MEANING PRESENT PAST

Can / (am/is/are) able to

Can’t / (am not/isn’t/aren’t) able to Could / (was/were) able to
Ability / Inability
I (can/am able to) speak 3 languages Couldn’t / (wasn’t/weren’t) able to

Can / May / Might / Could

May not / Might not / Couldn’t May / Might / Could + HAVE + part
Possibility
It (can/may/might/could) snow there May not / Might not / Couldn’t + HAVE + part
even in summer!
Can’t
I’m afraid I can’t come to the party on
Impossibility Couldn’t
Friday

Can / Could/ May

Requests (Can/Could) you wait a moment,
please?
Must / Can’t
You’ve been travelling all day. You
Certainty / must be tired!
Must / Can’t + HAVE + part
Deduction She has just had lunch. She can’t be
hungry!

Must / Have to
I (must /have to) go to hospital next
Obligation Had to
week.

Mustn’t / Can’t
You (musn’t/can’t ) tell anyone what I Wasn’t/weren’t allowed to
Prohibition
told you. Coudn’t

Have to / Need to
I (need to/have to) go to the
Necessity Had to / Needed to
supermarket before going home

Don’t have to / Don’t need to / Needn’t

It’s not raining. You (don’t have
Not Necessary to/don’t need to/needn’t) take the Didn’t have to / Didn’t need to / Needn’t HAVE + part
umbrella.

Should / Ought to / Had better

Shouldn’t / Oughtn’t to / Had better not
*Should / Ought to + HAVE + part
Advice / *Regret You look tired. You (should/ought to/
*Shouldn’t / Oughtn’t to + HAVE + part
had better) go to bed now.

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 B1 Modal Verbs MOD003

Complete the sentences with a modal verb from the box below. Sometimes more
than one answer is possible.

MAY – MIGHT – CAN – CAN’T – SHOULD – SHOULDN’T – MUST – HAVE TO – HAS TO -

NEEDN’T – MUSTN’T – DON’T HAVE TO – DOESN’T HAVE TO

1. ___________________ I use your pen, please?

2. You really ___________________ see that new documentary. It’s fantastic.

3. You ___________________ write 30 sentences for homework because you have

misbehaved.

4. You ___________________ to write 300 lines. 30 will be enough.

5. Please, excuse me but I really ___________________ go now.

6. John, you ___________________ speak so quickly. Nobody can understand you!

7. We ___________________ watch TV tonight. We haven’t decided yet.

8. If you’ve got such a bad cough, you ___________________ smoke.

9. I am happy to inform you that I ___________________ come to work next week.

10. You ___________________ make so much noise. The baby is sleeping in the next room.
11. She ___________________ work hard because she’s a single parent and has little money.

12. You ___________________ go now. The train leaves in an hour, so you’ve still got some
time left.

13. According to the weather report it ___________________ rain this afternoon.

14. He ___________________ speak Italian fluently because he spent 5 years there.

15. That __________________ be John over there. He said he would be in America this week.

16. You ___________________ take the test seriously, even if you already have enough good
grades to pass.

17. I ___________________ go out tonight, but I don’t think so. I feel too tired.

18. ___________________ Mary come with us?

19. You ___________________ speak French. I can speak English quite well.

20. You ___________________ take an ID card with you if you enter the stadium. Otherwise
you won’t get in.

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 B1 Modal Verbs MOD004

Complete the sentences with a modal verb from the box below. Sometimes more
than one answer is possible.

CAN – CAN’T - COULDN’T – COULD HAVE - HAD TO – MIGHT - MUST - MUSTN’T -

NEEDN’T – SHOULD HAVE - WOULD

1. It’s quite warm outside so you __________________ put on a coat.

2. You __________________ go home now. You __________________ finish writing those

emails. They can wait until tomorrow.

3. He __________________ gone to the doctor when he started feeling ill. Now it’s going to
take longer for him to recover,

4. According to the weather report it __________________ rain today, but I’m not so sure
about it.

5. My mother gave me an important letter to post, so I ________________ forget to post it.

6. You __________________ come if you don’t want to.

7. Children __________________ play with matches.

8. That _________________ be Harry. He said he was going to Paris. What’s he doing here?
9. We will have to take a taxi to the airport, otherwise we __________________ miss our
plane.

10. I __________________ like to go to the cinema with you this weekend. How about it?

11. When I went to Spain for the first time, I __________________ speak a word of Spanish.

12. This jewellery is very valuable. My grandmother gave it to me. You __________________
look after it carefully and __________________ lose it.

