UG Physics Syllabus

(As per NEP-2020 Guideline)

(2023)

Tripura University (A Central University)

Suryamaninagar – 799022
West Tripura, Tripura

Major: 16 courses each of 4 credit = 64 credit

Minor: 06 courses each of 4 credit = 24 credit
SEC: 02 courses each of 3 credits = 06 credit
IC: 03 courses each of 3 credits = 09 credit
 UG Physics (Major) Course Structure, Tripura University
(As per NEP-2020 guideline)

Course Theory/
Year Semester Paper Title Credits
Code Practical
PH-101C
Mathematical Physics-1 (Th) Theory 4 Cr
I
PH-102C Theory + 2 Cr+
Mechanics (Th+Pr)
Practical 2 Cr
1st Thermodynamics& Transport
PH-103C
Phenomena (Th) Theory 4 Cr
II
PH-104C Fluid Mechanics &Acoustics Theory + 2 Cr+
(Th+Pr) Practical 2 Cr
PH-201C Electricity and Magnetism-1 (Th) Theory 4 Cr
III PH-202C Electricity and Magnetism -2 Theory + 2 Cr+
(Th+Pr) Practical 2 Cr
2nd
PH-203C Optics (Th) Theory 4 Cr
IV PH-204C Electromagnetic Wave & Theory + 2 Cr+
Application of Optics (Th+Pr) Practical 2 Cr
PH-301C Classical Mechanics &Special
Theory 4 Cr
Theory of Relativity (Th)
PH-302C Statistical Mechanics (Th), Theory + 2 Cr+
V Programming in Python-1 (Pr) Practical 2 Cr
PH-303C
Quantum Mechanics -1 (Th) Theory 4 Cr
PH-304C Theory + 2 Cr+
Analog Electronics (Th+ Pr)
Practical 2 Cr
3rd
PH-305C
Solid state Physics (Th) Theory 4 Cr
PH-306C Atomic & Molecular Physics (Th) Theory + 2 Cr+
Programming in Python -2 (Pr) Practical 2 Cr
VI PH-307C
Nuclear Physics (Th) Theory 4 Cr
PH-308C Theory + 2 Cr+
Digital Electronics (Th+Pr)
Practical 2 Cr
 First Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 101C
(Theory): [Mathematical Physics-I]
Total Credit 4
Total Marks-100 (IA-40 + ESE-60)
Total Number of lecture periods: 60hours

Unit-I NLP-15
Vector: Scalars and vectors, laws of vector algebra, scalar and vector product, triple scalar
product and their interpretation in relation to application in Physics, triple cross product,
product of four vectors. Scaler and vector fields. [NLP: 4 hours]

Vector differentiation: Gradient, divergence and curl, their physical meaning and
application in Physics problems. Vector identities. [NLP: 5 hours]

Vector integration: Line, surface and volume integration, problems related to line, surface
and volume integral. Gauss divergence theorem, Stoke’s theorem, and Green’s theorem and
their application to problems. [NLP: 6 hours]

Unit-II NLP-15
Matrices: definition, different types of matrices, Unitary Matrix, Hermitian matrices. Eigen
value and eigen vector of matrix, Cayley-Hamilton theorem, diagonalization of a matrix,
Jacobian [NLP: 4 hours]

Beta and gamma functions, Gamma function beta function, their properties and
interrelationship, their application to simple problem. [NLP: 4 hours]

Dirac-delta function: Definition, graphical representation, properties of dirac-delta function,

Rectangular function representation of dirac-delta function, Ramp function representation of
dirac-delta function, Gaussian function representation of dirac-delta function. Application of
dirac-delta function, [NLP: 5 hours]

Taylor’s Series: Taylor’s series expansion for elementary functions, Maclaurin series
formula. [NLP: 2 hours]

