WIRELESS AND MOBILE

COMMUNICATIONS
(TE-308)

I N S TR U C TOR
ENGR. IQRA JABEEN
L E CT U RE R T E D , U E T TA X I L A
E MA I L :IQRA .J ABE E N@UE T TA XIL A .E DU .PK
 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Wireless communication has experienced several revolutions, including the appearance
of AM and FM communication systems in the early twentieth century and the
development of cellular phone systems from their first generation to the fourth generation
in the last few decades

Higher Performance

Improve data rate Improve reliability

Single Input Single Output (SISO)
 SISO VS MIMO

SISO 1990 Now MIMO

▪ Use of advanced Coding such as Turbo

▪ Use of advanced reception techniques such
▪ Low-density parity check codes
as frequency sharing and space-time coding
▪ Made it a feasible approach to the Shannon
▪ Beamforming and Antenna Selection
capacity limit
Types of MIMO System
MISO: Multiple Input Single Output
▪ Also called transmitter diversity
SIMO: Single input multiple output
▪ Also called receiver diversity
▪ Out of two signals, the receiver processes the strongest
one.
SISO: Single Input Single Output
▪ Simplest form, no diversity, and no additional
processing.
MIMO: Multiple input multiple output
▪ More than one antenna and coding are necessary to
separate data from different paths.
 MIMO
▪ Multiple-input multiple-output is a technology that uses multiple
antennas to make use of reflected signals to provide gains in channel
robustness and throughput.
▪ MIMO is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which
multiple antennas are used at both the source and the destination.
▪ The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to
minimize errors.
▪ Optimize data speed and improve the capacity of radio transmissions by
enabling data to travel over many signal paths at the same time.
 ▪ MIMO technology is used for WIFI
networks and cellular 4th generation
long-term evolution and fifth
generation technology in a wide range
of markets
▪ Increase the quality, throughput, and
capacity of the radio network
Antenna Spacing → Independent fading
Allow→ Space-time signaling
 MIMO Basics
The two main formats for MIMO are given below:
Spatial diversity: Spatial diversity used in this narrower sense often refers to transmit and
receive diversity. These two methodologies are used to provide improvements in the signal-to-
noise ratio, and they are characterized by improving the reliability of the system concerning
the various forms of fading. Used in a narrow sense often refers to transmit and receive
diversity.
Diversity: To provide the receiver with multiple versions of the same signals. Different
diversity modes are Time/Frequency/Space.
Spatial: space-time signal processing in which time is complemented by the spatial dimension
inherent in the uses of multiple antennas located at different points.
 MIMO Basics
Spatial multiplexing: This form of MIMO is used to provide additional data capacity
by utilizing the different paths to carry additional traffic, i.e., increasing the data
throughput capability.

Spatial Multiplexing: It provides additional data capacity by utilizing the different paths
to carry additional traffic.
Multiplexing means combining many paths of data into a single path of data.
MIMO Basics
MIMO is used in many modern wireless and RF
technologies, including WIFI and Long-term evolution

Initial variants used

Current 4G LTE
two transmission and
networks using
two receiver
antennas, 4x4 MIMO
antennas, 2x2 MIMO
MIMO Basics
MIMO Benefits
Applications and Future Trends
Types of MIMO
 MIMO System Modeling
Spatial Multiplexing
▪ MIMO can also be used to increase
the data rate possible by
transmitting several streams in
parallel. This is called spatial
multiplexing.
▪ The spacing of the position of
antennas will determine the nature
of diversity.
▪ High data rates achieved for 5G and
beyond.
 MIMO System Modeling
x
t symbols can be transmitted on t transmit antennas
𝑥𝑖 denotes the symbols transmitted from 𝑖𝑡ℎ transmit x
antenna 1≤i ≤t.
𝒙𝟏
Transmit Vector=X= 𝒙𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 Y
𝒙𝒕 t transmit antenna
r received symbols across the r received antenna in MIMO
system.
𝒚𝟏 RX
Receiver Vector=y= 𝒚𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔
𝒚𝒕
 MIMO System Modeling
So MIMO channel will be a transformation matrix
MIMO Channel

Schematic of MIMO
 MIMO System Modeling
Application of the
𝑌𝑟×1 =H 𝑋𝑡×1 +noise principle of matrix MIMO Channel
transformation
r× 𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 (r× 1)

ℎ11 ℎ12 ℎ𝑡
H= ℎ21 ℎ22 ℎ2𝑡 =MIMO Channel Matrix (rxt)
ℎ𝑟1 ℎ𝑟2 ℎ𝑟𝑡
Where 𝒉𝒊𝒋= 𝒉𝟏𝟏 , 𝒉𝟏𝟐 ………. Etc are complex coefficients of Schematic of MIMO
the fading channel between ith receiver antenna and jth
transmit antenna. E.g 𝒉𝟑𝟐 meaning 3rd RX antenna and
2nd Tx antenna
Total number of channel coefficients=rxt
MIMO System Modeling
Application of the
𝑌𝑟×1 =H 𝑋𝑡×1 +noise principle of matrix MIMO Channel
transformation
r× 𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 (r× 1)

