent data sets based on geographical
locations. ICA’s research drives innovations in cartography, with their Commissions and
Working Groups transforming theories into practice. Concurrently, the broader
geospatial community, as noted by Bill et al. [19] and Kraak [20], emphasizes the
interdisciplinary nature of geographic information science and its potential to address
societal challenges. The ICA and geospatial community envision a future where
geospatial information becomes a transformative force. The relationship between
cartography and geospatial science/engineering has been a subject of discourse, leading
to varying viewpoints: (1) Cartography encompasses all processes from geospatial data
collection to visualization; (2) Cartographic works begin with existing data, transforming
them into valuable information presented through maps or map-like representations; (3)
Cartography primarily deals with the visualization and communication of geospatial
data. Given the ICA’s emphasis on the second viewpoint, this manuscript aligns its
discussions, accordingly, focusing on how existing geospatial data is transformed and
visualized in modern contexts [18].

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Recently, the proliferation of satellite and aerial imagery [21–23], Light Detection and
Ranging (LiDAR) technology [24,25], and the increasing accessibility of geospatial data
through crowdsourcing and volunteer geographic information [26–29] have driven the
growth of cartography. These developments have expanded the possibilities of
geographic information systems (GIS) [30–32], which now integrate big data [33,34],
machine learning [35,36], and real-time data processing to create more sophisticated and
accurate maps [37,38]. In addition, new visualization techniques, such as augmented
reality (AR) [39,40] and virtual reality (VR) [41,42], have revolutionized map design and
representation, making them more interactive and engaging.

This study aims to provide an overview of the innovations and emerging trends in
modern cartography, focusing on transforming geospatial data into meaningful visual
representations. It also examines the role of cartography in addressing global challenges,
such as climate change, disaster management, and urban planning, and navigates the
ethical considerations associated with the field. Finally, this research outlines future
directions and opportunities in the field, emphasizing the potential applications of
Artificial Intelligence (AI), interdisciplinary collaborations, and open-source platforms.

2. Advancements in Geospatial Science/Engineering

The ICA [43] defines cartography as “the discipline dealing with the conception,
production, dissemination, and study of maps”. It continues, “A map is a symbolized
image of geographic reality, representing selected features or characteristics, resulting
from the creative efforts of cartographers, and is designed for use when spatial
relationships are of special relevance”. In practice, the cartographic process (Fig. 1) is an
intricate procedure involving several key steps [44,45]. It is a continuous cycle starting
with an environment filled with spatial data. It involves data collection using advanced
technologies, followed by pattern perception based on expertise and map purpose.
Cartographers then prepare this data, deciding on its visualization by considering scale
and theme. During encoding, data is transformed using symbolization and possibly
generalized for clarity before being produced for its audience. Map users then decode
and interpret the symbols to extract insights. These maps influence decisions, from travel
to urban planning. They also shape our spatial behavior and understanding of
environments. At its core is map abstraction, artfully simplifying complex realities [46].
Each step of the cartographic process is integral and requires different skills and tools.

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Figure 1. Cartographic process

In contrast, the advancements in geospatial science/engineering profoundly impact

cartography. The availability of high-resolution, multi-temporal data means that maps
can now be updated more frequently, ensuring they represent the most current state of
the landscape. In addition, integrating diverse datasets, such as LiDAR-derived
topography with satellite imagery, allows for richer map visualizations. Automation in
data processing also means that cartographers can focus more on the design, aesthetics,
and usability of maps, enhancing the user experience and the utility of the maps.

Data collection: The first step in the cartographic process is data collection.
This can involve fieldwork in which surveyors measure and record
information about the physical world or gather existing data from
databases, satellite imagery, aerial photos, or other sources. The collected
data can relate to a wide range of characteristics, including physical
attributes (topography or hydrography), biological factors (vegetation or
wildlife distributions), or even human aspects (population density or
infrastructure).

Data processing: After collecting the data, it must be processed. This

typically involves converting raw data into a usable format utilizing the
software. The data can also require cleansing or transformation. For

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example, survey data must be converted from spherical coordinates

(latitude, longitude, and elevation) to a flat, two-dimensional map
projection.

