Fm1Ch5 XMQs and MS

(Total: 176 marks)

1. FM1_2019a Q2 . 11 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

2. FM1_2019a Q6 . 12 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

3. FM1_2020 Q4 . 9 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

4. FM1_2020 Q5 . 14 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

5. FM1_2020 Q7 . 11 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

6. FM1_2021 Q3 . 14 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

7. FM1_2021 Q5 . 10 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

8. FM1_2021 Q7 . 9 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

9. FM1_2022 Q4 . 9 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

10. FM1_2022 Q8 . 10 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

11. FM1_2019b Q2 . 11 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

12. FM1_2019b Q6 . 12 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

13. FM1_Sample Q4 . 9 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

14. FM1_Sample Q6 . 9 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

15. FM1_Specimen Q5 . 12 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

16. FM1_Specimen Q7 . 14 marks - FM1ch5 Elastic collisions in two dimensions

2.
C

6 m s–1

A B
Figure 2

Figure 2 represents the plan view of part of a horizontal floor, where AB and BC are fixed
vertical walls with AB perpendicular to BC.

A small ball is projected along the floor towards AB with speed 6 m s–1 on a path that
makes an angle with AB, where tan = . The ball hits AB and then hits BC.
Immediately after hitting AB, the ball is moving at an angle to AB, where tan =

The coefficient of restitution between the ball and AB is e.

The coefficient of restitution between the ball and BC is

By modelling the ball as a particle and the floor and walls as being smooth,

(a) show that the value of e =

(5)
(b) find the speed of the ball immediately after it hits BC.
(4)
(c) Suggest two ways in which the model could be refined to make it more realistic.
(2)
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*P62674A0628*
Question Scheme Marks AOs Notes

2(a) After hit AB:  6cos    v cos     3.6 B1 3.1b Use model to find component parallel to the wall

Use of impact law: M1 3.4 Use model and impact law perpendicular to the wall

  v sin    
24e 
 6e sin     4.8e  A1 1.1b Correct perpendicular component
 5 
1
Use and their components to form equation in e
1 6e sin   24e 18 
3
tan       M1 2.1  6 10 
3 6 cos   5 5  v   3.79 
 5 
18 1
e  * A1* 2.2a Correct answer from correct exact working
3  24 4
If only see e tan   tan  with no explanation of where it comes
from then score 0/5
(5)
6
(b) After hit BC:  B1 1.1b First component correct
5
1 18  9 
    B1 3.4 Second component correct
2 5  5
Alternative: B1 for speed of impact with BC  3.79.....
B1 for path on leaving BC at 56.3... to BC
Speed  3 22  32 M1 1.1b Use Pythagoras’ theorem or trigonometry to find the speed
5


3 13
(m s-1) A1 1.1b Any equivalent form. 2.2 or better  2.1633....
5
(4)
(c) An appropriate refinement B1 3.5c Two independent refinements relating to the modelling e.g.
 Include friction between the floor and the ball
 Include friction between the ball and the walls
 Give the ball dimensions .
A second independent appropriate refinement and
B1 3.5c  Consider air resistance
no incorrect refinements  Spin / rotation
Do not accept comments about mass / gravity / levels /
perpendicularity
(2)

(11 marks)
6. [In this question i and j are perpendicular unit vectors in a horizontal plane.]
A smooth uniform sphere A has mass 0.2 kg and another smooth uniform sphere B, with
the same radius as A, has mass 0.4 kg.
The spheres are moving on a smooth horizontal surface when they collide obliquely.
Immediately before the collision, the velocity of A is (3i + 2j) m s–1 and the velocity of B
is (–4i – j) m s–1
At the instant of collision, the line joining the centres of the spheres is parallel to i

The coefficient of restitution between the spheres is

(a) Find the velocity of A immediately after the collision.

(7)
(b) Find the magnitude of the impulse received by A in the collision.
(2)
(c) Find, to the nearest degree, the size of the angle through which the direction of
motion of A is deflected as a result of the collision.
(3)
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*P62674A02228*
Question Scheme Marks AOs Notes

2j
6(a)
vi
(-4i - j) m s-1
A 0.2 kg

B 0.4 kg

wi
(3i + 2j) m s-1
(-j)

Use the model to find the component perpendicular to the line of

Perpendicular to line of centres: 2 j B1 3.4 centres.
Correct value seen or implied
Use of CLM parallel to line of centres. Need all terms and
CLM parallel to the line of centres M1 3.1b
dimensionally correct. Condone sign errors
0.2  3  0.4  4  0.4w  0.2v  5  2w  v  A1 1.1b Correct unsimplified equation.
Correct use of impact law parallel to the line of centres.
Impact law parallel to the line of centres M1 3.4
Condone sign errors

7e  v  w 3 v w A1 1.1b Correct equation with 3 used.

7
Complete strategy to find components parallel and perpendicular
Complete strategy to find vA M1 3.1b
to line of centres, eg by using CLM and impact law

vA  
11
3
i  2j m s  1
follow their 2j A1ft 1.1b vA correct, follow their aj for 2 j  a  0

(7)

 11 
  3  Evidence of use of m  v  u  parallel to the line of centres
6(b)
Magnitude of impulse on A: 0.2  M1 3.1b
3 
 11  4
 0.2   3   (Ns) A1 1.1b 1.3 (Ns) or better
3  3
(2)
Question Scheme Marks AOs Notes

6(c) Complete method for finding the required angle.

Use of scalar product to find the angle
M1 3.1a 3 2 6 11
Allow for tan 1 or tan 1 and tan 1 or tan 1
2 3 11 6

 3i  2 j .   
11
i  2j
cos    3 
A1ft 1.1b A correct unsimplified expression Follow their vA . Do not ISW
157
13 
9
  118 A1 1.1b Correct answer only. (Q asks for the nearest degree) Do not ISW

Alternative method: 180  tan 1 2  tan 1 6

3 11
62 probably scores M1A0A0
3 11
Or tan 1  tan 1
2 6
(3)

(Total 12 marks)
4. [In this question, i and j are perpendicular unit vectors in a horizontal plane.]

