TK 4030

Teknologi Pemrosesan Gas

NATURAL GAS
PIPELINES
Muh. Rifki Firmansyah Maulana
13022087
[email protected]
5 MEI 2025
OUTLINE 01

03 Introduction
Natural Gas
Pipeline Overview
04
06 Pipeline System
Pipeline Incidents 08
10 Environmental Impact

Recent Development 11
REFERENCES 02

A C D

B
 INTRODUCTION 03
Components of Natural Gas Natural Gas Utilization Natural Gas Transmission
Share

Source: Alcheikhhamdon (2016)

Source: Ditjen Migas (2019)

The distribution of Indonesia's natural

gas utilization in 2018 (totaling 2.99
TSCF), with the largest shares used
by industry (26.0%), LNG export
(23.1%), and electricity generation
(13.7%)
Source: Faramawy (2016)
Natural Gas Pipelines overview 04

Natural Gas Pipeline Network in Natural Gas Pipeline Development

Indonesia Plan in Indonesia

Top 3 Natural Gas Pipelines In Indonesia By Capacity

Construction: Cirebon-Semarang Gas Pipeline
Badak-Bontang: 28, 11 bcm/y of gas
Proposed: East Kalimantan–South Kalimantan
Gresik-Batam-Singapore: 4,75 bcm/y of gas
Shelved: Kalimantan-Java II Gas Pipeline
South Sumatra-West Java: 4,5 bcm/y of gas

Source: Global Energy Monitor

Natural Gas Pipelines overview 05

(a) Comparison of the cost of transporting gas via pipeline (b) Transportation tariffs
and LNG; for 1 tcf/year and including regasification costs

Pipelines are the most cost-effective for large volumes and shorter distances
LNG is better suited for long-distance transport and high-volume scenarios
PIPELINE SYSTEM 06

Why Adding Odorant?

Source: Melaina (2013)

Aspect Gathering Transmission Distribution

Natural gas is odorless in its pure form,
Gas Type Unprocessed Dry natural gas Dry natural gas making leaks hard to detect
An odorant, usually mercaptan (which
smells like rotten eggs), is added to help
Size 4-12 inches 16-48 inches 0,5-24 inches
people quickly detect leaks by smell
Most countries require odorization of gas
Pressure Low High Low for distribution to homes and businesses
for public protection
Distance Short Long Short
PIPELINE SYSTEM 07
Compressor Station
As natural gas flows through a pipeline, it loses
pressure due to friction against the inside of
the pipe. Therefore, compressor stations are
installed along the pipeline to boost the gas
pressure in the pipeline to maintain required
delivery pressure and flow

1 Inlet Scrubber: collect entrained liquids

Filter: remove fine solids that could

2
otherwise contribute to compressor failure

Compressor: Increases the pressure of the

3
gas to maintain flow

Cooler: Reduces the temprature of the gas,

4
which rises during compression

Outlet Scrubber: Removes any additional

1
liquids that may have condensed after
cooling
Source: Mokhatab (2015)
PIPELINE INCIDENT 08
Transmission Line

1 Material/Weld/Equipment Failure

Cracks or fractures in the pipeline steel.

Defective welds from poor workmanship or improper
welding processes
Distribution Line
2 Excavation Damage
Backhoes, trenchers, or augers striking underground
pipelines.
1 Horizontal drilling or construction projects that
penetrate pipeline paths.
common cause: Lack of proper pipeline location
marking, failure to notify pipeline operators before
digging, or ignoring safety guidelines
PIPELINE INCIDENT 09
3 Corrosion (Mainly external)
Anodic Reaction
The iron ions typically react with the
water and/or oxygen to form a corrosion
deposit of rust or some other iron
Cathodic Reaction
oxide, but, in some cases, they may
react with carbon dioxide or hydrogen
sulfide to form iron carbonate or iron
sulfide

Solutions: Coatings, Cathodic protection

 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 10
GHG emissions
Life cycle of pipeline networks Cradle to grave