Symbolization: Cartographers represent the data on the map with symbols.

This can include using dots to represent cities, lines to represent roads, or
colored areas to represent various vegetation types. The choice of symbols
can significantly affect how the map is interpreted, so choosing symbols
that accurately represent the data is crucial.

Map design: The design phase determines how all the map elements will fit
together. This includes the map’s layout and additional elements such as
the map’s key, scale bar, and title. A well-designed map must be both
visually appealing and easy to understand.

Map production: Involves printing physical copies of the map, creating a

digital version for use in a GIS, or publishing the map online. The
production method of a map will depend on its intended use.

Map use and evaluation: It is used for its intended purpose, whether
guiding travelers, assisting scientists to understand patterns in data, or
informing policymakers. Map users or professional peers can evaluate the
map, offering feedback that can be utilized to improve future maps.

Cartographers must be detail-oriented and meticulous, with strong spatial thinking

abilities and a good understanding of geography, mathematics, and design principles.
With the rise of digital technology and GIS, they must also be proficient with advanced
software and managing complex datasets.

2.1. Innovations in Geospatial Data Collection

The geospatial industry is transforming rapidly, driven by modern technologies that
allow for more accurate, detailed, and practical spatial data analysis [47–51]. Artificial
intelligence and Machine Learning (ML) play pivotal roles in the geospatial industry by
processing vast datasets, enabling faster analysis of satellite imagery, and predicting
trends. Using geospatial sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT) also provides real-time data,
such as location, weather conditions, and movement patterns. In contrast, the advent of
5G technology enhances data transmission speed, facilitating real-time geospatial
analysis and utilizing more complex applications. Big data analytics tools manage,
process, and analyze the enormous volumes of data produced by the geospatial sector,
generating meaningful insights for better decision-making. Cloud computing is
increasingly essential for efficiently storing, accessing, and processing these large
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datasets and promotes collaboration across locations. The industry also benefits from
advancements in satellite technology, with micro and nanosatellites offering detailed and
frequent imagery, while drones capture high-resolution topography and imagery,
especially in inaccessible areas. Augmented reality and virtual reality technologies
provide immersive approaches to visualize and interact with geospatial data, and the
potential of blockchain technology ensures the provenance and integrity of spatial data.
These technologies collectively drive the geospatial industry forward, facilitating more
accurate decisions and predictions and fostering innovation across many sectors.
Technological advancements have significantly improved the methods and techniques
used for geospatial data collection, as depicted in Fig. 2. These innovations have enabled
cartographers to capture more accurate, detailed, and up-to-date geospatial information,
enhancing the quality and utility of maps and GIS. This section discusses some of the
most notable innovations in geospatial data collection, including remote sensing, LiDAR
technology, and crowdsourcing.

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Figure 2. Elements of geospatial technology

Remote sensing technologies, particularly satellite imagery, have revolutionized

geospatial data collection by providing continuous, large-scale, high-resolution data on
the Earth’s surface. The availability of multispectral and hyperspectral sensors on
satellites allows cartographers to capture detailed information about land cover,
vegetation, and environmental conditions. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones
complement these technologies by offering flexible, localized data collection [52,53]. In
addition, the increasing accessibility and affordability of satellite imagery have enabled
researchers and practitioners to access and analyze geospatial data for various
applications, such as environmental monitoring [54,55], urban planning [56,57], and
disaster management [58]. LiDAR is a remote sensing technology that uses laser pulses to
measure distances and build detailed, three-dimensional representations of the Earth’s

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surface. LiDAR technology has been widely adopted in cartography to capture high-
resolution elevation data and generate accurate digital elevation models [59,60]. These
models are essential for various applications, including flood risk assessment,
infrastructure planning, and forestry management. In addition, recent advancements in
drone-mounted LiDAR systems have expanded the potential applications of this
technology, enabling the collection of geospatial data in inaccessible or hazardous areas
[61]. Crowdsourcing and volunteer geographic information (VGI) have emerged as
practical tools for collecting geospatial data, allowing individuals and communities to
contribute local knowledge and observations to mapping projects [62]. They are valuable
for mapping areas with limited or outdated geospatial data and capturing dynamic
phenomena, including traffic conditions, natural disasters, and social events [63].
Platforms such as OpenStreetMap, Google Map Maker, and various citizen science
initiatives enable users to collect, edit, and share geospatial data, creating more accurate
and up-to-date maps [64,65].

