University of Sargodha

Institute of food science and nutrition

Group#02
Submitted by:
Sahar Afrose (Roll no:19)
Aneeba Rehman(Roll no:10)
Ayesha Aamir (Roll no:40)
Sameera Iftikhar (Roll no:34)

Submitted to: Ms.Nayab Munir

Subject: Civics and community engagement
URCG-5125
Topic: Bureacracy and web model of bureacracy
 Bureacracy and web model of bureacracy

Bureaucracy :
is a specific type of organization distinguished by features such as complexity,
division of labor, permanence, professional management, hierarchical coordination and control,
a strict chain of command, and legal authority .

Functions of bureacracy:
Bureaucracies are vital for implementing and administering governmental policies and
functions . Max Weber, a theorist of bureaucracy, noted that bureaucracies possess specialized
expertise, certainty, continuity, and unity . They ensure standard operating procedures,
maintain records, and promote impartial, rational-legal transactions

Bureaucratic Characteristics

According to Weber (1947), the ideal bureaucracy possesses the following

characteristics.

1. Division of Labor and Specialization.

Divide all tasks into highly specialized jobs. Give each jobholder the authority necessary to
perform these duties. Perform each task according to a consistent system of abstract rules. This
practice helps ensure that task performance is uniform.

2. Hierarchy of Authority

. Arrange all positions according to the principle of hierarchy. Each lower office is under the
control of a higher one, and there is a clear chain of command from the top of the organization
to the bottom.
3. Impersonality in Interpersonal Relations.

Maintain an impersonal attitude toward subordinates. This social distance between

administrators and staff members helps ensure that rational considerations are the basis for
decision making, rather than favoritism or prejudices.

4. Career Orientation
. Base employment on qualifications and give promotions based on job-related performance. As a
corollary, protect employees from arbitrary dismissal, which should result in a high level

Types of bureacracy:
There are several types of bureaucracy, including:

1. Weberian bureacracy: Based on Max Weber's ideal type, characterized by hierarchy,

specialization, rules, and impersonality.

2. Ideal Type Bureaucracy: A theoretical model of bureaucracy that emphasizes efficiency,

rationality, and predictability.

3. Patrimonial Bureaucracy: A system where bureaucratic positions are tied to personal

relationships and patronage.

4. Professional Bureaucracy: Emphasizes expertise and professional standards, often

found in organizations like hospitals or universities.

5. Machine Bureaucracy: Characterized by routine tasks, strict rules, and a focus on efficiency.

6. Adhocracy: A flexible, adaptive form of bureaucracy that emphasizes innovation and problem-
solving.

These types highlight different approaches to organizational structure and governance.

 Web model of bureaucracy:

Weberian bureaucracy was a term coined by Max Weber, a notable German sociologist, political
economist, and administrative scholar, who contributed to the study of bureaucracy.It was Weber who
began the study of bureaucracy and whose works led to the popularization of this term. Many aspects of
modern public administration date back to him. This is epitomized in the fact that a classic,
hierarchically-organized civil service is still called a “Weberian civil service. ”

Characteristics of web model:

Weber’s ideal bureaucracy is characterized by the following:

● hierarchical organization

● delineated lines of authority with fixed areas of activity

● action taken on the basis of, and recorded in, written rules

● bureaucratic officials with expert training

● rules implemented by neutral officials

● and career advancement depending on technical qualifications judged by organization, not individuals

Rational legal authority:

Weber identified in bureaucracies a rational-legal authority in which legitimacy is seen as coming from a
legal order. For Weber, the implementation of bureaucracies in government was a kind of
rationalization, in which traditional motivators for behavior were cast aside. Instead of utilizing
traditions, emotions, or values to motivate behavior, in a bureaucracy, people used rational calculation.
Regarding Western societies, Weber called this increasing rationalization an “iron cage” that trapped
individuals in systems based solely on efficiency, rational calculation, and control. In his theory, the “iron
cage” is the one set of rules and laws that we are all subjected to. According to Weber, the shift from old
forms of mobility, like kinship, to new forms, like strict, legal rules, was a direct result of the growth of
bureaucracy and capitalism.

Key points:
1. Weber listed several preconditions for the emergence of bureaucracy: the growth in size of the
population being administered, the growth in complexity of the administrative tasks being carried out,
and the existence of a monetary economy requiring a more efficient administrative system.

2. Weber identified in bureaucracies a rational-legal authority in which legitimacy is seen as coming from
a legal order and the laws enacted within it. This is contrasted with traditional forms of authority, which
arose from phenomena like kinship.

3. Rationalization describes a transition in society, wherein traditional motivators of behavior, like

values, beliefs, and emotions, are replaced with rational calculations.

4. Weber termed the increasing rationalization in Western societies an “iron cage” that traps individuals
in systems based solely on efficiency, rational calculation and control.

Here's a more detailed breakdown of the key terms:

Hierarchy:

A clear chain of command with authority flowing downward from top to bottom.

Specialization of Labor:

Individuals are assigned specific tasks and responsibilities based on their

expertise.

Formal Rules and Regulations:

Standardized procedures and guidelines are in place to ensure consistent and

predictable operations.

Impersonality:

Decisions are made based on objective criteria and rules, not personal biases or
relationships.

Competence for Job Appointments:

Individuals are selected for positions based on their skills and qualifications.

Formal Written Records:

Documentation is maintained to track decisions, actions, and progress.

Importance:
The web model aims to balance the efficiency of bureaucracy with the flexibility and adaptability needed
in today's fast-paced and complex environments.