Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. What does frequency represent in image processing?

o A) The color intensity of pixels
o B) The rate of change of intensity per pixel
o C) The size of the image
o D) The resolution of the image
o Answer: B) The rate of change of intensity per pixel
Explanation: Frequency indicates how quickly pixel values change, with high
frequencies corresponding to rapid changes like edges.
2. What is the Fourier Transform primarily used for in image processing?
o A) Converting colors
o B) Transforming spatial data into frequency domain
o C) Resizing images
o D) Creating histograms
o Answer: B) Transforming spatial data into frequency domain
Explanation: The Fourier Transform converts an image from the spatial domain
to the frequency domain, allowing for frequency-based analysis.
3. Which type of filter is designed to pass low frequencies and attenuate high
frequencies?
o A) High-pass filter
o B) Low-pass filter
o C) Band-pass filter
o D) Edge filter
o Answer: B) Low-pass filter
Explanation: Low-pass filters allow low-frequency components to pass while
blocking higher frequencies, smoothing the image.
4. What is the main characteristic of the Ideal Low Pass Filter?
o A) It enhances all frequencies equally
o B) It cuts off all frequencies above a specified radius from the origin
o C) It only enhances high frequencies
o D) It is not applicable in image processing
o Answer: B) It cuts off all frequencies above a specified radius from the origin
Explanation: The Ideal Low Pass Filter sharply removes frequencies beyond a
certain cutoff, maintaining low-frequency components only.
5. What does the Butterworth Low Pass Filter offer compared to the Ideal Low Pass
Filter?
o A) A sharper cutoff
o B) A smoother transition between passing and blocking frequencies
o C) No effect on low frequencies
o D) It only works in spatial domain
o Answer: B) A smoother transition between passing and blocking frequencies
Explanation: The Butterworth filter provides a gradual transition rather than a
sharp cutoff, making it less abrupt than the Ideal filter.
6. In the context of the Fourier Transform, what does the term "frequency domain"
refer to?
 o A) Spatial representation of an image
o B) A representation based on pixel intensity
o C) A representation based on frequency components of the image
o D) A representation based on color distribution
o Answer: C) A representation based on frequency components of the image
Explanation: The frequency domain represents the image in terms of its
frequency components, highlighting variations in intensity.
7. What is the result of applying a high-pass filter to an image?
o A) The image becomes smoother
o B) Edges and fine details are enhanced
o C) The image loses detail
o D) Low frequencies are amplified
o Answer: B) Edges and fine details are enhanced
Explanation: High-pass filters allow high-frequency components to pass, which
correspond to sharp edges and fine details in images.
8. What is the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) primarily used for?
o A) To create histograms
o B) To accelerate the Fourier Transform process
o C) To convert images to grayscale
o D) To filter noise
o Answer: B) To accelerate the Fourier Transform process
Explanation: The FFT is an efficient algorithm that speeds up the computation of
the Fourier Transform significantly.
9. How does a Gaussian Low Pass Filter differ from an Ideal Low Pass Filter?
o A) It has a sharp cutoff
o B) It provides a smoother transition
o C) It only filters out high frequencies
o D) It is not applicable to images
o Answer: B) It provides a smoother transition
Explanation: The Gaussian filter gradually attenuates frequencies, unlike the
abrupt cutoff of the Ideal Low Pass Filter.
10. Which of the following is a characteristic of high-frequency components in an
image?
o A) They correspond to smooth areas
o B) They correspond to edges and details
o C) They represent low contrast
o D) They are not relevant in image processing
o Answer: B) They correspond to edges and details
Explanation: High-frequency components are linked to rapid changes in
intensity, such as edges and fine details.
11. What is the effect of applying a low-pass filter to an image?
o A) It enhances noise
o B) It smooths the image
o C) It sharpens edges
o D) It increases contrast
 o Answer: B) It smooths the image
Explanation: Low-pass filters reduce high-frequency noise and smooth out rapid
intensity changes in an image.
12. The transfer function of a Butterworth filter is dependent on which parameters?
o A) The image size and color depth
o B) The order of the filter and cutoff frequency
o C) The pixel intensity values
o D) The spatial domain characteristics
o Answer: B) The order of the filter and cutoff frequency
Explanation: The Butterworth filter's performance is defined by its order and the
cutoff frequency, influencing its attenuation characteristics.
13. What effect does increasing the cutoff frequency of a low-pass filter have?
o A) More high-frequency details are retained
o B) The image becomes sharper
o C) The image becomes more blurred
o D) It has no effect
o Answer: A) More high-frequency details are retained
Explanation: A higher cutoff frequency allows more high-frequency components
to pass through, preserving more details.
14. What is a common application of the Fourier Transform in image processing?
o A) Contrast enhancement
o B) Image compression
o C) Image restoration
o D) Color adjustment
o Answer: C) Image restoration
Explanation: Fourier Transforms are frequently used in techniques for restoring
images by filtering out unwanted frequencies.
15. What happens to low-frequency components when a high-pass filter is applied?
o A) They are emphasized
o B) They are suppressed
o C) They remain unchanged
o D) They are amplified
o Answer: B) They are suppressed
Explanation: High-pass filters specifically target and attenuate low-frequency
components, focusing on high frequencies.
16. Which filter type would you use to enhance the edges in an image?
o A) Low-pass filter
o B) High-pass filter
o C) Average filter
o D) Median filter
o Answer: B) High-pass filter
Explanation: High-pass filters are designed to emphasize edges and fine details
by allowing high-frequency components to pass.
17. The distance function D(u,v) is used in which context?
o A) To determine color intensity
o B) To measure distance from the center in frequency domain filters
 o C) To calculate pixel positions
o D) To compute spatial domain transformations
o Answer: B) To measure distance from the center in frequency domain filters
Explanation: D(u,v) is used to define how far a frequency component is from the
center in the frequency domain.
18. What is the primary benefit of filtering in the frequency domain compared to the
spatial domain?
o A) Increased image size
o B) Faster processing for large images
o C) Easier visualization of pixel values
o D) More complex calculations
o Answer: B) Faster processing for large images
Explanation: Frequency domain filtering can often perform operations more
efficiently than spatial domain filtering, especially for large datasets.
19. Which filter would best be used to remove high-frequency noise while preserving
low-frequency details?
o A) High-pass filter
o B) Low-pass filter
o C) Band-pass filter
o D) Notch filter
o Answer: B) Low-pass filter
Explanation: Low-pass filters are designed to remove high-frequency noise
while keeping low-frequency information intact.
20. What is the main purpose of the inverse Fourier Transform?
o A) To enhance image quality
o B) To reconstruct the original image from its frequency representation
o C) To change the color scheme of an image
o D) To compress an image
o Answer: B) To reconstruct the original image from its frequency representation
Explanation: The inverse Fourier Transform allows for the reconstruction of an
image from its representation in the frequency domain.