2.2. Advances in GIS

Geographic Information Systems have evolved considerably over the years, driven by
advancements in computing power, data storage, and geospatial analysis techniques, as
depicted in Fig. 3. These developments have enabled cartographers and GIS professionals
to manage, analyze, and visualize geospatial data more effectively, leading to innovative
solutions and insights across various domains [66]. This section describes some of the
most significant advances in GIS, including improvements in data integration and
management, enhanced geospatial analysis capabilities, and the development of web-
based GIS platforms. Integrating and managing diverse geospatial data from various
sources is a substantial development in GIS [67]. Modern GIS platforms can handle
vector, raster, point cloud, and non-spatial data, such as text, images, and multimedia. It
enables cartographers and GIS professionals to create comprehensive and multi-layered
maps that incorporate various types of information, such as land use, demographics,
infrastructure, and environmental conditions. In addition, advanced data management
techniques, such as data compression, indexing, and caching, have improved the
performance and efficiency of GIS, allowing users to work with large datasets and
complex geospatial analyses more effectively.

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Figure 3. The evolution of GIS

The advancements in GIS technology have also led to the development of sophisticated
geospatial analysis tools and techniques [68]. These include spatial statistics, network
analysis, and geospatial modeling, which enable users to identify patterns, trends, and
relationships within geospatial data. For instance, spatial statistics can be employed to
analyze the distribution of natural resources, disease outbreaks, or crime incidents, while
network analysis can help optimize transportation routes, model traffic flow, or plan
emergency response strategies [69–71]. In contrast, geospatial modeling allows
cartographers and GIS professionals to simulate and predict future scenarios, such as
land use change, urban growth, or climate change impacts [72,73]. The emergence of
web-based GIS platforms and mobile applications has significantly expanded the
accessibility and usability of GIS technology. Web-based GIS platforms, such as ArcGIS
Online, Carto, and Mapbox, allow users to create, edit, and share geospatial data and
maps through a user-friendly, browser-based interface, eliminating the need for
specialized software and hardware. In addition, mobile applications, such as Google
Maps, Apple Maps, and various GIS apps, enable users to access and interact with
geospatial data on the go, enhancing the utility and significance of GIS in daily life.

3. Modern Cartographic Trends

The landscape of cartography has been dynamically evolving, especially with the influx
of technological advancements rooted in geospatial science/engineering. As one
navigates through modern cartographic trends, it is evident that these are not isolated
developments but are deeply intertwined with innovations in geospatial technologies
[74]. The evolution of cartography, marked by Fraser Taylor’s term “cybercartography” in
1997 [75], denotes the shift towards digital, multimedia-rich mapping. The ICA’s
establishment of the Neo-cartography Commission in 2011–15 further emphasized this
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shift, highlighting the democratization of map-making [20]. Modern cartography, termed

“cartography 2.0”, empowers even amateurs to create maps tailored to immediate needs,
facilitated by technology [76]. However, foundational cartographic principles, like maps
as abstractions of reality, remain unchanged. Today’s cartography, enriched by
technology, democratizes map-making and emphasizes the power of spatially organizing
information.

Digital Mapping: The transition from traditional paper maps to digital

formats has been transformative. Digital maps offer flexibility in
representation, ease of dissemination, and the capability for real-time
updates. With platforms such as OpenStreetMap and Google Maps, users
can now interact with, modify, and use maps in previously unimaginable
ways.

3D Mapping: With the advent of technologies such as LiDAR and 3D

modeling software, cartographers can now create detailed three-
dimensional representations of landscapes, buildings, and other features.
These 3D maps provide a more immersive experience and are particularly
useful in urban planning, disaster management, and virtual tourism.

Real-Time Mapping: Powered by the IoT and real-time data collection

methods, maps can be updated instantaneously. This is crucial in
applications such as traffic management, disaster response, and
environmental monitoring, where timely information can be pivotal.