Unit-III NLP-15
Ordinary Differential Equation: Definition, Order, degree, Linearity, Homogeneous and
inhomogeneous differential equation, Example of differential equation in Physics.
[NLP: 2 hours]
First Order Differential Equations: Variable separable, homogeneous, inhomogeneous,
Solution (Complementary Function and Particular Integral). Some problems. Application to
physics problems. [NLP: 3Hours]
Second Order Differential Equations: Homogeneous Equations with constant coefficients.
Solution of homogeneous second order differential equation (Complementary
functions).Solution of inhomogeneous differential equation (Particular Integral) for four
different kinds of source functions. [NLP: 4 Hour]

Series Solution: Ordinary point, regular Singular point, irregular singular point, Solution of
second order homogeneous differential equation by Frobenious method [NLP: 4 hours]

Tensor: Definition, Contravariant Tensor, Covariant Tensor, properties. [NLP: 2 hours]

Unit-IV NLP-15
Orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinate system: Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates.
Derivation of Gradient, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian, and applications in Cartesian,
Spherical and Cylindrical Coordinate Systems. [NLP: 5 hours]

Fourier series and application: Periodic functions, Orthogonality of sine and cosine
functions, Dirichlet Conditions (Statement only). Fourier Co-efficient, Analysis of different
simple waveform such as square wave, half wave rectifier, full wave rectifier, saw tooth
wave, triangular waveusing Fourier series methods. [NLP: 6 hours]

Probability Distributions: Elementary probability theory Discrete and continuous random

variables, Probability distribution functions, Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions,
Central limit theorem. Mean and variance of these distributions. [NLP: 4 Hours]

Suggested readings:
(1) Vector Analysis: Murray R Spiegel, Seymour Lipschutz, Dennis Spellman, Schaum’s Outline,
McGraw Hill.
(2) Mathematical Physics, B. D. Gupta, S. CHAND
(3) Mathematical Physics, H. K. Dass, and Rama Verma S. CHAND
(4) Mathematical Methods for Physicists by Arfken, Weber and Harris, Elsevier
(5) Mathematical Physics by A.K. Ghatak, I.C. Goyal, S.J. Chua, Laxmi Publication Private Ltd
 First Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 102C
Group:-A (Theory): Mechanics
Total Marks- 60 (IA-24+ EXE-36)
Total Credit-02
Total Number of lecture periods: 30hours

Unit-1 NLP-15
Plane curvilinear motion: velocity and acceleration of a particle in plane polar coordinate
system (radial and transverse component of velocity and acceleration), tangential and normal
components of velocity and acceleration [NLP: 5 Hour]
Rotational Dynamics: Angular momentum of a particle and system of particles. Torque.
Principle of conservation of angular momentum. Rotation about a fixed axis. Moment of
inertia, Radius of gyration, Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems (2D) and application,
Calculation of moments of inertia for plane lamina, rectangular solid body, circular disc,
sphere (thin, thick, solid), cylinder (thin, thick, solid) , solid cone, hollow cone, andproblems
related to moment of inertia, Kinetic energy of rotation.Motion along an inclined plane and
identification of types of bodies using inclined planes [NLP: 10 Hour]

Unit-II NLP-15
Elasticity: Stress-strain graph, Elastic moduli (including axial modulus) and their inter-
relations,torsion of a cylinder, torsional oscillations, Bending Moment, Cantilever in different
cases (neglecting own mass), strain energy in all cases. [NLP: 4 Hour]
Gravitation: Gravitational field and Potential and their relation,conservative property of
gravitational field,Gravitational field and potential due to solid sphere, Thick and thin
Spherical shell, Gauss’s theorem in gravitation and its application to spherical and cylindrical
mass distribution, Basic idea ofHohmann Transfer Orbits. [NLP: 5 Hour]

Central motion:Central force, conservative force and related theorems, central orbit, law of
force, differential equation of motion of a particle moving under central force in plane polar
co-ordinate system, nature of orbits in an inverse square attractive force field,areal velocity,
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion and their applications, proofs of Kepler’s laws considering
the inverse square law. [NLP: 6 Hour]
 Paper Code: 102C
Group:-B (Practical, Credit 2)
Total Number of laboratory periods: 60 hours
Total Marks- 40 (IA-16 + ESE-24)
Introductory Instruments Concepts and related activities:
• Use of Basic Instruments: Determination of least count and use of instruments likevernier
callipers, spherometer, screw gauge,travelling microscope, spectrometer for measuring
lengths, diameter, height, angleetcof given sample.

