311/2 MARKING SCHEME

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

PAPER 2

SEPTEMBER 2022

TIME: 2½ hours

Name:______________________________IndexNo:__________Signature:_____________

LONDIANI SUBCOUNTY JOINT EXAM

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATES
1. This paper consist of three sections; A, B and C
2. Answer all the questions in section A, three questions from section B and two questions from
section C.
3. This paper has twenty-four questions. The candidate should ascertain that all the questions are
printed.
4. All questions must be answered in the answer booklet provided.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE SCORE

1-17 25
15
15
15
15
15
TOTAL 100
SECTION A (25 marks)

Answer ALL questions in this section .

1. Give two aspects of human activities studied in political history. (l mark)

i) Laws and order

ii) Systems of government

iii) Security

iv) Constitution making (any2x1=2mks

2 Name one reason why early human lived on trees. (1 mk)

i) For security

ii) To obtain food

(1x1=1mk)

3 Give two ways in which the Sumerians reclaimed their land. (2mks)

i) Built dykes to control flooding

ii) They irrigated dry land

iii) Built canal to drain water

(2x1=2mks)

4 Highlight one type of indirect democracy. (1mk)

i)Parliamentary

ii)Presidential

iii)Composite/local authority (any 1×1)

5 Identify the main item of trade from West Africa during the Trans-Saharan Trade.

(1 mark)

-gold (1×1)

6 Highlight two disadvantages of animal transport (2mks)

i)Animals may be attacked by wild animals

ii)They carried smaller loads compared to motor vehicles
iii)It is slow and tedious mode of transport
iv)Pack animals could be stubborn when tired or healthy loaded
v)The animals can only cover a limited distance (any 2×1-2 mks)
7. Identify two forms of messages relayed by the use of drum beats in the ancient
times.
(2marks)

i)Declaring of the war

ii) Arrival of strangers

iii) Impending danger
iv) Announcement of death
v )Summoning for a meeting
vi)Community ceremonies and festivals.
(2x1=2mks)

8. State two disadvantages of using electricity as a source of energy. (2marks)

(i) It can cause fire/destruction of property.

(ii) It can electrocute/cause loss of life.

(iii) It is expensive to generate/distribute.

(iv) Potential sites for its production are limited.

(v) It requires well trained personnel for installing/ maintenance . (2x1=2mks)

9. Give the main reason why the golden stool was important in the Asante Empire.

(1 mark)

-it united the people/it was a symbol of unity (1 x 1 = 1 mark)

10 State two factors which led to the growth of Meroe as an urban centre. (2 marks)

i) It was intersection/junction of many trade routes

ii) It was a mining centre/iron working

iii)the area had fertile soil

iv) It had abundant wood (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

ll Give one characteristic of human rights. ( 1mark)

i) They are universal

ii)They are indivisible

iii) They have limitations

iv)They may be suspended

v) They are inalienable (1 x 1 = 1mark)

12 Identify the main method which was used by the European powers to suppress
resisting African communities (1mark)
— Military force/expedition / conquests. (1 x 1 = 1mark)

13. Identify two European activities in Africa during the 19th century. (2 marks)

(i) trading/legitimate trade;

(ii) spreading Christianity;

(iii) exploring;

(iv) establishing settlements;

(v) establishing colonial rule/colonization.

(vi) establishing Western education.

(vii) establishing health facilities. (viii) mining.

(ix) Agricultural activities.

(x) stopping slave trade and slavery. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

14. Identify one types of nationalism in South Africa during the struggle for majority rule

(1 mark)
i)African

ii)Afrikaner

iii)British (Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

15. Identify two economic results of the First World War. (2 marks)

i) European governments spent huge sums of money.

ii) There was massive destruction of property.

iii) It led to economic depression/employment/starvation/unemployment.

(Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

16.What is ‘veto power’ as used by the United Nations? (1 mark)

A decision cannot be adopted if any of the permanent members of the Security

Council votes against it. - ( 1x 1 = 1mark)
(1 mark)

17. Name one financial institutions which were established by the United Nations
after the Second World War. (1 mark)

(i) The World Bank/The International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development.

(ii) International Monetary Fund.(I.M.F) (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

SECTION B (45 marks)

Answer THREE questions from this section.

18. (a) Give five reasons why Africa is believed to be the cradle of mankind. (5mks)

(i) Presence of savannah grassland which had abundant food supply.

(ii)Warm tropical climate was ideal for man existence.

(iii) All seasons/permanent rivers in Africa provided early man with water.

(iv) Discovery of numerous archaeological sites in Africa where early fossils were found.

(v) Geographically, Africa was located at the centre of pages.

(1x5) 5 Marks

(b)Describe the culture of early man during the new stone Age (10mks)

(i) Made advanced stone tools called microlith – which were small in size, efficient and
effective.

(ii)Domesticated both animals and plant.

(iii)Lived a settled life (sedentary life)

(iv) Introduced religion, buried the dead with their belonging with a believe that they use
in the

next world.