Interactive Maps: Modern cartography emphasizes user interaction.

Interactive maps, often web-based, allow users to zoom, pan, query, and
modify the map content based on their requirements. They offer
personalized experiences and are instrumental in education, tourism, and
public information dissemination.

The technological backbone supporting these trends includes integrating big data,
machine learning algorithms, and advanced visualization techniques. For instance, big
data analytics power the real-time processing of vast amounts of geospatial data,
enabling real-time mapping. Machine learning, on the other hand, aids in automated
feature extraction, anomaly detection, and predictive mapping. Advanced visualization
techniques, supported by augmented and virtual reality, take map interactivity and
immersion to new heights. Modern cartography is a confluence of art, science, and
technology, where geospatial engineering innovations play a pivotal role in shaping
cartographic trends.

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3.1. Emerging Trends in Map Design and Representation

Incorporating AR and VR in cartography has created new opportunities for immersive
and interactive geospatial experiences. AR-enhanced maps overlay digital information,
such as labels, directions, or points of interest, onto the real world, providing users with
contextualized and easily accessible geospatial data [77]. On the other hand, VR allows
users to explore virtual representations of geographic spaces, enabling them to visualize
complex geospatial data more intuitively and engagingly. In addition, 3D geographical
scenes have emerged as a groundbreaking tool for reshaping how geospatial data is
perceived [78]. These scenes go beyond the traditional 2D maps and satellite images,
offering users a multi-dimensional perspective of terrains, cityscapes, and natural
landscapes. They blend topographical data with satellite imagery, leading to accurate and
lifelike depictions of Earth’s surface. These technologies hold great potential for
applications in tourism, navigation, education, urban planning, and others [79]. The
introduction of 3D mapping has revolutionized the representation and comprehension of
geospatial data. These maps provide a more realistic and detailed visualization of
geographic features, such as elevation, terrain, and infrastructure, by incorporating three-
dimensional data. There are numerous applications for three-dimensional mapping,
including city planning, transportation, infrastructure management, and environmental
analysis [80]. In particular, integrating 3D mapping with Building Information Modeling
(BIM) has facilitated more efficient and accurate construction, management, and
visualization of infrastructure projects. The growing demand for user-friendly and
engaging maps has emerged in response to interactive and multimedia maps, allowing
users to access, manipulate, and customize geospatial data according to their needs.
These maps often integrate multimedia elements, such as audio, video, and animation, to
enhance the user experience and provide additional context [8]. Popular examples of
interactive maps include web-based maps, mobile apps, and touchscreen-enabled kiosks.
These maps have been widely adopted in various sectors, such as tourism,
transportation, real estate, and environmental management, for their ability to provide
users with real-time, customizable, and context-specific information.

3.2. Cartography in Addressing Global Challenges

Effective monitoring and managing climate change and its impacts require accurate and
up-to-date geospatial data. Modern cartography is crucial in tracking environmental
changes, such as deforestation, land use change, and the melting of polar ice caps.
Remote sensing technologies and satellite imagery provide continuous, large-scale data
that can be utilized to identify trends, patterns, and anomalies in environmental
conditions. Furthermore, sophisticated GIS tools enable the integration and analysis of
various data types, such as temperature, precipitation, and vegetation, to develop
predictive models and inform climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies.

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Modern cartography and geospatial analysis are essential disaster management and risk
assessment tools. High-resolution maps and 3D models help identify vulnerable areas,
assess potential hazards, and plan emergency response and evacuation routes [81,82]. In
addition, real-time geospatial data, such as satellite imagery and social media feeds, can
monitor ongoing disasters and track their impacts. Table 1 lists an overview of some
critical roles of cartography in addressing global challenges.

Table 1. An overview of some critical roles of cartography in addressing global challenges

Element Role in addressing global challenges

Climate change analysis Cartographic representation of areas most vulnerable to climate impacts
[72,73] can aid in formulating mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Resource management Cartography can provide an accurate understanding of natural resource

[84] distribution worldwide, aiding in proper allocation and sustainable
management.

Healthcare and disease Cartographic visualization of disease spread and health infrastructure can
control [85] inform public health strategies and resource allocation.