• Errors Analysis: Estimation of errors- Proportional error, systematic error, standard

deviation from sample data, significant figures

• Graph Plotting: Pictorial visualisation of relation between two given physical quantities,
Plotting of graphs with sample data set, calculation of slope from graph.

List of Experiment through virtual lab:

1. Torque and angular acceleration of a fly wheel
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=74&sim=1517&cnt=1
2. Moment of inertia of flywheel
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=74&sim=1517&cnt=1
3. Ballistic pendulum.
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=74&sim=202&cnt=1
4. Elastic and inelastic collision
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=74&sim=189&cnt=1
5. Projectile motion
Projectile Motion (Theory) : Mechanics Virtual Lab (Pilot) : Physical Sciences :
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Virtual Lab
6. Finding Viscosity of Liquid by Rotating Cylinder Method
https://bop-iitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/liquid-viscosity/
Suggested readings:
1) An Advanced Course in Practical Physics by D. Chattopadhyay, and P.C. Rakshit. New
Central Book Agency
2) Advanced Practical Physics Vol-I & Vol-II, B. Ghosh and K.G. Mazumder, Sreedhar
Publishers
 Second Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 103C
(Theory): [Thermodynamics & Transport Phenomenon -I]
Total Credit 4
Total Marks-100 (IA-40 + ESE-60)
Total Number of lecture periods: 60hours

Unit-I (NLP-15 hours)

Introduction to Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law & First law of Thermodynamics, differential form, Thermodynamic Processes,
Expression for work done in isothermal and adiabatic processes. Application of first law to
specific heat and latent heat. Carnot engine, its efficiency, Principle of refrigerator, co-
efficient of performance, Reversible and irreversible processes. Second law of
thermodynamics, Equivalence of Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements, Carnot’s theorem,
Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature and its Equivalence to Perfect Gas Scale.
[NLP: 8Hour]
Entropy
Concept of Entropy, Clausius Theorem, Clausius Inequality, Second Law of
Thermodynamics in terms of Entropy, Entropy of a perfect gas, Principle of Increase of
Entropy, Entropy Changes in Reversible and Irreversible processes with examples, Entropy
of the Universe, Principle of Increase of Entropy, Entropy and available energy, Entropy,
probability and disorder, Temperature–Entropy diagrams for Carnot’s Cycle, Third Law of
Thermodynamics, Un-attainability of Absolute Zero. [NLP: 7 Hour]

Unit-II (NLP-15 hours)

Thermodynamic Potentials
Thermodynamic Potentials: Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz Free Energy, Gibb’s Free Energy,
their Definitions, Properties and Applications. Magnetic Work, Cooling due to adiabatic
demagnetization, First and second order Phase Transitions with examples, Clausius-Clapeyron
Equation and Ehrenfest equations [NLP: 7 Hour]

Maxwell’s Thermodynamic Relations

Derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic Relations and their applications, Maxwell’s
Relations use in: (1) Clausius- Clapeyron equation, (2) Value of Cp - Cv, (3) Tds Equations,
,(4)Joule-Kelvin coefficient for Ideal and Van der Waal Gases (5) Energy equations (6)
Change of Temperature during Adiabatic Process. [NLP: 8 Hour]

Unit-III (NLP-15 hours)

Kinetic Theory of Gases
Basic assumptions of kinetic theory, Distribution of Velocities: Maxwell-Boltzmann Law of
Distribution of Velocities in an Ideal Gas and its Experimental Verification. Mean, RMS and
Most Probable Speeds, Degrees of Freedom, Law of Equipartition of Energy (derivation not
required), Specific heats of Gases. [NLP: 8 Hour]