13. She felt ill and __________________ leave the office earlier.

14. You __________________ be very thirsty. I’ll bring you something to drink right away.

15. You should buy a lottery ticket this weekend. You __________________ win up to 3
million dollars.
16. You __________________ informed me about the flight delay.

17. __________________ you pass me the sugar, please?

18. You __________________ smoke in public places or restaurants. It’s against the law.

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 We use wish + past to express a wish about the present:
I wish Arnold had a car. (I’m talking about the present)
Obs- With the verb to be, we use were for all persons:
I wish Mom were here now. (I wish she were here.)
A Read the situations and express wishes about the
present:
We use wish + past perfect to talk about something we want
1- Mary wants to buy a car, but she doesn’t have enough money.
had happened differently in the past:
She wishes she _________ enough money to buy the car she
I wish I had gone to bed earlier yesterday. (But I didn’t)
wants.
2- My mother doesn’t know how to cook very well, but she’d like
We use wish + would corresponding to please, to ask someone
to be a good cook.
to do something:
My mother _______ she _______ a good ______.
I wish you would stop doing all this terrible noise. (it
3- Sue’s boyfriend is very jealous and they always argue
corresponds to = Please, stop doing all this terrible noise.)
because of his jealousy.
Sue ______ her boyfriend ________ so jealous.
4- My kids are so disorganized!
I ________ my kids ___________ more __________.
5- Evelyn would like to know how to play the guitar.
Evelyn ___________________________________________.
6- My sister is on a diet, she wants to lose some pounds.
_________________________________________________.
7- I have a date tonight, but I don’t have a beautiful dress to
wear.
_________________________________________________.
8- Ann and Paul want to get married next month, but they don’t
have a house yet.
__________________________________________________.
9- I’m a brunette, but I would like to be blond.
_________________________________________________.
10- I’m a great soccer fan and there is an important game
tonight. But I only have only 5 dollars and the tickets are 10
dollars each.
_________________________________________________.

B Look at the pictures and write about things they like to be

different in the present:
1- Monica __________________________________________.
2- Ms. Carter _______________________________________.
3- Gilbert __________________________________________.
D Choose the best answer to complete:
4- Alfred __________________________________________.
1- I wish I _______ so much at college. Now I can’t get a better job.
5- Liz _____________________________________________.
6- Carl ____________________________________________. a) goofed off c) didn’t goof off
b) had goofed off d) hadn’t goofed off
2- Paul, I wish you ____ the TV. I want to sleep.
C Read the short stories and write a wish about the past. a) would turn off c) turned off
b) had turned off d) have turned off
1- My mother’s birthday was yesterday. I feel sorry because I
3- Sue wishes she _____ her father’s car without permission. Now
forgot to buy her a present.
she’s grounded.
I wish I ________________ a present for Mom.
a) would take c) took
2- I’ve just gotten married and don’t know how to do the laundry. I
b) had taken d) hadn’t taken
regret not learning this before.
4- Rosanne wishes her mother ____ so strict. She wants to go to the
I wish I __________________ how to do the laundry before
prom but her mother doesn’t allow her to go out at night.
getting married.
a) weren’t c) aren’t
3- My co-worker Sheila went to a party yesterday and drank too
b) isn’t d) hasn’t been
much. Now she has a terrible hangover.
5- My parents wish they ____ the money to buy a new house. Our
She wishes ____________________ too much yesterday.
house is too small for our family.
4- I knew I had to wake up early today, but I watched TV until
a) had c) had had
midnight. Now I feel really tired.
b) have had d) have
I wish ____________________________________________.
6- Louis, I wish you ____ yelling at your sister.
5- Bill loves Cindy but he didn’t propose her. Now she’s going to
a) stopped c) would stop
marry his best friend.
b) had stopped d) stops
Bill _______________________________________________.
7- Carol misses Bruno a lot. She wishes she ____ with him.
6- Beth didn’t get her degree at the University and now she can’t
a) doesn’t break up c) hasn’t broken up
get a promotion.
b) didn’t break up d) hadn’t broken up
She wishes ________________________________________.
8- Sue and Jim wish they ___ a baby.
7- Marilyn’s boss overheard when she said nasty things about
a) would have c) had
him.
b) will have d) have
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 FORM
TYPE USE
If Clause Main Clause
ZERO Always true;
If + Present Simple Present Simple
Certain A fact

Future Simple
ONE True; If /Unless +Present
Can/May/Must/Should +
Real Likely to happen in Simple/ Perfect/
bare infinitive (without “to”)
Present the Present/Future Continuous
Imperative

Untrue;
TWO Imaginary; Would/Could/Might +
If + Past
Unreal Unlikely to happen in bare infinitive (without “to”)
Simple/Continuous
Present the Present/ Future;
Used to give advice

Imaginary situation Would/Could/Might +

THREE
in the past; If + Past Perfect perfect infinitive
Unreal
Used to express Simple/Continuous (have+ past participle)
Past
regrets & criticism

Type 0
If you burn your hand , it hurts.