Urban planning and Mapping can provide critical data for sustainable urban planning,
development [56,57] including population density, transport links, and green spaces.

Disaster management Mapping disaster-prone areas can improve preparedness and response
[58] times, and real-time tracking can guide rescue and relief efforts.

Food security and Satellite imagery and GIS can help map out areas suitable for farming,
agriculture [86] monitor crop health, and track pests or diseases.

Biodiversity Mapping habitats, migration patterns, and population sizes can support
conservation [87] practical conservation efforts and the design of protected areas.

Advanced GIS platforms facilitate the integration of various data sources, enabling
decision-makers to develop comprehensive disaster management plans and allocate
resources effectively. Cartography is also critical in post-disaster recovery by providing
updated maps and geospatial data to support reconstruction and rehabilitation
initiatives. With rapid urbanization and population growth, sustainable and efficient
urban planning has become a top priority for governments and city planners worldwide
[83]. Modern cartography and geospatial technologies provide valuable tools for
managing urban growth, optimizing transportation networks, and enhancing the
livability of cities. High-resolution maps and 3D models offer detailed representations of
urban landscapes, infrastructure, and land use patterns, enabling planners to make
informed decisions and identify opportunities for improvement. In addition, smart cities
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rely heavily on geospatial data and real-time monitoring to optimize city operations,
such as traffic management, public transportation, waste management, and energy
distribution. As global challenges continue to evolve, the role of cartography in
addressing these issues will become increasingly important. The advancements in
geospatial data collection, GIS technologies, and map design and representation will
enhance understanding of the world and empower decision-makers, researchers, and
practitioners to develop innovative solutions for a more sustainable and resilient future.

4. Ethical Considerations and Challenges in Modern Cartography

As cartography embraces advanced technologies and becomes increasingly integrated
into various aspects of our lives, it is essential to address the ethical considerations and
challenges associated with the field [88–91]. This section discusses some primary
concerns related to modern cartography, including privacy and data security,
accessibility and inclusivity in map design, and the potential misuse of geospatial data.
The widespread use of high-resolution satellite imagery, aerial photography, and
location-based data collection has raised concerns about privacy and data security. As
geospatial data becomes more detailed and accurate, there is an increased risk of
infringing on personal privacy and revealing sensitive information. For instance, street-
level imagery can capture individuals’ faces or license plates, whereas location-based
data can reveal patterns of movement and behavior. To address these concerns,
cartographers and data providers must develop and implement robust privacy policies,
anonymize data, and employ data encryption techniques to protect user information and
ensure compliance with data protection regulations.

Inclusivity and accessibility in map design are vital to ensure that geospatial information
is available and comprehensible to diverse users. However, traditional cartographic
practices and designs can inadvertently exclude specific populations, such as individuals
with disabilities or limited digital literacy. Modern cartographers must consider factors
such as color contrast, font size, and alternative representations for different data types
to promote inclusivity and accessibility. Developing user-friendly digital interfaces,
voice-activated features, and tactile maps can also help make geospatial information
more accessible to a broader audience.

The increasing availability and accessibility of geospatial data also present challenges
regarding potential misuse and the spread of disinformation. Inaccurate or outdated
maps can lead to confusion, misinterpretation, and misguided decision-making, while
deliberately manipulated geospatial data can be used for nefarious purposes, such as
spreading propaganda or misinformation. Cartographers and data providers must ensure
their maps’ and geospatial data’s accuracy and reliability and promote transparency in
data sources and methodologies to combat these issues. Furthermore, establishing

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industry standards and ethical guidelines can help foster a culture of responsibility and
integrity within the cartographic community.

5. Challenges and Opportunities

As the field of cartography continues to advance, new opportunities and directions for
research and development are emerging. This section outlines some of the most
promising areas for future growth and innovation in cartography, focusing on the
potential applications of artificial intelligence, interdisciplinary collaborations, and the
role of open-source platforms and data sharing. Artificial intelligence can transform the
cartography field by automating complex tasks, improving the accuracy of geospatial
data, and enabling the development of more sophisticated mapping techniques. Some
potential applications of AI in cartography include:

Automated feature extraction and classification [92]: Machine learning

algorithms can identify and classify geographic features from satellite and
aerial imagery, such as roads, buildings, and vegetation, significantly
reducing the time and effort required for manual interpretation and
digitization.