Molecular Collisions

Mean Free Path. Collision Probability, derivation of survival equation due to the collision as
. Experimental determination of Mean Free Path, Expression for pressure
using the concepts of mean free path, Transport Phenomenon in Ideal Gases: (1) Viscosity,
(2) Thermal Conductivity and (3) Diffusion. Brownian Motion: Characteristic features,
Distribution of Brownian particles in vertical column under gravity and determination of
Avogadro’s Number. [NLP: 7Hour]

Unit-IV (NLP-15 hours)

Real Gases
Behavior of Real Gases: Deviations from the Ideal Gas Equation. Andrew‟s Experiments on
CO2 Gas, Virial Equation, Critical Constants, Continuity of Liquid and Gaseous State,
Vapour and Gas, Boyle Temperature, van der Waal’s Equation of State for Real Gases and its
derivation, Values of Critical Constants, Law of Corresponding States. Comparison with
Experimental Curves, p-V Diagrams, Free Adiabatic Expansion of a Perfect Gas. Joule-
Thomson Porous Plug Experiment, Joule-Thomson Effect for Real and van der Waal’s Gases,
Temperature of Inversion, Joule-Thomson Cooling. [NLP: 8Hour]
Transference of heat
Totalemissive power and spectral emissive power, absorptive power and spectral absorptive
power, black body, black body radiation spectrum, Kirchoff’s law and its rigorous derivation,
pressure and energy density of diffused radiation. Stefan’s law, determination of Stefan’s
constant, solar constant, determination of solar temperature, Wien’s law, Rayleigh-Jeans law,
basic assumptions and statement of Planck’s law. [NLP: 5Hour]
Reference Books:
1) Thermal Physics, S. Garg, R. Bansal and Ghosh, 2ndEdition, 1993, Tata McGraw-Hill
2) Heat Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics, Brij Lal and Subramaniam, 1st Edn., 2008,
S. Chand.
3) Heat and Thermodynamics, M.W. Zemansky, Richard Dittman, 1981, McGraw-Hill.
4) A Treatise on Heat, MeghnadSaha, and B.N.Srivastava, 1958, Indian Press
5) Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory & Statistical Thermodynamics, Sears & Salinger.
1988, Narosa.
 Second Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 104C
Group: A (theory): [Fluid Dynamics & Acoustics]
Total Credit-2
Total Marks- 60 (IA-24+ EXE-36)
Total Number of lecture periods: 30 hours

Unit-I NLP-15
Motion of various fluids
Newton’s formula for viscosity, Streamline and turbulent flow, Critical Velocity, Reynold’s
number, Poiseuille’s equation for the flow of an incompressible fluid with necessary
corrections, statement of Stokes’ law, equation of motion of a body through viscous medium
under gravity and its solution, terminal velocity. [NLP: 4Hour]
Fluid dynamics
Derivation of equation of continuity in differential form, Conception of pressure energy of
fluid motion under gravity, Euler’s equation, derivation of Bernoulli’s theorem using Euler’s
equation,. Application of Bernoulli’s theorem to venture meter, Pitot tubes, Torricelli’s
theorem, Bernoulli’s theorem as applied to gases [NLP: 4Hour]
Oscillations
Idea of Simple Harmonic Motion, Composition of SHM using Vector method, Kinetic
energy, potential energy, total energy and their time-averageand position-average
values,Graphical Variation of energy of particle executing SHM with time and
position,Lissajous figures with equal and unequal frequency and their uses, Detailed
analytical treatment of damped and forced vibrations, Resonance and sharpness of resonance,
Amplitude and velocity resonance, Power dissipation and Quality Factor. [NLP: 7 hour]

