STATISTICS Mean

Statistics is a branch of science that deals with collecting, ordering, Consider the data set x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5.
analyzing and presenting data. summation of items
mean=
Data refers to any facts or information that is collected for purposes of number ofn items
reference and analysis.
mean ( X )=
∑x
Data can be categorized into two; n
1. Quantitative data Where;
This is data that can be expressed numerically for example ∑ - Sigma denoting summation
- Marks of students n – Number of items
- Heights Mode
- Weight This is the number that appears most frequently. Sometimes it is
- Books in the library possible to have two numbers with the highest frequency. In such a
2. Qualitative data case, we have two modes and the data set is said to bi-modal.
This is data that cannot be expressed numerically for example Median
- Colour This is the data value that lies in the middle of the data set when the
- Shape data is arranged in sequential order (Ascending or descending order).
- Sex (male of female) Finding the median for odd data set
- Intelligence quotient (I.Q) For odd data set, we obtain one value that lies in the middle after
Data can also be discrete or continuous. arranging the data set in sequential order.
Discrete data is expressed using only whole numbers while continuous Consider the data set x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 arranged in ascending order.
data can as well take on decimal numbers. Method 1
TYPES OF DATA x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5
There are two types of data namely;
(i) Ungrouped data The median is x 3.
(ii) Grouped data. Method 2
UNGROUPED DATA
( )
th
n+1
It is also known as scattered or raw data. Median position=
2
This is data that has just been collected from the field.
Median position=(
2 )
th
5+1
MEASURE OF THE CENTRAL TENDENCY rd
Here, we look at the mean (average), median, mode and mid-range. Median position=3
∴ The median is x 3.

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Finding the median for even data set 4. The mean weight of a group of seven girls is 42kg. When the
For even data set, we obtain two values that lie in the middle after eighth girl joined the group, the mean change to 45kg. Find the
arranging the data set in a sequential order. weight of the eighth girl.
Consider the data set x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 , x 6 arranged in ascending order
Method 1 Exercise
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 1. The following marks were obtained by 15 girls in a mathematics
x 3+ x 4 quiz; 10,16,19,18,20,16,18,15,20,17,18,13,11,17,12. Determine;
Median= a) Median
2
Remark b) Mode
Obtain the average of the two data values that lie in the middle. c) Mean
Method 2 d) Mid-range.
2. The mean of the numbers 13, 8, 6, 0, 3, 12, x , 11 and 5 is 7.
() ( )
th th
n n+2
Median positions are and . Determine;
2 2
Median positions are 3rd and 4th respectively. (i) The value of x
x 3+ x 4 (ii) The median
Median=
2
Mid-range FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
This is obtained by adding the lowest and the highest values and then A typical frequency distribution table has three columns namely;
dividing the result by 2. (i) Class marks (x)
lowest value+highest value (ii) Tally
Mid−range= (iii) Frequency
2
Examples Other columns are added for purposes of answering the questions
1. In a homework marked out of 20, a group of pupils obtained the asked.
following marks; 15,20,18,17,8,18,16,20,18,17,12 and 19. Find;
a) Mean Finding the mean, median and mode using a frequency distribution
b) Median table
c) Mode Take note of the following;
d) Mid-range (i) mean=
∑ fx
2. The mean of 8, x , 5, 7 and 6 is 5.6. Determine the value of x . f
3. The mean of numbers e, e+2, e-4, 2e+3 and e-1 is 2.4. Find e. (ii) Mode: Is the class mark with the highest frequency.

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(iii) Median: Is the class mark corresponding to cumulative

( )
th

frequency ∑f .
Watch out
2 The assumed/ working mean may or may not be given in the question.
If it is not given, then a student should choose a value wisely.
Examples
Example
1. The following marks were obtained by 15 girls in a mathematics
The table below is of marks obtained by 20 students in a mathematics
quiz; 10,16,19,18,20,16,18,15,20,17,18,13,11,17,12.
test.
a) Represent this data in a frequency distribution table.
b) Use your frequency distribution table to find the; Number of students 8 5 2 4 3 5
Marks 40 45 50 52 55 60
(i) Mean
Use an assumed mean of 50 to find the mean.
(ii) Median
Exercise
(iii) Mode
1. The data below is of marks obtained by S.3 students in Cugapes
Watch out
high school in a mathematics test; 45, 50, 49, 45, 54, 54, 54, 50,