Type 1 We can pay the bill if you have finished your dessert.

If she won the lottery, she would travel all over the world.
Type 2
If I were you, I would buy the black dress.

Type 3 We wouldn’t have missed the film if we had been at home.

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Unless can be used instead of We won’t find a table at this restaurant unless
if not (type 1) we make a reservation.

In if clauses in type 2, were is

If he were rich, he would travel all over the
normally used instead of
world.
was for both singular and

The following phrases can I’ll lend you the money as long as/ providing/
be used instead of if: provided (that) you promise to spend it wisely.
as long as Supposing/ What if the bus is late, will you
supposing take a taxi?
providing/ provided (that) You won’t be late for the meeting on condition
on condition (that) (that) you leave now.
otherwise/ or else You should have an early night, or else/
in case otherwise you won’t get up on time.
but for (=without) I’ll take an umbrella with me in case it rains.
even if/ what if/ only if But for his help, the puppy would have died.

Will, would and should If you will keep on shouting, I won’t take you
can be used in an if clause for a walk. (insistence/ annoyance)
when expressing, insistence/ Let me know if you should need any help.
annoyance. (uncertainty)
uncertainty or when making If you would set the table, I’ll wash up.
a request. (request)

If can be omitted. In such a Should you see him, tell him to call me.
case, inversion is used with Were I you, I would forgive her.
should (type 1), were (type 2) Had we known they were coming, we would
and had (type 3). have come, too.

Inversion is also used when Only if you save money, will you be able to go
only if is at the beginning on holiday abroad.
of the sentence.

Conditionals can be mixed, according to context.

If Clause Main Clause

TYPE 2 If I had more money. I would have bought the car. TYPE 3

TYPE 3 If we had won first prize, we would be in Italy now. TYPE 2

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 A. Fill in with the correct verb form.

1. I …………………………………… you if you had asked me. (tell)

2. If I ……………… so much work to do, I could come to the cinema with you. (not have)
3. She wouldn’t be so popular if she ………………………………… so talented. (not be)
4. Should you see Bill, …………………………… him about the dinner party ? (you/ remind)
5. I hate to think what would have happened if you ………………………… there. (not be)
6. Unless the government ……………………………… immediate action, unemployment
will keep rising. (take)
7. If I ……………………………… on the beach now, I would be delighted. (lie)
8. She will be sick if she ………………………………… all that cake. (eat)
9. If he had proposed to Mary, do you think she ………………………………………? (accept)
10. Why don’t you go to bed if you …………………………………… your homework? (finish)

B. Rewrite the sentences using the words/ phrases in brackets.

1. Tell me what happened at the party or else I won’t stop bothering you. (provided)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. She should go on a diet and exercise regularly in order to lose weight. (condition)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Write his phone number down because you may want to contact him. (in case)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I am not out of work thanks to my colleagues’ support. (but for)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Keep quiet and you can stay. (as long as)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. He needs to book well in advance so that he get a room at this hotel. (unless)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The employees get a bonus for working harder. ( should)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. I was late for school anyway so I didn’t run there. ( even if)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. You can’t go to the party unless you finish your homework. (only if)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Calm down, otherwise I won’t be able to help you. (unless)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 C. Rewrite the following sentences as conditionals. (MIXED)

1. We didn’t bring a map and so we are lost.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. You’re feeling sick because you ate too much.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. She didn’t cook lunch so we’re eating out.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The baby isn’t crying because he has been fed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I’m late because I missed the bus.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. He is impolite to customers and because of this he got in trouble with the manager.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Because you bought all those expensive clothes, you are broke.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. I don’t know what happened because no one told me.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. I spent yesterday evening working out and I’m tired now.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. He wasn’t driving carefully and as a result he is in hospital.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

FIRST SECOND THIRD

If + Present Will If + Past Simple If + Past Perfect
Modals Simple Conditional Perfect Conditional
Imperative

When we talk about things that When we talk about the present When we talk about the past
are possible in the future. and imagine something different and imagine something different
from the real situation now or from the real situation then or an
an unlikely situation in the future impossible situation in the past.