Unit-II NLP-15
Wave
Idea of plane progressive wave, Ideal plane wave and its equation and complex
representation, Particle and wave velocity and relation between them, reflection of waves
and phase change, amplitude of reflected and transmitted wave (Rigid and non-rigid
reflector),Differential equation of wave motion, wave pressure and energy distribution,
Derivation of expression of intensity of wave, expression for intensity of Spherical and
cylindrical wave (No derivation), Intensity and loudness of sound – Decibels, Bel ,
Differential equation of wave produced in a stretched string, Solution of differential equation
of wave in a stretched string, longitudinal waves in rods and in gases, Detailed analytical
study on the theory of Plucked string and struck string, Young’s law, Principle of
superposition of waves: Interference, Silent zone, stationary waves, Beats, Acoustics of
building, Growth and decay of sound, Expression for the Reverberation time, Sabine’s
formula, live room and dead room, Characteristics of a good auditorium
[NLP: 15 hour]

Paper Code: 104C

Group: B (Practical, Credit 2)
Total Number of laboratory periods: 60 hours
Total Marks- 40 (IA-16 + ESE-24)

1) To determine the moment of inertia of a body about an axis passing through its centre of
gravity & To determine the modulus of rigidity of the material of the given wire by
dynamical method.
2) To determine the Young’s modulus of the material of a beam by the method of flexure.
3) To determine Coefficient of Viscosity of water by Capillary Flow Method (Poiseuille’s
method).
4) Determination of surface tension of liquid by Capillary rise method and to verify Jurin’s
law.
5) To determine the coefficient of thermal Conductivity of the material of a bad conductor
by Lee and Charlton’s method.
6) To determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) using Kater’s reversible Pendulum.
7) To determine the frequency of a tuning fork by Melde’s experiment and to verify
law.
Or, Determination of the velocity of sound in a solid rod by Kundt’s tube method and
hence to determine the ratio of two SHCs of air
Virtual Lab

1. Verification of Stefan’s law

https://bop-iitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/stefans-law/
 Third Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 201C
(Theory): [Electricity & Magnetism-1]
Total Credit 4
Total Marks-100 (IA-40 + ESE-60)
Total Number of lecture periods: 60hours
Unit-I (NLP-15)
Electric Field and Electric Potential for continuous charge distributions: Electric field
due to a line charge, surface charge and volume charge. Divergence of electric field using
Dirac Delta function, Curl of electric field, electric field vector as negative gradient of scalar
potential, Ambiguities of Electric potential, Differential and integral forms of Gauss
Law,Applications of Gauss’s Law to various charge distributions with spherical, cylindrical
and planar symmetries. [NLP-8Hour]

Boundary Value Problems in Electrostatics: Formulation of Laplace’s and

Poissonequations. The first and second uniqueness theoremsSolutions of Laplace’s equation:
in one dimension, spherically symmetric cases, azimuthally symmetric cases with special
mentioning of (i) uncharged conducting grounded sphere in uniform electric field, (ii) point
charge in front of conducting grounded sphere, (iii) dielectric sphere in uniform electric field
and (iv) point charge in front of dielectric sphere. [NLP-7 Hour]

Unit-II (NLP-15)
Special techniques (Method of Electrical image): The Method of Images isapplied to a
system of a point charge and finite continuous charge distribution (line charge andsurface
charge) in the presence of (i) a Plane infinite sheet maintained at constant potential, and (ii) a
Sphere maintained at constant potential. [NLP- 6Hour]

Electric Field in Matter: Polarization in matter, Bound charges and their

physicalinterpretation. Field inside a dielectric, Displacement vector D, Gauss’ Law in the
presence of dielectrics, Boundary conditions for D and E, Linear dielectrics, Electric
Susceptibility and Dielectric Constant, idea of complex dielectric constant due to varying
electric field. Boundary value problems with linear dielectrics. [NLP-6 hours]

Capacitor:Capacitance of spherical capacitors and cylindrical capacitors. [NLP-3Hour]