𝑦1 ℎ11 ℎ12 ℎ𝑡 𝑥1 𝑛1
𝑦2 = ℎ21 ℎ22 ℎ2𝑡 𝑥2 + 𝑛2
𝑦𝑟 ℎ𝑟1 ℎ𝑟2 ℎ𝑟𝑡 𝑥𝑡 𝑛𝑡
ℎ32 → r=3 (RX antenna),t=2 (transmit antenna)
𝑥1 Schematic of MIMO
1st transmit Antenna
Transmit Vectors = 𝑥2 2nd transmit antenna
𝑥𝑡
(2-dimensional)
 MIMO System Modeling
𝑦1
Rx Vectors = 𝑦2 H=3x2 matrix (rxt)
𝑦3

𝑦1 ℎ11 ℎ12 𝑛1
𝑥1
𝑦2 = ℎ21 ℎ22 𝑛
𝑥2 + 2 =6 complex channel coefficient
𝑦3 ℎ31 ℎ33 𝑛𝑡
Output Equations
𝑦1 = ℎ11 𝑥1 + ℎ12 𝑥2 + 𝑛1
𝑦2 = ℎ21 𝑥1 + ℎ22 𝑥2 + 𝑛2
𝑦3 = ℎ31 𝑥1 + ℎ33 𝑥2 + 𝑛3
Check this similarity with y=HX+n
 MIMO System Modeling
Special Case (Single Input Multiple Output)SIMO
MIMO Channel
𝑦1 ℎ1 𝑛1
𝑦2 = ℎ2 𝑥1 + 𝑛2
𝑦𝑟 ℎ𝑡 𝑛𝑡
With only single Tx antenna
Multiple Input Single Output MISO (Transmitter Diversity)
𝒙𝟏
𝒚𝟏 = 𝒉𝟏 𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝒕 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒏𝟏 Schematic of MIMO
𝒙𝒕

𝒚𝟏 =𝒉−𝑯 X+𝒏𝟏
 MIMO System Modeling
𝒉𝟏 MIMO Channel
h’= 𝒉𝟐 & ℎ−𝐻 = 𝒉𝟏 𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝒕
𝒉𝒕
Single input single output (SISO)
r=1, t=1
Y=hx+n
Now what about the nose vector
𝒏𝟏 Schematic of MIMO
r dimensional noise vector= 𝒏𝟐
𝒏𝒓
Each 𝒏𝒊 is gussain nature with mean=0 and variance=𝝈𝟐
 MIMO System Modeling
E 𝒏𝒊 =0, E 𝒏𝒊𝟐 = E= 𝒏𝒊 𝒏𝒊 ∗ =𝝈𝟐
Also, 𝒏𝒊 independent and identically distributed
E= 𝒏𝒊 𝒏∗ 𝒊 = E = 𝒏𝒊 E= 𝒏∗ 𝒋 if i≠ 𝒋
∗ 𝝈𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒊 = 𝒋
E= 𝒏𝒊 𝒏𝒋 =
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒊 ≠ 𝒋
Co-Variance Matrix
𝒏𝟏 𝝈𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
E= 𝒏− 𝒏−𝑯 = 𝒏𝟐 [𝒏𝟏 ∗ 𝒏𝟐 ∗ 𝒏𝒓 ∗ ] → 𝟎 𝝈𝟐 𝟎 = 𝝈𝟐 I=N
𝒏𝒓 𝟎 𝟎 𝝈𝟐

rxr dimensional identity matrix

MIMO System Modeling
So, the net model look like ;
𝑦1 (𝑘) ℎ11 ℎ12 … … . . ℎ1𝑡 𝑥1 (𝑘) 𝑛1 (𝑘)
𝑦2 (𝑘) = ℎ21 ℎ22 … … … … ℎ2𝑡 𝑥2 (𝑘) + 𝑛2 (𝑘)
𝑦3 (𝑘) ℎ31 ℎ33 … … … … … ℎ𝑟𝑡 𝑥𝑡 (𝑘) 𝑛𝑡 (𝑘)
y(𝒌) =Receive vector at the time instant k
X(k)=Transmit vector at the time instant k
N(k)=Noise vector at the time instant k
 MIMO System Modeling (Example)
Consider a MIMO system with r=3 𝝈𝟐 =-3dB, what is the noise variance matrix?
Solution:
We know N=𝝈𝟐 𝑰𝒓×𝒓
𝝈𝟐 =-3dB
10 log 𝝈𝟐 =-3
𝝈𝟐 =𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟏/𝟐
𝟏
𝟎 𝟎
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
N=𝝈𝟐 𝑰𝟑×𝟑 = 𝟎 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝟎 𝟎
𝟐
 MIMO Zero Forcing Receiver
To extend the transmitted signal vector from the received vector y, a zero-forcing
receiver is used.
Suppose Y=HX (considering only a linear function, no noise vector)
Now if r=t (same number of transmitter and receiver)
The receiver vector (rx1) and transmitter vector (tx1) form a unique case.
Y=HX+ Noise