Shall we go to the beach? I’m so tired. She got up late

If we go now, it won’t be so If I weren’t so tired, I would If she had got up earlier, she
crowded. give you a hand. would have arrived on time.
We can go if it doesn’t rain I’d go for a walk if I could She would have had time for
a shower if she had got up early

WRITE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS ACCORDING TO THE CONDITIONAL
TYPE REQUIRED:

1.- I work ten hours a day.

If I (have) _________________________ more free time, I (practise) ____________________
some sport.

2.- Jane’s always late for school.

If she (be) ___________________ punctual, the teacher (not punish) ___________________
her almost every day.

3.- She’ll probably go to the Old Students’ Party.

If she (go) _________________________, she (meet) _________________________ her old
school mates.

4.- You should carry an umbrella.

You (get) _________________________ wet if you (not carry) _____________________ one.

5.- Did you say Susan is moving to Australia?

She (miss) _________________________ her London friends if she (leave) ________________

6.- We didn’t pay the phone bill.

If we (pay) ___________________ it, they (not cut) _________________________ the line off.

7.- Their dog died.

The dog (not die) ___________________ if they (take) ______________________ it to the vet.

8.- You’re eating too much.

You (have) _____________________ an indigestion if you (eat) _________________ like that.

9.- He always stays at home.

If he (go) _________________________ out more often, he (have) _______________ a better
social life.

10.- She’s saving money.

If she (save) ___________________ enough, she (buy) ______________________ a new car.

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11.- Her girlfriend left him after an argument.
They (get) _____________________ married if she (not leave) _____________________ him.

12.- I live far away from my school.

If I (live) ______________________ nearer, I (not go) ______________________ by bus.

13.- Mary’s at Peter’s party.

If you (go) _________________________ there, you (see) _____________________ her.

14.- Don’t worry. My dog is very sociable.

It (not bite) _____________________ you if you (come) __________________ into my house.

15.- His car broke down in the middle of the highway.

If he (take) ____________________ it to the garage before the journey, it (not break) _____
____________________________ down.

16.- He does nothing but work all the time.

He (feel) ____________________ better if he (go) _________________ out from time to time.

17.- She left the front door open.

If she (close) _______________________ it, the dog (not run) ____________________ away.

18.- Sally drank a lot at the party.

She (not be)__________________________ sick all over my car back seats if she (not drink)
______________________________ so much.

19.- He knows very few people in this town.

He (not stay) ____________________________ at home most of the time watching TV if he
(have) ___________________________________ someone to go out with.

20.- I can’t cook at all.

If I (can) ________________________ cook, I (invite) ____________________________ my
friends for dinner at home.

21.- You see Tom at work every day, don’t you?

If you (see) ____________________ him tomorrow, (tell) ______________________ him
what has happened.

22.- That dress is so beautiful!

You (look) ___________________ gorgeous at the reception if you (wear) ______________ it.

23.- Mary wants to be healthy.

She (not smoke) __________________________ so much if she (worry) _________________
so much about her health as she says.

24.- I’m sorry I shouted at my friend.

He (not get) ________________________ angry with me if I (not be) ___________________
so rude.

25.- I hope he phones me again.

If he (ring) ____________________ me up, I (apologise) _____________________________

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 B1 IF-Clauses IF009

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given.

1. If he had been able to afford it, he _____________________ her a diamond ring. (BUY)

2. If it rains this afternoon, we _____________________ out. (NOT GO)

3. If she _____________________ the exam, she won't get the job she has applied for. (NOT
PASS)

4. If she posted the letter now, they _____________________ it by Tuesday. (RECEIVE)

5. If I _____________________ about the dinner I would have come earlier. (KNOW)

6. My boss _____________________ angry if John comes to work late again. (BE)

7. If my girlfriend left me, I _____________________ miserable. (FEEL)

8. I _____________________ that if I were you. (NOT SAY)

9. If I had lost my way I _______________________ to the nearest police station. (GO)

10. If I _____________________ a spider in my bathroom I would cry out loud. (SEE)

11. The teacher will be very angry if you _____________________ in your homework on time.
(NOT HAND)

12. If you _____________________ to learn a lot, you would have taken this course. (WANT)

13. If you _____________________ quickly you will catch the bus. (RUN)

14. I would be very proud if she _____________________ my sister. (BE)

15. I _____________________ to your party if I had had time. (COME)

16. If you _____________________ the flowers, they won't survive. (NOT WATER)

17. The beach would be an ideal place for a picnic if it _____________________ so crowded.
(NOT BE)

18. If she _____________________ the book carefully, she would have understood it. (READ)

19. Be careful! If you touch this wire you _____________________ a shock. (GET)

20. She could win the race if she _____________________. (TRY)

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 B1 I Wish … IF007

Write sentences from the ones given starting with “I wish … ”.