Unit-III (NLP-15)
Thermoelectricity:Thermoemf, laws of thermoelectricity, Peltier and Thomson’s coefficient,
total emf developed in a thermocouple, thermoelectric diagram and its uses, and the concept
of neutral temperature and temperature of inversion of a thermocouple, thermoelectric power,
uses of thermocouple, law of intermediate temperature and law of intermediate metal,
Derivation of i) (d2e/ dt2)[NLP-
6Hour]
Magnetic Field: Divergence and curl of magnetic field B, Biot-Savart law, Magnetic field
due to arbitrary current distribution using BiotSavrt law, use of Biot-Savart law for the (i)
magnetic field at a point on the axis of circular current carrying coil, (ii) magnetic field due to
Helmholtz double coil (iii) Magnetic field at a point on the axis of finite and infinite solenoid.
Ampere’s law, Integral and differential forms of Ampere’s Law, use of Ampere’s circuital
law and application to (i) infinitely long cylindrical current, (ii) infinite current carrying
solenoid (iii) Toroidal current. Vector potential and its ambiguities, Coulomb gauge and
possibility of making vector potential divergenceless, Vector potential due to line, surface
and volume currents using Poisson equation. [NLP-9Hour]

Unit-IV (NLP-15)
Ballistic Galvanometer: Torque on a current Loop. Ballistic Galvanometer: Current and charge
Sensitivity. Electromagnetic damping. Logarithmic damping. [NLP-3 Hour]
Magnetic Properties of Matter: Magnetic permeability, Intensity of magnetic field (H),
magnetization vector. Bound currents, Differential and integral form of Ampere’s Law in the
presence of magnetised materials. Magnetic susceptibility, retentivity, coercivity,dia-, para-
and Ferromagnetic material, Curie’s law, Curie-Wiess law, Curie point, Hysteresis property
using B-H loop, Calculation of hysteresis loss, Selection of magnetic material in various
applications. [NLP-6Hour]

Electrodynamics: Self and mutual inductance and relation between them, combination of
inductances, self-inductance of a circular coil and solenoid, mutual inductance between two
circular coils and co-axial solenoids. Reciprocity Theorem, coefficient of coupling.Eddy current
and its explanation. Energy stored in an inductor.principle of ideal transformer and energy
losses. [NLP-6Hour]
 Third Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 202C
Group: A (Theory): [Electricity and Magnetism-2]
Total Credit -2
Total Marks- 60 (IA-24+ EXE-36)
Total Number of lecture periods: 30 hours

Unit-I (NLP-15)
Circuit Analysis: Ideal voltage source, real voltage source, current source, comparison
between ideal and real current and voltage sources.Kirchhoff’scurrent law, Kirchhoff‘s
voltage law, node analysis, mesh analysis, Star and Delta conversion. [NLP- 5Hour]
Potentiometer: Basic principle, measurement of current in a circuit, measurement of internal
resistance, comparison of emf of two cells. [NLP- 3Hour]
Bridges: Callender and Griffith bridge , Carey-Foster Bridge, Kelvin double bridge
[NLP- 3Hour]
DC Transient Analysis: Charging and discharging with initial charge in RC circuit,
RLcircuit with initial current, time constant, RL and RC Circuits with source.
[NLP- 4 Hour]

Unit-II (NLP-15)
AC Circuit Analysis: Sinusoidal voltage and current, Definitions of instantaneous, peak
topeak, root mean square and average values, form factor and peak factor (for half-rectified
andfull-rectified sinusoidal wave, rectangular wave and triangular wave), voltage-
currentrelationship in resistor, inductor and capacitor, phasor, complex impedance, power in
ACcircuits, sinusoidal circuit analysis for RL, RC and RLC Circuits, resonance in series
andparallel RLC Circuits (Frequency Response, Bandwidth, Quality Factor),
selectivity,application of resonant circuits, Parallel resonant circuit and its use as rejecter
circuit. [NLP- 7Hour]
Network Theorems: Principal of duality, Superposition theorem, Thevenin theorem, Norton
theorem. Their applications in DC and AC circuits with more than one source,
MaximumPower Transfer theorem for AC circuits, Reciprocity Theorem, Millman’s
Theorem,Tellegen’s theorem. [NLP- 6Hour]