( )
∑f
th

If the value is not there in the column of cumulative 46, 50, 52, 52, 46, 46, 47, 55, 50.
2 a) Represent this data in a frequency distribution table.
frequency, consider the next biggest value. b) Use your frequency distribution table to find the;
In this example, 7.5 is not there thus we take 9 which (i) Mean
corresponds to class mark 17. (ii) Median
Example (iii) Mode
1. The table below shows the age of pupils in Gesis primary school. 2. The table shows the weights of S.3 students at Cugapes High
Age (years) 11 12 8 School.
Number of pupils a 10 a Weight 30 35 38 40
If the mean age of the pupils is 10, find the value of a. Number of students 7 19 x 6
Find the value of x if the mean weight is 35.475kg.
Calculation of the mean using the assumed/ working mean method 3. The table below shows the number of goals scored by a team in a
The formula is given by; series of football matches.

Mean ( X )= A+
∑ fd Number of goals 1 2 3 4 5
x 2
∑f Number of matches 3 4 1
If the mean number of goals is 3, find x .
Where;
A – Assumed/ working mean
d= x−A

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4. The table below shows the scores of 40 students in form three for MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
mathematics holiday package marked out of 10 marks. Important formulae
Marks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mean=
∑ fx
Frequency 0 0 2 3 2 4 7 10 6 3 3 1. a)
Calculate the mean using the working mean method.
∑f
Mean ( X )= A+
∑ fd
b)
GROUPED DATA ∑f
Here, data is organised/ categorized into groups called class

( )
intervals such that each data value falls in only one class interval. ∑ f −c . f
For example 10 – 19 is a class interval. 2. 2 b
Median=l . c . b+ i
A class interval is made up of two limits i.e. the lower class limit fm
(L.C.L) and the upper class limit (U.C.L). From the previous Where;
example, 10 is the lower class limit and 19 is the upper class limit. L.c.b is the lower class boundary of the median class
Information regarding the first class is always given in the C.fb is the cumulative frequency of the class before the median
question. class.
Class boundaries Fm is the frequency of the median class.
These are obtained from the class intervals as follows; I is the class width.
Classes Add to the U.C.L Class boundaries Remark
Subtract from the L.C.L
The median class is the class corresponding to cumulative
10 – 19 ± 0.5 9.5 – 19.5

( )
∑f
th
1.0 – 1.4 ± 0.05 0.95 – 1.45 frequency
Class width 2
This is obtained by subtracting the lower class boundary from the 3. Mode=l . c . b+¿
upper class boundary. Where;
Class width = U.C.B – L.C.B L.c.b is the lower class boundary of the modal class.
Mid-value ∆ 1=f m−f b
This is obtained from the formula; ∆ 2=f m−f a
L. C . L+U .C . L L. C . B +U .C . B Fm is highest frequency
Mid−value= or
2 2 Fb is the frequency before the highest frequency.
Fa is the frequency after the highest frequency.
I is the class interval.
Remark

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 The modal class is the class with the highest frequency. a) Starting with a class of 20 – 29, construct a frequency distribution
Example table.
1. The table below shows the distribution of lifespan b) Use your table to calculate the;
Class 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 (i) Mean
Frequency 12 15 20 17 10 6 (ii) Median
a) Construct a frequency distribution table. (iii) Mode
b) Use the table above to calculate the; DATA PRESENTATION
(i) Mean 1. Frequency polygon
(ii) Median This is a plot of frequency against class marks. The frequency
(iii) Mode polygon must be closed.