1. I don’t eat a lot of vegetables.

I wish I ate more vegetables.

2. I can’t travel to New York. I haven’t got enough money.

____________________________________________________________________________________

3. They didn’t score a goal.

____________________________________________________________________________________

4. My car is so small.
____________________________________________________________________________________

5. They lost the photo.

____________________________________________________________________________________

6. I didn’t study hard at school.

____________________________________________________________________________________

7. My sister invited me to her party, but I didn’t go.

____________________________________________________________________________________

8. I only have one child, so I’m lonely.

____________________________________________________________________________________

9. I don’t have a fast car.

____________________________________________________________________________________

10. They were not quiet last evening.

____________________________________________________________________________________

11. The train was late.

____________________________________________________________________________________

12. They had an accident because of the bad weather.

____________________________________________________________________________________

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Complete the second sentence with TWO to FIVE words using the word given, so
that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

1. I think you should go and see a doctor. (WERE)

If ______________________________________ go and see a doctor.

2. I should have paid more attention in class (WISH)

I __________________________ more attention in class.

3. If only I had invited Cathy to the party. (REGRET)

I ________________________________ to the party.

4. It was unkind of him not to invite his friend to the party. (SHOULD)
He ____________________________________ his friend to the party.

5. If we don’t set out early, we won’t catch the first train to town (UNLESS).
We won’t catch the first train to town ___________________________________ early.

6. It wasn’t necessary for you to buy food. Our fridge is full. (HAVE)
You ____________________________________ food. Our fridge is full.

7. It’s a pity the car is so expensive. (WISH)

I ______________________________________ so expensive.

8. He didn't succeed in climbing to the top. (REACH)

He _________________________________________ the top.

9. Famous people are always recognised no matter where they go. (AVOID)
Famous people _________________________________________ no matter where they go.

10. Joe is sorry that he ate all the chocolate. (WISH)

Joe _____________________________________ all the chocolate.

11. When I started my speech I forgot everything I wanted to say. (ANYTHING)

When I started my speech I _________________________________________ I wanted to say.

12. People really need to start caring more about the environment. (WISH)
I ___________________________ caring more about the environment.

13. It is forbidden to enter without permission (UNLESS)

You _______________________________you have permission.
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1. The train __________ (to arrive) at 12:30.
2. We __________ (to have) dinner at a seaside restaurant on Sunday.
3. It __________(to snow) in Brighton tomorrow evening.
4. On Friday at 8 o’clock I __________ (to meet) my friend.
5. Paul __________ (to fly) to London on Monday morning.
6. Wait! I __________ (to drive) you to the station.
7. The English lesson __________ (to start) at 8:45.
8. Are you still writing your essay? If you __________ (to finish) by 4pm, we
can go for a walk.
9. I __________ (to see) my mother in April.
10. Look at the clouds – it __________ (to rain) in a few minutes.
11. When they __________ (to get) married in March, they __________ (to be)
together for six years.
12. You’re carrying too much. I __________ (to open) the door for you.
13. Do you think the teacher __________ (to mark) our homework by
Monday morning?
14. When I __________ (to see) you tomorrow, I __________ (show) you my
new book.
15. After you __________ (to take) a nap, you __________ (to feel) a lot
better
16. I’m sorry but you need to stay in the office until you __________ (to
finish) your work.
17. I __________ (to buy) the cigarettes from the corner shop when it
__________ (to open).
18. I __________ (to let) you know the second the builders __________ (to
finish) decorating.
19. Before we __________ (to start) our lesson, we __________ (to have) a
review.

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20. We __________ (to wait) in the shelter until the bus __________ (to come).
21. I’m very sorry Dr. Jones __________ (not be) back in the clinic until 2pm.
22. This summer, I __________ (to live) in Brighton for four years.
23. I don’t think you __________ (to have) any problems when you land in
Boston.
24. The baby should be due soon, next week she __________ (to be)
pregnant for nine months.
25. By the time we get home, they __________ (to play) football for 30
minutes.
26. In three years I __________ (to live) in a different country.
27. When you __________ (to get) off the train, I __________ (to wait) for you
by the ticket machine.
28. __________ (to take) your children with you to France?
29. This time next week I __________ (ski) in Switzerland!
30. Now I __________ (to check) my answers.

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