Two Port Networks: Impedance (Z) Parameters, Admittance (Y) Parameters, Transmission
Parameters, Impedance matching. [NLP- 2Hour]
 Paper Code: 202C
Group: B (Practical)
Credit 2
Total Marks- 40 (IA-16 + ESE-24)
Total Number of laboratory periods: 60 hours

List of Experiment in Laboratory:

1. Determination of Horizontal component of earth magnetic field (H) and magnetic
moment of bar magnet (M) by deflection magnetometer and vibration magnetometer.
2. Determination of the end correction of a meter-bridge wire and to find the specific
resistance of the material of the given wire.
3. Determination of resistance per unit length of the meter bridge wire by Carey-Foster’s
method and determination of unknown resistance.
4. To determine the resistance of a suspended coil galvanometer by half deflection method
and hence to find its figure of merit.
5. To determine the current flowing in a circuit by using a potentiometer
6. Comparison of the values of two resistances by their fall of potential method with the
help of Carey Foster’s bridge.
7. Determination of mutual inductance between two coils.
8. To study the variation of thermoemf across two junctions of a thermocouple with
temperature.
9. Determination of temperature coefficient of resistance

Suggested readings:
1) An Advanced Course in Practical Physics by D. Chattopadhyay, and P.C. Rakshit. New
Central Book Agency
2) Advanced Practical Physics Vol-I & Vol-II, B. Ghosh and K.G. Mazumder, Sreedhar
Publishers

List of Experiment in virtual lab:

1) To find the temperature coefficient of resistance of a given coil.
(https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=192&sim=346&cnt=1)
2) To determine the self inductance of the coil (L) using Anderson’s bridge.
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=192&sim=859&cnt=1
3) To determine the magnetic dipole moment (m) of a bar magnet and horizontal intensity
(BH) of earth’s magnetic field using a deflection magnetometer.
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=192&sim=847&cnt=1
4) To determine the reduction factor of the given tangent galvanometer (K).
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=192&sim=1049&cnt=1
5. Measurement of high resistance by the method of leakage of a condenser
https://bop-iitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/condenser-leakage-method/index.html

6. Carey Foster's Bridge to Measure Specific Resistance of Material

https://bop-iitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/carey-foster-bridge/
 Fourth Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 203C
(Theory): [Optics]
Total Credit 4
Total Marks-100 (IA-40 + ESE-60)
Total Number of lecture periods: 60hours

Unit-I (NLP: 15 Hours)

Lens System:Cardinal points of optical systems, Combination of two thin lenses(locations to

bederived) and equivalentlens, Idea about thick lens and position of cardinal points of a thick
lens (no derivation. [NLP: 4Hour]
Aberrations: Qualitative discussions of aberrations, spherical aberration and chromatic aberration,
qualitative study of their remedies and expression for achromation and conditionforremedy of
sphericalaberration.[NLP: 4Hour]
Optical Instruments: Construction and working of Ramsden and Huygen’s eyepieces
andderivationof expression for locationcardinalpoint. [NLP:
4Hour]
Huygen’sprinciple:Conceptofwavefront,Huygen’sprinciple,derivationoflawsof
reflectionand refraction using Huygen’s principle. [NLP:3Hour]

Unit-II (NLP: 15 Hours)

Interference: Analytical treatment of interference, coherent sources, Interference of

lightwaves by division of wavefront-Young’s double slit experiment, derivation of expression
forfringe width, Interference by Lloyd’s mirror, Fresnel Biprism-Interference with white
light,Determinationof wavelengthoflightusingFresnelBi-prism. [NLP: 8 Hour]
Interference by division of amplitude, interference by a plane parallel film illuminated by
aplane wave, interference by a film with two non-parallel refracting surfaces, colour of
thinfilms,Newton’srings (reflected light):theory and experiment.
[NLP: 7Hour]