(v) Government was introduced; rules/laws and regulations were introduced to the
society.

(leadership developed)

(vi) Lived in huts made of the branches

(vii)Hunting and gathering

(viii) Clothing; used animal skins as clothes

19. (a)State three early source of energy (3mks)

(i)Wood
 (ii)Wind

(iii)Water

(b)Explain six factors that undermine industrialization in South Africa. (12mks)

(i)Long periods of colonization

(ii)Pour transport and communication

(iii)Lack of capital

(iv)Political instability (Xenophobia) scaring away foreign investors.

(v)Stiff competition from developed countries

(vi) Poverty – low purchasing power.

(vii) Brain drain

(vii)Hiv/AIDS

(viii)Poor technology

20. (a)State five social factors for the scramble and partition of African by the European powers
(5mks)

(i)Missionary demand for security

(ii) Rise of racism and paternalism

(iii)They wanted to settle European surplus population

(iv)They wanted to abolishes lame trade (humanitarian factors)

(v)Role of influential individual in Europe like Kaul Peter and Harry Johnson who
encourage

empire building in oversees.

(b) Explain six positive effects of Maji Maji rebellion. (10mks)

(i)Corporal punishment was abolished

 (ii)African were involve in administration as AKidars and Jumbes

(iii)African were allowed to grow cotton on their own.

(iv)Force labour on public work and European farm was stopped.

(v)Colonial government provided better educational and medical services to Africans.

(vi)Extra taxation on Africans were stopped.

(viii) Kiswahili was recognized as the official language in Tanganyika.

21. (a)List five methods used by in Mozambique to fight for independence. (5mks)

(i) Mass media

(ii)Formation of political parties

(iii)Guerrilla warfare

(iv)Strike/boycotts.

(v)Appeal for external support

(b)State the problems that the nationalist faced in their struggle against colonial rule in South
Africa. (10mks)

(i)Arrest and imprisonment e.g Nelson Mandela.

(ii)The apartheid regime used curfew and pass law to regulate their movement.

(iii)Nationalists were forced into exile.

(iv) Media was banned and editors arrested and jailed i.e the weekend world.

(v)Ban on African political parties in 1960.

(vi)Assassination and massacre stive Biko and school children were killed in Sharpeville
massacre

of June 1960.

SECTION C (30 marks)

Answer TWO questions from this section .

22a(a) Give five causes of first world war (1914_1918) (5mks)

i)Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

ii. Arms race.

iii. Formation of alliances.

iv. Development of nationalism.

v. Desire for revenge.

vi. Rivalry over colonial possession.

vii. The Moroccan crisis.

viii. The Italo-Turkish dispute over Libya.

ix. The Balkan crisis/wars. ( Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)

(b) Discuss five political effects of Second World War (10mks)

i) Partition of Germany into East and West Germany
ii)Emergency of USA and USSR as superpower

iii) Rise of nationalism in Asia and Africa.

iv) Formation of United Nations Organisation ((UNO)

v) The state of Israel was created in settle Jews

vi)The collapse of dictatorship in Western Europe ( Any 5 x2 = 10 marks)

vii) Emergency of the cold war

23. a)State five characteristics of the common wealth organization

i. English is used as a common language

ii. They maintain cultural ties through games and sports
iii. They cooperate in the field of education through exchange programs
iv. The queen of England is recognized as the head of the organization
v. They have a common military traditions based on the British military system
vi. They share common democratic institutions like the civil services (5x1=5mks)
b) Explain five causes of cold war

i. Ideological differences between the superpowers i.e capitalism and communism

ii. Arms race
iii. Economic rivalry between the super powers i.e marshal plan and COMECON
iv. Formation of military alliances i.e NATO and WARSAW pact
v. Use of Russian veto powers in the UN
vi. Differences over Germany (5x2=10mks)

. 24(a) Highlight three financial institutions established by the African Union.

(3 marks)
i)The African monetary fund
ii)The African central bank
iii) The African investment bank ( Any 3x 1 = 3 marks)

(b) Describe six factors undermining the activities of African Union since its
formation in 2001. (12 marks)
i) Border disputes between member states creates disunity in the continent.
ii)Lack of democracy in some countries has contributed to the inability to
end human rights abuses/violations.
iii)Interference of African affairs by the developed countries undermine
union’s effort to implement its policies.
iv)Ideological differences between some African stations creates divisions

within the union thus making it difficult to reach an agreement.

v) Lack of a standing army renders the union ineffective in implanting the

decisions which requires military intervetions.

vi) personality differences between the leaders undermine the unity

vii)divided loyalty as membe3rs states also belonged to the other organizations.

viii)inadequate funds make it difficult for the union to fulfill all its obligations.

Ix) due to neo-colonialism some member states are more attached to their former
colonial masters at the expense
x) external interference in African affairs undermines implementations of policies
by the union

xi) political instabilities in many member states makes it difficult to implement some
of the programmes of the union.