Source: Kyung, et.al (2017)

Environmental Impact during material
The major contributor to emissions comes from the operation stage (OP), production and pipe manufacturing phase
which accounts for 64.9% of the total emissions. This is mainly due to direct
CH4 emissions during the operation, representing 95.6% of the emissions in
this phase. Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, is commonly released during
the transportation and distribution of natural gas

solutions could involve focusing on leak detection and repair technologies

in the operation phase to reduce methane leakage, implementing more
energy-efficient compression technologies, and increasing the use of low-
carbon materials in pipeline construction
Source: Chohan et.al (2023)
 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 11
Hydrogen-blended natural gas (HBNG)
Hydrogen-blended natural gas (HBNG),
Schematic diagram of follow-up flow blending process as a clean and low-carbon fuel, can be
transported via existing pipeline or pipe
network to end-use applications in
industries, transportation, and
buildings, thereby substantially
lowering carbon emissions. In the
transportation sector, hydrogen
blending can improve the thermal
efficiency of natural gas engines,
reduce exhaust losses, and effectively
reduce carbon emissions from vehicle
exhaust. In the industrial power
generation sector, the combustion of
HBNG can significantly reduce carbon
emissions compared to the combustion
of natural gas alone. However, at higher
concentrations, there may be risks of
embrittlement of the pipeline
materials.

Source: Huang, et.al (2025)

CONCLUSION 12

1. Indonesia's natural gas pipeline network is limited but expanding, with several
key projects planned to improve energy access and reduce dependence on
LNG.
2. Pipelines are cheaper for short-distance, high-volume transport, while LNG is
better for long distances or exports, making both important for Indonesia’s
energy strategy.
3. Pipeline systems rely on components like compressor stations and odorization
to maintain pressure, ensure safety, and detect leaks.
4. Common pipeline issues include corrosion, equipment failure, and excavation
damage, which require strict maintenance, monitoring, and safety procedures.
5. Reducing methane leaks and exploring hydrogen blending are key steps to
lower environmental impact and prepare the pipeline system for a cleaner
energy future.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 13

Saeid Mokhatab, et al. Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing : Principles and Practices. Cambridge, Ma, Gulf Professional
Publishing, 2015.
Huang, Huijie, et al. “Economic Analysis of Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipelines: Supply Chain and Station Modification.” International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 118, Apr. 2025, pp. 300–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.163. Accessed 13 Apr. 2025.
Melaina, Marc W, et al. “Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues.” Researchgate, 1 Jan. 2013,
www.researchgate.net/publication/279448458_Blending_Hydrogen_into_Natural_Gas_Pipeline_Networks_A_Review_of_Key_Issues.
Hong, Bingyuan, et al. “Balancing Economy, User Guarantee, and Carbon Emissions towards Sustainable Natural Gas Pipeline Network Planning.”
Computers & Industrial Engineering, 1 Jan. 2025, pp. 110858–110858, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2025.110858. Accessed 13 Apr. 2025.
Alcheikhhamdon, Y., and M. Hoorfar. “Natural Gas Quality Enhancement: A Review of the Conventional Treatment Processes, and the Industrial
Challenges Facing Emerging Technologies.” Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, vol. 34, Aug. 2016, pp. 689–701,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.07.034.
Chohan, Imran Mir, et al. “A Review on Life Cycle Assessment of Different Pipeline Materials.” Results in Engineering, vol. 19, 1 Sept. 2023, p. 101325,
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123023004528#bib49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101325.
Kyung, Daeseung, et al. “Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Sewer Pipeline System.” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,
vol. 22, no. 12, 3 Mar. 2017, pp. 1901–1911, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-017-1288-9. Accessed 21 Sept. 2021.
Faramawy, S., et al. “Natural Gas Origin, Composition, and Processing: A Review.” Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, vol. 34, Aug. 2016,
pp. 34–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.06.030.
TK 4030
Teknologi Pemrosesan Gas

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5 MEI 2025