B
(i + 6j) m s –1

(7i + 2j) m s–1

Figure 1

Figure 1 represents the plan view of part of a smooth horizontal floor, where AB
represents a fixed smooth vertical wall.
A small ball of mass 0.5 kg is moving on the floor when it strikes the wall.
Immediately before the impact the velocity of the ball is (7i + 2j) m s–1.
Immediately after the impact the velocity of the ball is (i + 6j) m s–1.
The coefficient of restitution between the ball and the wall is e.
(a) Show that AB is parallel to (2i + 3j).
(4)
(b) Find the value of e.
(5)
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12
*P66507A01228*
Question Scheme Marks AOs

4(a) Use of I = mv − mu or v − u M1 2.1

I = 0.5 ( ( i + 6 j) − ( 7i + 2 j) ) ( = ( −3i + 2j) ) A1 1.1b

Use of scalar product ( −3i + 2 j) . ( 2i + 3j) = −6 + 6 = 0 M1 1.1b

Hence impulse perpendicular to ( 2i + 3j) , so AB must be parallel to

A1* 2.2a
( 2i + 3j) . *

(4)

4(a) alt Components of velocities parallel to ( 2i + 3j) :

M1 2.1

 1   1 
  ( 7i + 2 j) . ( 2i + 3 j) =   (14 + 6 )
 13   13 
A1 1.1b
 1   1 
  ( i + 6 j) . ( 2i + 3j) =   ( 2 + 18 )
 13   13 
Simplify and compare values M1 1.1b

Hence component of velocity parallel to ( 2i + 3j) is unchanged, so

A1* 2.2a
AB must be parallel to ( 2i + 3j) . *

(4)

4(a) alt Use conservation of velocity parallel to ai + bj M1 2.1

( 7i + 2 j) . ( ai + bj) = ( i + 6 j) . ( ai + bj)
A1 1.1b
(  7a + 2b = a + 6b )
 2 
Find ratio of a and b to obtain direction:  b = a  M1 1.1b
 3 
Hence AB must be parallel to ( 2i + 3j) . * A1* 2.2a

(4)

4(b) Use scalar product to find components of velocities perpendicular to

M1 3.1b
the wall
 1   1   −17 
  ( −3i + 2 j)( 7i + 2 j) =   ( −21 + 4 )  = 
 13   13   13  A1 1.1b
 1   1   9  A1 1.1b
  ( −3i + 2 j)( i + 6 j) =   ( −3 + 12 )  = 
 13   13   13 
Use of impact law M1 3.4
9
e= A1 1.1b
17
 (5)

(9 marks)

Notes:

(a)M1 Must be finding the difference between two momenta or two velocities

A1 Correct unsimplified equation for the impulse or for change in velocity

M1 Use of scalar product or equivalent. In the alt method allow full marks if 13 not used.

A1* Reach given conclusion from correct working

If working with angles, score
M1 for correct method to find components parallel to the wall
A1 for 53 cos 40.36.. and 37 cos 24.23..
M1 for comparing the two values
A0 because the work has involved decimal approximations (since working towards an
exact given answer).

Alternative: Could use e tan 24.2.. = tan 40.36..

(b)M1 Condone if not using a unit vector
A1 One correct value
A1 Second correct values

If working with angles, score M1A1A1 for 53 sin 40.36.. and 37 sin 24.23...

M1 Use their components the right way round in the impact law. Condone sign error.

A1 0.53 or better (0.52941……)

5. A smooth uniform sphere P has mass 0.3 kg. Another smooth uniform sphere Q, with the
same radius as P, has mass 0.2 kg.
The spheres are moving on a smooth horizontal surface when they collide obliquely.
Immediately before the collision the velocity of P is (4i + 2j) m s–1 and the velocity of Q
is (–3i + j) m s–1.
At the instant of collision, the line joining the centres of the spheres is parallel to i.
The kinetic energy of Q immediately after the collision is half the kinetic energy of Q
immediately before the collision.
(a) Find
(i) the velocity of P immediately after the collision,
(ii) the velocity of Q immediately after the collision,
(iii) the coefficient of restitution between P and Q,
carefully justifying your answers.
(11)
(b) Find the size of the angle through which the direction of motion of P is deflected by
the collision.
(3)
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16
*P66507A01628*
Question Scheme Marks AOs

5(a) 2j m s-1
j m s-1

-ui m s-1 vj m s-1

P Q
0.3 kg 0.2 kg

(4i + 2j) m s-1 (-3i + j) m s-1

Components perpendicular to the line of centres after the collision:

v Pj = 2 j ( m s −1 ) , v Qj = j ( m s −1 )
B1 3.4

Kinetic energy: M1 3.1a

 0.2  ( v 2 + 1) =   0.2  ( 9 + 1)
1 1 1
A1 1.1b
2 2 2
CLM parallel to line of centres: M1 3.1a

0.3  4 − 0.2  3 = 0.2v − 0.3u ( 6 = 2v − 3u ) A1 1.1b

Impact law parallel to line of centres M1 3.1a

v + u = e ( 4 + 3) A1 1.1b
Solve for v P , vQ or e M1 1.1b

i + 2 j ( m s −1 ) and v Q = 2i + j ( m s −1 )
2
vP = A1 1.1b
3
4
e= A1 1.1b
21
10
v = −2  u = −  P and Q have passed through each other:
3 A1* 2.4
impossible, so solution is unique *
(11)
(b) Use trig to find angle between velocities M1 3.1a
 8 
 +4  2 1
cos  =  3  or  = tan −1 − tan −1 A1ft 1.1b
 4  2 2
 20 4  3
 9 

 = 45   rads  A1 1.1b

4  
(3)

(14 marks)

Notes:
(a)B1 Seen or implied. Correct only

1
M1 Equation for KE of Q. Dimensionally correct. Condone on the wrong side.
2

A1 Correct unsimplified equation in v 2

M1 Equation for CLM. Correct terms required. Condone sign errors. Dimensionally correct.

A1 Correct unsimplified equation

M1 Correct use of impact law. Condone sign errors

A1 Correct unsimplified equation.

M1 Complete method to solve for v P , vQ or e

1
(Working in e gives v = ( 6 + 21e ) and 441e2 + 252e − 64 = 0 )
5
A1 Both velocities correct. Need to see answers in the form ai + bj or equivalent

A1 Correct only. 0.19 or better (0.19047….)