Predictive modeling and analysis [93]: AI-powered tools can help analyze
large volumes of geospatial data and identify patterns, trends, and
relationships, enabling more accurate predictions and simulations of future
scenarios, such as climate change, urban growth, or natural disasters.

Enhanced geospatial visualization [94]: AI techniques, such as generative

adversarial networks (GANs) and style transfer, can create more realistic
and aesthetically pleasing visualizations of geospatial data, improving user
experience and map comprehension.

Automated map generalization [95]: AI can assist in the process of map

generalization, ensuring that maps are readable and relevant at various
scales by intelligently deciding which features to display or omit.

Sentiment mapping using natural language processing [96]: Extracting

sentiments from geolocated social media posts, AI can map the mood or
sentiment of regions, providing valuable insights for various applications
from tourism to emergency response.

The growing recognition of the importance of geospatial information in various fields has
created numerous opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration and research [97].
Cartographers can work closely with experts from diverse domains, such as
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environmental science, urban planning, public health, and social sciences, to develop
innovative mapping techniques and geospatial analyses that address complex, real-world
problems. These collaborations can help bridge the gap between theory and practice,
foster knowledge exchange, and drive the development of new cartographic tools and
methodologies [98].

Open-source platforms and data sharing initiatives have played a critical role in
democratizing access to geospatial information and fostering innovation in cartography
[99]. These platforms have enabled researchers, professionals, and enthusiasts
worldwide to collaborate, learn, and contribute to advancing the field by providing free,
open access to mapping tools, geospatial data, and educational resources. Future
opportunities in this area include the development of new open-source tools and
platforms, establishing data sharing standards and protocols, and promoting open data
policies among governments and organizations [100].

In reality, many factors influence geographic mapping, each playing a role in how spatial
information is represented and interpreted [101–103]. A well-designed map considers
these factors to ensure accuracy, clarity, and relevance for its intended audience. The
scale determines the level of detail, while the choice of projection can distort areas,
shapes, distances, and directions. The quality and source of data directly impact map
reliability, and the design, including colors and symbols, shapes user perception. Map
resolution defines detail granularity, and technological tools can pose limitations.
Temporal elements highlight the importance of the map’s relevance over time, whereas
cultural and political nuances can shape territorial representations. In addition, the
map’s intended purpose tailors its content, and human error at any stage can introduce
inaccuracies.

6. Conclusion
In recent years, the evolution of modern cartography has been significantly influenced by
advances in geospatial data collection, GIS technologies, and innovative map design and
representation techniques. Integrating new technologies such as artificial intelligence,
augmented reality, and virtual reality has expanded cartography’s potential applications
and capabilities, transforming how people visualize and interact with geospatial data. As
the world faces increasingly complex challenges, the role of cartography in providing
valuable insights and solutions has become pivotal. This study investigates the latest
innovations in geospatial data collection and GIS, emerging trends in map design and
representation, and the role of cartography in addressing global issues. In addition, it
discusses modern cartography’s ethical considerations and challenges and outlines
future directions and opportunities. As the field of cartography continues to make
strides, it becomes paramount for researchers, professionals, and policymakers to

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6/3/25, 3:43 PM An Overview of Modern Cartographic Trends Aligned with the ICA’s Perspective - ScienceDirect

collaborate to develop and implement robust ethical frameworks, foster interdisciplinary

alliances, and advocate for open-source platforms and data sharing. Accordingly, the
cartographic community can continue to innovate and push the boundaries of geospatial
representation, allowing for a deeper understanding of the world and more effective
responses to global challenges.

Funding Statement
The authors received no specific funding for this study.

Author Contributions
The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: Study conception and
design: M. Habib and M. Okayli; data collection: M. Habib; analysis and interpretation of
results: M. Okayli and M. Habib; draft manuscript preparation: M. Habib. All authors
reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Availability of Data and Materials

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available
within the article and supplementary material.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present
study.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the editors and reviewers for their review and
recommendations.

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