2. The following are scores out of 30 obtained by the class of 50 2. Histogram

students in mathematics This is a plot of frequency against class boundaries. A histogram
5 14 16 9 12 14 14 23 10 12 can be used to estimate the mode.
14 14 14 18 6 6 10 10 14 12 Remark
8 20 6 24 8 13 22 14 8 15 - The bars of a histogram are joined to each other.
25 19 22 14 14 15 14 15 12 20 - The bars must of equal width.
6 14 17 21 14 25 10 27 8 14 - We can super impose a frequency polygon on a histogram by
a) Construct a frequency distribution table for the data starting joining the mid-points of all the bars of a histogram.
with a class of 5 – 9. 3. Cumulative frequency curve (Ogive)
b) Calculate the; This is a plot of cumulative frequency against class boundaries.
(i) Mean The ogive can be used to estimate the median, quartiles, deciles
(ii) Median and percentiles.
(iii) Mode Examples
TRIAL QUESTION 1. The table below shows marks scored by 75 students in a
The table below shows marks obtained by 50 applicants in an mathematics test.
interview. Marks 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44
45 69 33 52 72 40 27 35 56 30 No.of stds 3 9 14 23 16 8 2
20 31 41 66 29 49 34 50 39 47 a) State the modal class
43 50 51 61 59 53 44 58 85 54 b) Calculate the;
55 62 68 75 37 53 52 64 46 68 (i) Mean
48 38 54 42 51 67 77 88 55 78 (ii) Class interval

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 c) Plot a frequency polygon 25% 50% 75%
2. The table below shows marks scored by 50 students in a
mathematics test in Cugapes high school. Q1 Q2 Q3
Marks 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 Q1 is the first/ lower quartile and 25% of the data is below it.

( ) ∑f
th
No.of stds 3 7 16 14 6 3 1
a) Calculate the; Its position is given by Q1= .
4
(i) Modal mark
Q2 is the second quartile (median) and 50% of the data is below it.
(ii) Median

( )
th
b) Present the information on a histogram Its position is given by Q2= ∑f .
c) Super-impose a frequency polygon on the histogram. 2
Q3 id the third/ upper quartile and 75% of the data is below it.

( )
th
3. The table below shows the marks scored by form three students. 3
Its position is given by Q3= ∑ f .
Marks Frequency 4
10 – 19 4 Remark
20 – 29 8 1. Inter-quartile range.
30 – 39 10 This is given by the formula;
40 – 49 12 I . Q . R=Q 3−Q 1
50 – 59 6
2. Semi-inter quartile range
60 – 69 4
This is given by the formula
70 – 79 3
80 – 89 2 Q 3−Q 1
S . I . Q. R=
90 – 99 1 2
a) Using an assumed of 44.5, calculate the actual mean Deciles
b) Draw a histogram and use it to estimate the mode Deciles divide the data set into 10 equal parts. Therefore, there are 9
c) Draw an ogive and use it to estimate the median. deciles.

( )
th
MEASURES OF SPREAD/ DISPERSION
D1 is the first decile and its position is given by D1= ∑F .
Here we look at the following; 10
- Quartiles D5 is the fifth decile (median) and its position is given by
- Deciles and
( )
∑f
th

- Percentiles D 5= .
2
Quartiles
( )
th
7
Quartiles divide the data set into four equal parts. Therefore, there are D7 is the seventh decile and its position is given by D7=
10
∑f
three quartiles.
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Percentiles (iii) 80th percentile
Percentiles divide the data set into 100 equal parts. Therefore, there are (iv) Lower quartile
99 percentiles. (v) Upper quartile
P30 is the thirtieth percentile and its position is given by e) Calculate the;

( )
th
30 (i) Inter quartile range
P30=
100
∑ . f
(ii) Semi-inter quartile range.
P50 is the fiftieth percentile (median) and its position is given by

( )
th

P50=
∑f .
2
P80 is the eightieth percentile and its position is given by

( )
th
80
P80=
100
∑ f .

Examples
1. The following table shows marks obtained by pupils in a
mathematics test.
11 17 35 34 42 45 28 46
16 21 14 36 41 31 49 37
20 33 37 38 18 38 39 27
26 28 40 33 43 32 29 47
29 32 41 24 44 35 36 23
a) Draw a frequency distribution table for the marks starting with
a class of 10 – 14.
b) State the;
(i) Class interval
(ii) Modal class
c) Calculate the mean mark.
d) Draw a cumulative frequency curve and use it to estimate the
following;
(i) Median
(ii) 2nd decile

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