A1* Or equivalent justification of given result. e.g. a negative value for e is not possible
Use of trig or equivalent to find a relevant angle between two velocities
(b) M1
e.g by scalar product or difference between angles.
A1ft Correct unsimplified equation in  . Follow their v P

A1 Correct only. (0.785… radians) Do not ISW

7.
C 1 D
α
2

v m s–1

α
A B

Figure 2

Figure 2 represents the plan view of part of a horizontal floor, where AB and CD
represent fixed vertical walls, with AB parallel to CD.
A small ball is projected along the floor towards wall AB. Immediately before hitting wall
π
AB, the ball is moving with speed v m s–1 at an angle α to AB, where 0 < α <
2
The ball hits wall AB and then hits wall CD.
1
After the impact with wall CD, the ball is moving at angle α to CD.
2
2
The coefficient of restitution between the ball and wall AB is
3
2
The coefficient of restitution between the ball and wall CD is also
3
The floor and the walls are modelled as being smooth. The ball is modelled as a particle.

1  1
(a) Show that tan  α =
2  3
(7)
(b) Find the percentage of the initial kinetic energy of the ball that is lost as a result of
the two impacts.
(4)
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24
*P66507A02428*
Question Scheme Marks AOs

7(a) Use model to find components of velocity after the impacts:

vcosα B1 3.1b

B1 3.4
2
vsinα
3 4
vsinα B1 3.1b
9

B1 3.4
vcosα

4
v sin 
  4  M1 3.1b
tan = 9  = tan  
2 v cos   9 
 4  2t
t = tan t =
9 (1 − t 2 )
2 M1 1.1b

8 1
1− t2 = , t = * A1* 2.2a
9 3
(7)

(b) 2
3
tan  = 3 = B1 1.1b
1 4
1−
9
1 2 1  2 
2
4 
change in KE mv − m  v cos  +  v  sin 2  
2
M1 3.1b
2 2  9  

 1 2  16 16 9  
 2 mv  25 + 81  25  
% of KE lost = 100 1 −
 
M1 1.1b
 1 2
mv 
 
 2 
= 28.888... ( % ) A1 1.1b

(4)

(11 marks)

Notes:

(a)B1
B1
One mark for each component correct.
B1
B1

M1 Form expression for tan in terms of tan 
2
 
M1 Form and solve equation in tan
2
A1* Obtain given answer from correct working
NB: This is a “Show that ..” question. A candidate who assumes, without proof, that

tan = e 2 tan  can only score the last two marks.
2
1
(b)B1 Correct use of t = Must be seen / used in part (b)
3
Dimensionally correct expression for change in KE
M1
NB note that they may not show component parallel to the wall
M1 Dimensionally correct expression for the percentage of KE lost.

Accept 29 ( % ) or better Accept

260
A1
9
3. [In this question, i and j are perpendicular unit vectors in a horizontal plane.]
A smooth uniform sphere P has mass 0.3 kg. Another smooth uniform sphere Q, with
the same radius as P, has mass 0.5 kg.
The spheres are moving on a smooth horizontal surface when they collide obliquely.
Immediately before the collision the velocity of P is (ui + 2j) m s−1 , where u is a
positive constant, and the velocity of Q is (−4i + 3j) m s−1
At the instant when the spheres collide, the line joining their centres is parallel to i.
3
The coefficient of restitution between P and Q is
5
As a result of the collision, the direction of motion of P is deflected through an angle of
90° and the direction of motion of Q is deflected through an angle of α°
(a) Find the value of u
(8)
(b) Find the value of α
(5)
(c) State how you have used the fact that P and Q have equal radii.
(1)
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10
*P66800A01028*
Question Scheme Marks AOs

3(a) (wi + 3j) ms-1

4
(- i + 2j) ms-1
u
P Q
0.3 kg 0.5 kg

(ui + 2j) ms-1 (-4i + 3j) ms-1

For P after: Component in j direction = 2 B1 3.4

 4 
Deflected through 90 so velocity after =  − i + 2 j  ( m s −1 ) B1 3.4
 u 
CLM parallel to line of centres: M1 3.1a
 4
0.3  u +  = 0.5 ( 4 + w ) A1ft 1.1b
 u
Impact law parallel to line of centres: M1 3.1a
4 3
w+ = (u + 4) A1ft 1.1b
u 5
 12
3u + u = 20 + 5w
 M1 1.1b
 20 + 5w = 3u + 12
 u
 32 
 = 32,  u = 1 A1 2.2a
 u 
(8)

(b) For Q after: w = −1 B1 1.1b

v = −i + 3j B1ft 1.1b

Find relevant angle between directions M1 3.1a

3
  = tan −1 3 − tan −1
4
A1ft 1.1b
 4+9 
or   = cos  −1

 5  10 
 = 34.7 ( 35) A1 1.1b

(5)

(c) The line of centres is parallel to the surface the spheres are moving
B1 3.5a
on, so the impulse acts parallel to the surface.
(1)

(14 marks)
Notes:

(a) B1 Correct only Check the diagram

B1 Correct only. Seen or implied.

M1 Correct use of CLM. Need all terms. Condone sign errors

A1ft Follow their components of velocity of P, with or without a value for the i component.

M1 Correct use of the impact law. Condone sign errors

A1ft Follow their components of velocity of P, with or without a value for the i component.

M1 Solve their correctly formed simultaneous equations to obtain value of u.