True/False Questions

1. True/False: The Fourier Transform can only be applied to periodic functions.

o Answer: False
Explanation: The Fourier Transform can be applied to both periodic and non-
periodic functions.
2. True/False: High frequencies in an image correspond to smooth regions.
o Answer: False
Explanation: High frequencies correspond to areas of rapid intensity change,
such as edges, not smooth regions.
3. True/False: The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) significantly reduces the
computation time for Fourier Transforms.
 o Answer: True
Explanation: The FFT is optimized for faster calculations compared to the
standard Fourier Transform.
4. True/False: Low-pass filters are used to enhance edges in images.
o Answer: False
Explanation: Low-pass filters are used to smooth images and reduce noise, not to
enhance edges.
5. True/False: The Ideal Low Pass Filter has a gradual transition between passing and
blocking frequencies.
o Answer: False
Explanation: The Ideal Low Pass Filter has a sharp cutoff with no gradual
transition.

Workout Problems

1. Problem: Given an image with a Fourier Transform that shows high-frequency noise,
which type of filter would you apply to reduce this noise? Describe the steps involved.
o Answer: You would apply a low-pass filter. Steps:
1. Compute the Fourier Transform of the image.
2. Design a low-pass filter to attenuate high frequencies.
3. Multiply the Fourier Transform by the low-pass filter.
4. Compute the inverse Fourier Transform to get the filtered image.
2. Problem: If you want to enhance the edges in an image, which filter should you use?
Explain how to implement it.
o Answer: Use a high-pass filter. Steps:
1. Compute the Fourier Transform of the image.
2. Design a high-pass filter that allows high frequencies to pass while
blocking low frequencies.
3. Multiply the Fourier Transform by the high-pass filter.
4. Compute the inverse Fourier Transform to obtain the edge-enhanced
image.
3. Problem: Explain how the cutoff frequency of a low-pass filter affects the image quality
when applied. Provide an example with two different cutoff frequencies.
o Answer: A lower cutoff frequency will result in a more blurred image, as it
removes more high-frequency details. For example, a cutoff at 5 will blur more
details than a cutoff at 30, which retains more features. The image with a cutoff at
30 will appear smoother with better-preserved details compared to the one at 5.
4. Problem: Describe the effect of applying a Gaussian high-pass filter to an image. What
visual changes would you expect to see?
o Answer: A Gaussian high-pass filter enhances fine details and edges while
suppressing low-frequency components. You would expect to see sharper edges
and more defined features, while smooth areas may appear less prominent or
slightly subdued.