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Types of Fallacies and Examples

The document outlines the study of logic, focusing on various types of fallacies that undermine reasoning. It provides definitions and examples for ten common fallacies, including Ad Hominem, Straw Man, and Circular Reasoning. Additionally, it suggests classroom activities to help students identify and create examples of these fallacies.

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6 views3 pages

Types of Fallacies and Examples

The document outlines the study of logic, focusing on various types of fallacies that undermine reasoning. It provides definitions and examples for ten common fallacies, including Ad Hominem, Straw Man, and Circular Reasoning. Additionally, it suggests classroom activities to help students identify and create examples of these fallacies.

Uploaded by

valerie.tooy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGIC- The study of reasoning and the principles of valid inferences.

Logic is a
part of philosophy, mathematics, and everyday life.

Types of Fallacies and Examples

1. Ad Hominem (Personal Attack)

• Definition: Attacking the person making the argument instead of addressing the
argument itself.
• Example: “You can’t trust John’s opinion on climate change; he’s not a scientist.”

2. Straw Man

• Definition: Misrepresenting or oversimplifying someone’s argument to make it easier to


attack.
• Example: Person A: “We should have stricter environmental regulations.”
Person B: “Person A wants to shut down all factories and ruin the economy!”

3. False Dilemma (Black-and-White Thinking)

• Definition: Presenting only two options when more exist.


• Example: “You’re either with us, or you’re against us.”

4. Slippery Slope

• Definition: Arguing that a small action will lead to extreme consequences without
sufficient evidence.
• Example: “If we allow students to use calculators, soon they won’t be able to do basic
math.”

5. Circular Reasoning

• Definition: The conclusion is included in the premise without proper support.


• Example: “I deserve a good grade because I am a great student.”

6. Hasty Generalization

• Definition: Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence.


• Example: “My friend failed his math test, so math must be impossible for everyone.”

7. Appeal to Authority

• Definition: Saying something is true because an authority figure says so, without actual
evidence.
• Example: “A famous actor uses this toothpaste, so it must be the best one.”
8. Post Hoc (False Cause)

• Definition: Assuming that because one event happened before another, it must have
caused the second event.
• Example: “I wore my lucky socks and won the game; they must be lucky!”

9. Bandwagon Appeal

• Definition: Claiming something is true or right just because many people believe it.
• Example: “Everyone is buying this new phone, so it must be the best.”

10. Red Herring

• Definition: Distracting from the argument by bringing up an unrelated topic.


• Example: “Why worry about pollution when there are so many homeless people?”
Activity for Class

• Provide students with arguments containing fallacies and ask them to identify the type of
fallacy.
• Have students create their own examples and challenge classmates to identify them.

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