A1 Correct only

(b) B1 Correct only

B1ft Follow their w

M1 Correct method to find a relevant angle between the directions

A1ft Correct unsimplified expression. Follow their v

A1 35 or better (34.695…) 0.61 radians

(c)B1 Or equivalent that explains that the line of centres is parallel to the surface
5.
C

v m s−1

θ
A B

Figure 1
Figure 1 represents the plan view of part of a horizontal floor, where AB and BC
represent fixed vertical walls, with AB perpendicular to BC.
A small ball is projected along the floor towards the wall AB. Immediately before
hitting the wall AB the ball is moving with speed v m s−1 at an angle θ to AB.
The ball hits the wall AB and then hits the wall BC.
1
The coefficient of restitution between the ball and the wall AB is
3
The coefficient of restitution between the ball and the wall BC is e.
The floor and the walls are modelled as being smooth.
The ball is modelled as a particle.
The ball loses half of its kinetic energy in the impact with the wall AB.
(a) Find the exact value of cos θ.
(5)
The ball loses half of its remaining kinetic energy in the impact with the wall BC.
(b) Find the exact value of e.
(5)
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16
*P66800A01628*
Question Scheme Marks AOs

5(a) Use the model to find components of velocity after first impact:

1 B1 1.1b
vsinθ
3 B1 3.4
vcosθ

1 1 2 1  2 1 
Kinetic energy:  mv = m  v cos 2  + v 2 sin 2   M1 3.1b
2 2 2  9 
1 1 8
= + cos 2  M1 1.1b
2 9 9
7 7
= cos 2  , cos  = A1 1.1b
16 4
(5)

(a) alt 1 B1 1.1b

Working with initial velocity v = xi − yj , after impact v = xi + yj
3 B1 3.4
1  1 
 m ( x2 + y 2 ) = m  x2 + y 2 
1 1
KE: M1 3.1b
2 2 2  9 
9 2 y 3
y2 = x , = tan  = M1 1.1b
7 x 7
7
cos  = A1 1.1b
4
(5)

(b) Use the model to find components of velocity after second impact:
evcosθ
B1 1.1b
1
vsinθ
B1 3.4
3

1 1 2 1  2 2 1 
Kinetic energy:  mv = m  e v cos 2  + v 2 sin 2  
4 2 2  9 
M1 3.1b
1 1  1  1  1 
or  m  v 2 cos 2  + v 2 sin 2   = m  e2v 2 cos 2  + v 2 sin 2  
2 2  9  2  9 
1 7 2 1 9
= e +  M1 1.1b
4 16 9 16
3 3
 e2 = , e = A1 1.1b
7 7
(5)

(b) alt 1 B1 1.1b

After second impact v = −exi + yj
3 B1 3.4
 1  1 
 m ( x 2 + y 2 ) = m  e2 x 2 + y 2 
1 1
KE: M1 3.1b
4 2 2  9 
2
4 5 y 
4e x + y 2 = x 2 + y 2 , 4e 2 = 1 +  
2 2
M1 1.1b
9 9 x 

3 3
 e2 = , e = A1 1.1b
7 7
(5)

(10 marks)

Notes:

(a) B1 Parallel component correct

B1 Perpendicular component correct Check the diagram
1
Equation for KE in v,  . Dimensionally correct. Includes all components. Condone
M1 2
used on wrong side
M1 Form and solve equation in cos 

A1 Or exact equivalent
(b) B1 Parallel component correct
B1 Perpendicular component correct
1
Equation for KE in x,y. Dimensionally correct. Includes all components. Condone used
M1 2
on wrong side
M1 Use their cos  to form and solve equation in e

A1 Or exact equivalent
7. [In this question, i and j are perpendicular unit vectors in a horizontal plane.]

B
v m s−1

(8i + 2j) m s−1

Figure 3
Figure 3 represents the plan view of part of a smooth horizontal floor, where AB is a
fixed smooth vertical wall.
→
The direction of AB is in the direction of the vector (i + j)
A small ball of mass 0.25 kg is moving on the floor when it strikes the wall AB.
Immediately before its impact with the wall AB, the velocity of the ball is (8i + 2j) m s−1
Immediately after its impact with the wall AB, the velocity of the ball is v m s−1
1
The coefficient of restitution between the ball and the wall is
3
By modelling the ball as a particle,
(a) show that v = 4i + 6j
(6)
(b) Find the magnitude of the impulse received by the ball in the impact.
(3)
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24
*P66800A02428*
Question Scheme Marks AOs

 1 
7(a) Component parallel to the wall:  ( i + j) . (8i + 2 j) M1 2.1
 2 
=5 2 A1 1.1b

Use of impact law perpendicular to wall: M1 3.4

Component perpendicular to wall after impact
1 1 
 ( −i + j) . (8i + 2 j) = − 2 A1 1.1b
3 2 

For a complete method to find v M1 1.1b

 v = ( 5i + 5j) + ( −i + j) = ( 4i + 6 j) * A1* 2.2a

(6)

(a) alt If v = ai + bj component parallel to the wall: M1 2.1

(8i + 2 j) .( i + j) = ( ai + bj) .( i + j) ( a + b = 10) A1 1.1b

Use of impact law: M1 3.4

1
− (8i + 2 j) . ( −i + j) = ( ai + bj) . ( −i + j) ( 2 = −a + b ) A1 1.1b
3
For a complete method to find v M1 1.1b
 v = ( 4i + 6 j) * A1* 2.2a

(6)

(a) alt 2 Angle to wall = 31 , component parallel to the wall: M1 2.1

= 68 cos 31 = 7.07 A1 1.1b

Component perpendicular to the wall M1 3.4

1
= 68 sin 31 = 1.42 A1 1.1b
3
For a complete method to find v M1 1.1b

v= ( )
52 cos56.3i + 52 sin 56.3 j = ( 4i + 6 j) A1* 2.2a

(6)

(b) I = 0.25 ( 4i + 6 j) − 0.25 (8i + 2 j)

M1 3.1b
( I = 0.25 ( −i + j) − 0.25 (3i − 3j)) ( I = ( −i + j))
 Use of Pythagoras M1 1.1b

I = 2 ( N s) A1 1.1b

(3)

(9 marks)

Notes:

(a)M1 Use of scalar product or equivalent. Allow M1 if not using unit vector

A1 Correct unsimplified expression for component parallel to wall

M1 Correct use of impact law perpendicular to the wall. Condone sign error

A1 Correct unsimplified expression for component perpendicular to wall

M1 Complete method to solve for v

A1* Obtain given result from correct working

Use of I = mv − mu with velocities or perpendicular components of velocities. Must be
(b) M1
subtracting but allow subtraction in either order.
M1 Correct use of Pythagoras to find modulus

A1 Accept 1.4 Ns or better

4.