(rx1) (tx1) (rx1)

If r = t, H is a square matrix
X=𝑯−𝟏 Y (ignoring the noise)
But in practice r>t (Receiver Diversity)
 MIMO Zero Forcing Receiver
In that case, H has more rows than columns, so it can not be inverted just as in the
previous case.
So, the option is to choose the vector x that minimizes the estimation error f(x)
min 𝒆 =f(x)=min 𝒚 + 𝑯𝑿 𝟐 Least square error
So, the principle is to find x (unknown) such that 𝒚 + 𝑯𝑿 𝟐 is minimize.
As x is a vector to find minimize, we need vector derivative;
𝜹𝑭
𝜹𝒙𝟏
𝜹𝑭 𝜹𝑭
Vector Differentiation → F(x)= =
𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒙𝟐
𝜹𝑭
𝜹𝑭𝒕
𝑻
C= 𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝒕
MIMO Zero Forcing Receiver
F(x)= 𝑪𝒕 x=𝒄𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 … 𝒄𝒕 𝒙𝒕
𝜹𝑭 𝜹𝑭
= 𝒄𝟏 , = 𝒄𝟐
𝜹𝒙𝟏 𝜹𝒙𝟐
𝒄𝟏
𝜹(𝑪𝒕 x)
= 𝒄𝟐 =c
𝜹𝒙
𝒄𝒕
Also; 𝑪𝒕 x= = 𝒙𝒕 𝐂
𝜹(𝑪𝑻 x) 𝜹(𝒙𝑻 c)
= =C
𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒙
F(x)=𝒙𝑻 𝒑𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒑 = 𝒑𝑻
𝜹(𝒙𝑻 px) 𝜹(𝒙𝑻 px) 𝜹(𝒙𝑻 px)
= +
𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒙 𝜹𝒙
 MIMO Zero Forcing Receiver
𝜹(𝒙𝑻 px)
=px+(𝑥 𝑇 p)𝑇 =PX+ 𝑝𝑇 x
𝜹𝒙
=2px
F(x)= 𝑦 − 𝐻𝑋 2 = 𝑦 − 𝐻𝑋 𝑇 𝑦 − 𝐻𝑋
=y𝑦 𝑇 - 𝑋 𝑇 𝐻 𝑇 y- 𝑦 𝑇 HX+ 𝑋 𝑇 𝐻 𝑇 HX
= y𝑦 𝑇 -2 𝑋 𝑇 𝐻 𝑇 y+𝑋 𝑇 𝐻 𝑇 HX
𝑻
𝒚 HX= 𝒚 HX = 𝑿𝑻 𝑯𝑻 y
𝑻 𝑻

𝛿F(x) 𝛿(y𝑦 𝑇 ) 𝛿(2 𝑋 𝑇 𝐻 𝑇 y) 𝛿(𝑋 𝑇 𝐻 𝑇 HX)

= − +
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
 MIMO Zero Forcing Receiver
𝛿F(x) 𝛿(y𝑦 𝑇 ) 𝛿(2 𝑋 𝑇 𝐻 𝑇 y) 𝛿(𝑋 𝑇 𝐻 𝑇 HX)
= − +
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝛿F(x) 𝛿2 𝑋 𝑇 (𝐻 𝑇 y) 𝛿(𝐻 𝑇 y)(2 𝑋 𝑇 ) 𝛿(𝑋 𝑇 𝐻 𝑇 HX)
=0- + +
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
=0- (2𝐻 y)+ (𝑋 𝑇 𝐻𝑋) + 𝑋 𝑇 𝐻 𝑇 H 𝑇
𝑇

=−2𝐻 𝑇 y+(2𝐻 𝑇 𝐻𝑋)

For minimum error function
𝛿F(x)
= −2𝐻 𝑇 y+ (2𝐻 𝑇 𝐻𝑋) =0 → −2𝐻 𝑇 y+ (2𝐻 𝑇 𝐻𝑋) =0
𝛿𝑥
MIMO Zero Forcing Receiver
This is the approximate solution for receiving signal
𝑻 −𝟏
X= 𝑯 𝑯 𝑯𝑻 y

=𝑭𝒛 F → Zero forcing RX matrix

X= 𝑭𝒛 F Y