A B 60°

30° 30°
3m 4m
3u 2u

Figure 3

Two smooth uniform spheres, A and B, have equal radii. The mass of A is 3m and the
mass of B is 4m. The spheres are moving on a smooth horizontal plane when they
collide obliquely. Immediately before they collide, A is moving with speed 3u at 30°
to the line of centres of the spheres and B is moving with speed 2u at 30° to the line of
centres of the spheres. The direction of motion of B is turned through an angle of 90°
by the collision, as shown in Figure 3.
(i) Find the size of the angle through which the direction of motion of A is turned as a
result of the collision.
(ii) Find, in terms of m and u, the magnitude of the impulse received by B in
the collision.
(9)
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12
*P72092RA01232*
Question Scheme Marks AOs

w
4 v

θ A B
60°
30° 30°
3m 4m
3u 2u

Parallel to line of centres: M1 3.1b

9mu cos30 − 8mu cos30 = 4mv cos60 − 3mw cos 
A1
( u cos30 = 2v − 3w cos ) ( u cos30 = 2v − 3wx ) 1.1b

 3u  B1
A : ( wy = ) w sin  = 3u sin 30  =  3.4
 2 
 2u 
B : v sin 60 = 2u sin 30 ( = u )  v = 
 3 B1 3.4

1 5u 3
( wx = ) w cos  = ( 2v − u cos 30) =
3 18
( wy = ) w sin  = 2
3u
M1 1.1b
 9 3 
  tan  = ,  = 72.2 
 5 
Direction deflected by 77.8 ( 78 or better) A1 2.2a

Magnitude of impulse M1 3.1b

= 4m ( v cos 60 − ( −2u cos30 ) ) A1 1.1b
1 u  3   16 3
= 4m   −  −2u   = mu A1 2.2a
 2 sin 60 2 3
  
OR: magnitude = 3m ( 3u cos 30 + w cos  )
 5u 3  3u 3   16 3
= 3m  + −  −   = mu
 18 2 3
   

(9)

(Total 9 Marks)

Use of CLM parallel to the line of centres.

M1
Need all 4 terms. Dimensionally correct. Condone sign errors and sin/cos confusion.
 Correct unsimplified equation. Allow e.g. wx in place of w cos  and vx in place of v cos60 .
A1
Allow if they have divided through by a common factor e.g. m
NB there is no mark for the correct use of the impact law because the candidates are not required
to find the coefficient of restitution. They might however find it as part of an alternative method.
In this case, the M marks below are for a complete correct method to achieve the required result.
Ignore work to find e if it is not used.
No change perpendicular to line of centres for one sphere. Allow e.g. wy in place of
B1 w sin  .
B1 Check the diagrams – the vertical components are often shown there.
No change perpendicular to line of centres for both spheres
Use scalar product or solve simultaneous equations to find  for a relevant angle using
M1 their wx
They need to get as far as θ = a numerical value for a relevant angle
A1 78 or better
Use of I = mv − mu in direction of line of centres. Condone subtraction in either order
Allow M1 if they think that they have subtracted but they have not actually taken account
of the change of direction.
M1 Allow M1 if they go direct to the correct expression with a + without telling you that they
have taken account of the change in direction
Allow M1 if they go straight to an unsimplified expression in surds using values already found
earlier.
Correct unsimplified expression.
A1
Allow the negative of this
Any equivalent simplified form. Must be positive. Condone if they change sign at the very end
without explaining why. Accept 9.2 ( 376...) mu (2 sf or better)
A1

NB You might see candidates using the right angle and matrix multiplication to rotate the initial
velocity of B to find the correct components of the velocity of B after impact.
8.
B

R S

Figure 5

Figure 5 represents the plan view of part of a smooth horizontal floor, where RS and ST
→ →
are smooth fixed vertical walls. The vector RS is in the direction of i and the vector ST
is in the direction of (2i + j).
A small ball B is projected across the floor towards RS. Immediately before the impact
with RS, the velocity of B is (6i – 8j) m s–1. The ball bounces off RS and then hits ST.
The ball is modelled as a particle.
Given that the coefficient of restitution between B and RS is e,
(a) find the full range of possible values of e.
(3)
1 1
It is now given that e = and that the coefficient of restitution between B and ST is
4 2
(b) Find, in terms of i and j, the velocity of B immediately after its impact with ST.
(7)
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28
*P72092RA02832*
Question Scheme Marks AOs
B
8a
w
(6i - 8j)ms-1
T

R S

v = 6i + .... B1 3.4
.....8ej B1 3.4
8e 1 3
impact with ST   , 0e B1 3.1b
6 2 8
(3)

8b Perpendicular to ST: direction   ( −i + 2 j) B1 1.2

Component parallel to ST: ( 6i + 2 j)   ( 2i + j) M1 3.1b
 1  1
=  ( 6i + 2 j)  ( 2i + j) =  (12 + 2 ) A1 1.1b
 5  5
1 
Component perpendicular to ST:   ( 6i + 2 j)   ( −i + 2 j)  M1 3.4
2 
1
= ( −6 + 4 ) A1 1.1b
2 5
14 1 1 1
w= ( 2i + j) + ( −i + 2 j ) M1 3.1b
5 5 5 5
 28 1   14 2   27 16 
w =  −  i +  +  j =  i + j  or ( 5.4i + 3.2 j) (m s-1) A1 2.2a
 5 5  5 5  5 5 
(7)

8b alt 1 Perpendicular to ST: direction   ( −i + 2 j) B1 1.2

w = ai + bj  ( 6i + 2 j) .( 2i + j) = ( ai + bj) .( 2i + j) M1

14 = 2a + b A1
1
 ( 6i + 2 j) .( −i + 2 j) = ( ai + bj) .( −i + 2 j) M1
2
2b − a = 1 A1

Solve simultaneous equations for a and b M1

 27 16 
w =  i + j  or ( 5.4i + 3.2 j) (m s-1) A1
 5 5 
(7)

8balt 2 Perpendicular to ST: direction   ( −i + 2 j) B1 1.2

v = 6i + 2 j = p ( 2i + j) + q ( −i + 2 j) M1 3.1b
  14 −2 
6 = 2 p − q , 2 = p + 2q p= , q=  A1 1.1b
 5 5 
1 3.4
Component perpendicular to ST   q ( −i + 2 j)
M1
2
1
  q ( −i + 2 j) A1 1.1b
2
14 1 2
Solve for p and q to obtain velocity w = ( 2i + j) +  ( −i + 2 j) M1 3.1b
5 2 5
 27 16 
w =  i + j  or ( 5.4i + 3.2 j) (m s-1) A1 2.2a
 5 5 
(7)

8balt 3

w
u
θ

α-β α
v

β α
180°-α

 −  = 8.1... B1

Component of w parallel to ST is v cos ( −  ) M1

 7 
= 40 cos ( −  )  = 40  = 6.26..  A1
 50 
1
Component of w perpendicular to ST is v sin ( −  ) M1
2
1  40 1 
  40 sin ( −  )  =  = 0.447...  A1
2  2 50 
w = w cos ( +  ) i + w sin ( +  ) j M1

 27 16 
w =  i + j  or ( 5.4i + 3.2 j) (m s-1) A1
 5 5 

(7)

(Total 10 marks)

8a

Component parallel to the wall unchanged. Could be on a diagram or implied if they use
B1 e tan  = tan 
Use of impact law perpendicular to the wall. Could be on a diagram or implied if they use
B1 e tan  = tan 
 B1 Use the direction to determine the range for e. (could come via e tan  = tan   1 /2 )

8b
Correct vector perpendicular to ST seen or implied
B1
 can have any scalar value

M1 Use scalar product to find component of v parallel to ST.  can have any scalar value

A1 Correct unsimplified expression for the magnitude

Use scalar product and impact law perpendicular to ST to find magnitude of component
M1 perpendicular to the wall. For their perpendicular vector Must clearly be using e = 12 . 
can have any scalar value.
A1 Correct unsimplified expression for the perpendicular component. Allow 
Combine the magnitudes and directions to obtain the velocity. The perpendicular should
M1
now be in the correct direction.
A1 Correct simplified velocity.

8b alt
Correct vector perpendicular to ST seen or implied.
B1
 can have any scalar value

M1 Correct method for component parallel to ST

A1 Correct equation in a and b

Correct method for component perpendicular to ST
M1
Allow  For their perpendicular vector
A1 Correct equation in a and b
Solve for a and b to obtain velocity. Using the correct direction for the perpendicular
M1
component
A1 Correct simplified answer.
8b
alt2
Correct vector perpendicular to ST seen or implied.
B1
 can have any scalar value

M1 Split v into components parallel and perpendicular to ST

A1 Two equations in p and q

M1 Use the impact law perpendicular to ST For their perpendicular vector

Correct unsimpified perpendicular component.
A1
With q or their q
 Solve for p and q to obtain velocity Using the correct direction for the perpendicular
M1
component
A1 Correct simplified total.

8balt3
1 7
sin ( −  ) = ,cos ( −  ) = ,
50 50
B1 Seen or implied.
1
tan ( −  ) =
7
M1 Correct use of their v and their  − 

A1 Correct unsimplified
1
M1 Correct use of , their v and their  − 
2
A1 Correct unsimplified
Use of Pythagoras and correct method for  +  .
27 16
cos ( +  ) = , sin ( +  ) =
M1 5 197 5 197
 +  = 30.65

A1 Correct simplified total.

2.
C

6 m s–1

A B
Figure 2

Figure 2 represents the plan view of part of a horizontal floor, where AB and BC are fixed
vertical walls with AB perpendicular to BC.

A small ball is projected along the floor towards AB with speed 6 m s–1 on a path that
makes an angle with AB, where tan = . The ball hits AB and then hits BC.
Immediately after hitting AB, the ball is moving at an angle to AB, where tan =

The coefficient of restitution between the ball and AB is e.

The coefficient of restitution between the ball and BC is

By modelling the ball as a particle and the floor and walls as being smooth,

(a) show that the value of e =

(5)
(b) find the speed of the ball immediately after it hits BC.
(4)
(c) Suggest two ways in which the model could be refined to make it more realistic.
(2)
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*P62674A0628*
9FM0/3C: Further Mechanics 1 (replaced paper) mark scheme – Summer 2019

Question Scheme Marks AOs

2(a) 1 1
Fmax = mg cos a = mg B1 1.2
4 5
3 1
mg sin a = mg > mg Þ slides down B1 2.2a
5 5
(b) (2)

Using work-energy principle to solve the problem M1 3.4

1 1 25 A1 1.1b
m ´ (7 2 - V 2 ) = mg ´ 2 ´
2 5 8

25 3 1 1 25 A1 1.1b
OR: mg ´ ´ - mV 2 = mg ´
8 5 2 5 8
V = 4.9 or 4.95 A1 1.1b

(4)

(c) e.g. Include air resistance in the model. B1 3.5c

(1)

(7 marks)

Notes:

(a)
B1: Correct expression for max friction
B1: Correct deduction from comparing weight component with Fmax
(b)
M1: Using the work-energy principle with correct no. of terms ( either start to finish or descent
only)
A1: Correct equation, condone 1 error
A1: Correct equation
A1: 4.9 or 4.95 (m)
(c)
B1: Other refinements e.g. allow for spin of box, dimensions of box, more accurate value of g

2
6. [In this question i and j are perpendicular unit vectors in a horizontal plane.]
A smooth uniform sphere A has mass 0.2 kg and another smooth uniform sphere B, with
the same radius as A, has mass 0.4 kg.
The spheres are moving on a smooth horizontal surface when they collide obliquely.
Immediately before the collision, the velocity of A is (3i + 2j) m s–1 and the velocity of B
is (–4i – j) m s–1
At the instant of collision, the line joining the centres of the spheres is parallel to i

The coefficient of restitution between the spheres is

(a) Find the velocity of A immediately after the collision.

(7)
(b) Find the magnitude of the impulse received by A in the collision.
(2)
(c) Find, to the nearest degree, the size of the angle through which the direction of
motion of A is deflected as a result of the collision.
(3)
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*P62674A02228*
9FM0/3C: Further Mechanics 1 (replaced paper) mark scheme – Summer 2019

Question Scheme Marks AOs

6(a) Overall strategy to set up an equation in one unknown using

4 M1 3.1a
equilibrium condition and resolving vertically: 2T ´ = 4mg
5
5mg
T= A1 1.1b
2
Use of Hooke’s Law M1 3.1a

æ 1 ö
ç 5a - l ÷
5mg 5mg è 2 ø 5mg (10a - l )
= OR A1 1.1b
2 3 1 3 l
l
2
l = 4a * A1* 1.1b

(5)
(b) Max speed is at equilibrium position B1 3.1a

l x2
Use of EPE = M1 3.1a
2l
Use of conservation of energy principle M1 3.1a

5mg 1 A1 1.1b
3 ´ 8a
{(6a)2 - (2a) 2 } = 4mg ´ 4a - 4mv 2
2 A1 1.1b

14ag
v= A1 1.1b
3
(6)

(11 marks)

Notes:

(a)
M1: Correct no. of terms with T resolved and correct equation in T only
A1: Correct tension
M1: Use of Hooke’s Law
A1: Correct unsimplified equation
A1*: Given answer
(b)
B1: Use of max speed at equilm to solve the problem
M1: Use of EPE formula
M1: Use of Conservation of energy to solve the problem
A1: Correct unsimplified equation with one error
A1: Correct unsimplified equation
A1: cao oe

8
4.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

u
60°
A B

Figure 1

Figure 1 represents the plan view of part of a horizontal floor, where AB and BC are
perpendicular vertical walls.
The floor and the walls are modelled as smooth.
A ball is projected along the floor towards AB with speed u m s−1 on a path at an angle of

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60° to AB. The ball hits AB and then hits BC.
The ball is modelled as a particle.
1
The coefficient of restitution between the ball and wall AB is
3

The coefficient of restitution between the ball and wall BC is 2

5
(a) Show that, using this model, the final kinetic energy of the ball is 35% of the initial
kinetic energy of the ball.
(8)
(b) In reality the floor and the walls may not be smooth. What effect will the model have
had on the calculation of the percentage of kinetic energy remaining?
(1)
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8
*S54442A0825*
228 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Mathematics
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – June 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
 Question Scheme Marks AOs

4(a) Complete strategy to find the kinetic energy after the second impact M1 3.1b
Parallel to AB after collision: u cos 60 M1 3.1b
1
Perpendicular to AB after collision: u sin 60 M1 3.4
3
u u
Components of velocity after first impact: , A1 1.1b
2 2
u  1 
Parallel to BC after collision: u sin 60  M1 3.1b
2  3 
2 u 1 
Perpendicular to BC after collision:   u
5 2  10 
M1 3.4
 2 
  u cos 60 
 5 
u u
Components of velocity after second impact: , A1 1.1b
2 10
1  u2 u2   mu 2 7 
Final KE = m     
2  4 10   2 20 

mu 2 7

2 20 7
Fraction of initial KE    35% * A1* 2.2a
mu 2 20
2
(8)
(b) The answer is too large - rough surface means resistance so final speed
B1 3.5a
will be lower
(1)
(9 marks)
Notes:
(a)
M1: Use of CLM parallel to the wall. Condone sin/cos confusion
M1: Use NEL as a model to find the speed perpendicular to the wall. Condone sin/cos confusion
A1: Both components correct with trig substituted (seen or implied)
M1: Use of CLM parallel to the wall. Condone sin/cos confusion
M1: Use NEL as a model to find the speed perpendicular to the wall. Condone sin/cos confusion
A1: Both components correct with trig substituted (seen or implied)
M1: Correct expression for total KE using their components after 2nd collision
A1*: Obtain given answer with sufficient working to justify it
(b)
B1: Clear explanation of how the modelling assumption has affected the outcome

250 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Mathematics

Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – June 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
6. [In this question i and j are perpendicular unit vectors in a horizontal plane.]
A smooth uniform sphere A has mass 2m kg and another smooth uniform sphere B,

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with the same radius as A, has mass 3m kg.
The spheres are moving on a smooth horizontal plane when they collide obliquely.
Immediately before the collision the velocity of A is (3i + 3j) m s−1 and the velocity of
B is (−5i + 2j) m s−1.
At the instant of collision, the line joining the centres of the spheres is parallel to i.
1
The coefficient of restitution between the spheres is
4
(a) Find the velocity of B immediately after the collision.
(7)
(b) Find, to the nearest degree, the size of the angle through which the direction of
motion of B is deflected as a result of the collision.
(2)
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14
*S54442A01425*
234 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Mathematics
Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – June 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
 Question Scheme Marks AOs

6(a) 3j 2j

vi wi

A(2m) B(3m)

-5i+2j
3i+3j

Overall strategy to find vA M1 3.1a

Velocity of A perpendicular to loc after collision  3 j (m s-1) B1 3.4

CLM parallel to loc M1 3.1a
5 3mw  2mv (−9 = 3w-2v)
2m  3  3m  A1 1.1b
Correct use of impact law M1 3.1a
1
v  w  3  5  (= 2) A1 1.1b
4
3w  2v  9
Solve for w
2v  2w  4
v B  i  2 j (m s-1), A1ft 1.1b
(7)
(b) (5i  2 j).( i  2 j)
cos   M1 3.1a
29 5
  41.63... 42 (nearest degree) A1 1.1b
2
Alternative method: tan 1 2  tan 1  41.63... 42
5
(nearest degree)
(2)
(9 marks)
Notes:

(a)
M1: Correct overall strategy to form sufficient equations and solve for vA
B1: Use the model to find the component of vA perpendicular to the line of centres
M1: Use CLM to form equation in v and w. Need all 4 terms, dimensionally correct
A1: Correct unsimplified
M1: Must be used the right way round
A1: Correct unsimplified
A1ft: vB correct. Follow their 2 j
(b)
M1: Complete method for finding the required angle. Follow their vB
A1: cao

252 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Mathematics

Sample Assessment Materials – Issue 1 – June 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017
5. [In this question i and j are perpendicular unit vectors in a horizontal plane]

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v m sí

iíj) m sí

A B

Figure 3

 )LJXUHUHSUHVHQWVWKHSODQYLHZRISDUWRIDKRUL]RQWDOIORRUZKHUHAB and BC
o
represent fixed vertical walls. The direction of AB is in the direction of the vector i and
o
the direction of BCLVLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHYHFWRU íij).
A small ball is projected along the floor towards wall AB so that, immediately before

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hitting wall ABWKHYHORFLW\RIWKHEDOOLV iíj) m sí.
The ball hits wall AB and then hits wall BC.

The coefficient of restitution between the ball and wall AB is


The coefficient of restitution between the ball and wall BC is

The velocity of the ball immediately after hitting wall BC is v m sí.
The floor and the walls are modelled as being smooth. The ball is modelled as a particle.
⎛  ⎞
Show that v = ⎜ −i + j⎟ .
⎝  ⎠ (12)
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12
*S61298A01224*
Question Scheme Marks AOs
C
5
v
-i+3j

2i-3j

A B

After first impact: parallel to AB 2i B1 2.1

Use of impact law perpendicular to AB M1 3.4
1 3
− ( −3j) = j A1 1.1b
2 2
Strategy to find final velocity M1 3.1b
 
 −i + 3 j 
v
( )
Second impact: parallel to BC M1 3.1b
 10 
 
   
  2i + 3 j    −i + 3j  = 5 
  
( )
follow their v A1ft 1.1b
2   10  2 10 
   
5  −i + 3 j  1
Component of velocity =   = ( −i + 3 j ) A1 1.1b
2 10  10  4
Vector perpendicular to the wall ( 3i + j) B1 3.1b
Use of impact law: M1 3.4
1 3  ( 3i + j)
−  2i + j  
3 2  10 ( ) A1ft 1.1b
Follow their velocity and their perpendicular vector
5  3i + j  1
Component of velocity = −   = − 4 ( 3i + j) A1 1.1b
2 10  10 
1 1
 v = ( −i + 3j) − ( 3i + j) (sum of their components)
4 4
 1 
=  −i + j  (m s-1) * A1* 2.2a
 2 
(12)
5 alt For the last 9 marks

Strategy to find final velocity M1

Perpendicular to −i + 3 j is −3i − j B1
Find components of the initial velocity parallel and perpendicular to
−i + 3 j : v = p ( −i + 3j) + q ( −3i − j) M1
 2 = − p − 3q
 1
3  p= A1
 2 = 3 p − q 4

3  1 3 
q = − ,  v = ( −i + 3j) − ( −3i − j)  A1
4  4 4 
1 3
Impact law perpendicular to plane:   − ( −3i − j) M1
3 4
Follow their perpendicular component A1ft
1
Parallel component: ( −i + 3j) Follow their parallel component A1ft
4
1 1 1
Final velocity = ( −i + 3j) + ( −3i − j) = −i + j * A1*
4 4 2

(12 marks)

Notes:

5 B1 Conservation of component parallel to the first wall

Use the impact law on the model to find the component of the velocity
M1
perpendicular to AB after the impact
A1 Correct value
Complete strategy to find final velocity: find components parallel and
M1
perpendicular to BC and add.
Scalar product of their velocity with a vector parallel to BC . Condone
M1
missing modulus.
3
A1 Correct unsimplified (follow their 2i + j)
2
A1 Correct parallel component

B1 Any parallel vector

Correct use of the model and the impact law to find the magnitude of the
M1
perpendicular component. Condone missing modulus.
3
A1ft Correct unsimplified. Follow their 2i + j and their perpendicular vector
2
A1 Correct perpendicular component

A1* Combine the components to deduce the given answer

7.

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A m) u

a

u B m)

Figure 4

Two smooth uniform spheres, A and B, are moving with speeds uDQGu respectively on
a smooth horizontal surface.
Sphere AKDVPDVVmDQGUDGLXVa. Sphere BKDVPDVVmDQGUDGLXVa.
The centres of the spheres are moving towards each other on parallel paths. The paths
DUHDWDGLVWDQFHa apart, as shown in Figure 4.

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The spheres collide. The coefficient of restitution between A and B is

6 7
(a) Show that the magnitude of the impulse received by A in the collision is mu .
5 (10)
(b) Find the speed of A immediately after the collision.
(3)
(c) State how you have used the fact that the spheres are smooth when considering
their collision.
(1)
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20
*S61298A02024*
Question Scheme Marks AOs

7(a)

w usinθ
u
θ
A (3m)

3a B (2m)

2u

2usinθ v

Complete strategy to find impulse M1 3.1a

CLM parallel to line of centres M1 3.1a
3mw − 2mv = 2m.2u cos  − 3m.u cos 
A1 1.1b
( = mu cos )
Use of impact law parallel to line of centres M1 3.1a
1
w+v = ( u cos + 2u cos )( = u cos ) A1 1.1b
3
Solve for v or w:
 3w − 2v = u cos  3  2  A1 1.1b
  w = u cos  v = u cos 
2w + 2v = 2u cos  5  5 
 7 3
Correct trig ratio used  cos = , sin  =  B1 1.1b
 4 4
Magnitude of impulse = 3m ( w  u cos  ) M1 3.1a
3 
= 3m  u cos + u cos  A1 1.1b
5 
8 7 6 7
= 3m  u  = mu * A1* 2.2a
5 4  5

(10)
7(b) Component of velocity perpendicular to line of centres = u sin  B1 3.4
2
3 
Speed = ( u sin  ) +  u cos 
2
for their w M1 2.1
5 
9 97 3 2
=u + = u A1 1.1b
16 25 16 5
(3)
 7(c) Impulse only acts along the line of centres B1 3.5b

(1)

(14 marks)

Notes:

7a Over all strategy: form and solve simultaneous equations and use
M1
impulse/momentum.
Use of CLM parallel to l of c. All terms needed. Condone sign errors and
M1
sin/cos confusion.
A1 Correct unsimplified equation

M1 Must be used the right way round. Follow their components of u and 2u.

A1 Correct unsimplified equation

A1 v or w correct in terms of u and 

B1 Correct trig ratio seen or implied

Magnitude of impulse on either particle. Must be using change in
M1
component of velocity.
A1 Correct unsimplified in terms of m, u and 

A1* Substitute trig values and deduce the given result

7b Use conservation of component of velocity perpendicular to line of
B1
centres
Use of Pythagoras to combine the components parallel and perpendicular
M1
to the line of centres. Follow their w.
A1 Any equivalent simplified form
Any valid modelling assumption – no spin, no friction, no change
7c B1
perpendicular to the line of centres