Unit-III (NLP: 15 Hours)

Coherence : Temporal Coherence and Spatial Coherence, Line width and Coherence Time.
[NLP: 4 hours]
Fresnel Diffraction: Fresnel diffraction: Fresnel’s assumptions, Fresnel’s Half period Zones for plane
wave, explanation of rectilinear propagation of light, theory of Zone plate, multiplefociofa Zone plate,
behavior of Zone plate as convergent lens, Diffraction at a straight edge,Diffraction at a circular
aperture.
[NLP: 6 hours]
Fraunhofer Diffraction: Single slit, doubleslit, diffraction grating, Dispersive power of
grating, Resolving power, Rayleigh criterion for resolution, Resolving power of telescope,
microscope, prism and grating. [NLP: 5 hours]

Unit-IV (NLP: 15 Hours)

Polarization of Light: Brewster’s law, Concept of plane polarized, circularly polarized and elliptically
polarized light. Nicol prism, polaroids and their uses, Huygen’s theory of double refraction,
productionand analysis of plane, circularly and elliptically polarized light, retardation plates and
Babinet’s compensator, analysis of polarized light, optical activity, Specific rotation, half shade and
Biquartz polarimeters. [NLP:15 hours]

SuggestedBooks:
1. OPTICS,A.K.Ghatak,TataMcgrawHill.
2. A TEXTBOOK ONOPTICS,N.Subrahmanyam,Brijlal,S CHAND.
3. MODERNOPTICS,A.B.Gupta,BooksandAllied.
4. ATEXTBOOKONLIGHT,B.Ghosh&K.G.Majumder,SreedharPublishers.
5. INTRODUCTIONTOOPTICS,PedrottiandFrankL,Pearson.
6. FUNDAMENTALSOFOPTICS,FrancisJenkinsHarveyWhite,McGrawHill.
7. OPTICS,EugeneHecht,Pearson.
8. INTRODUCTIONTOOPTICS,AnchalSrivastava,R.K.Shukla,T.P.Pandya,NewAgeInternat
ional(P) Ltd.
9. WAVEOPTICS,SureshGarg,SanjayGupta,CKGhosh,PrenticeHallofIndia
 Fifth Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 301C
(Theory): [Classical Mechanics &Special Theory of Relativity]
Total Credit 4
Total Marks-100 (IA-40 + ESE-60)
Total Number of lecture periods: 60 hours

Unit-I (NLP-15 hours)

Constrained Motion: Constraints - Definition, Classification and Examples. concept of
constraints in different cases, Constrained system, Forces of constraint and Constrained
motion, Degrees of Freedom, Generalised coordinates, Principle of Virtual work and
D’Alembert’s principle. [NLP: 7Hour]
Lagrangian Formalism: Lagrangian for conservative system, Lagrange’s equations for
conservative systems (no derivation), Comparison of Newtonian & Lagrangian formulations,
Cyclic coordinates and its applications, Simple examples based on Lagrangian formulation.
[NLP: 8 Hour]
Unit-II (NLP-15 hours)
Hamiltonian Formalism: Phase space, Hamiltonian for conservative systems, Physical
significance of Hamiltonian, Hamilton’s equation of motion (derivation not required),
Comparison of Lagrangian & Hamiltonian formulations, Construction of Hamiltonian from
Lagrangian, Simple examples based on Hamiltonian formulation. [NLP: 15 Hour]

Unit-III (NLP-15 hours)

Rigid Body dynamics:Rigid body, angular momentum of a rigid body, moment and product
of inertia, kinetic energy of rotation of a rigid body, ellipsoid of inertia, inertia tensor,
principle axis in simple symmetric cases, Euler’s angles. [NLP: 15Hour]

Unit-IV (NLP-15 hours)

Special Theory of Relativity: Gallilean transformation and Gallilean invariance, inertial and
non-inertial frames, pseudo forces, apparent weight in accelerated frame. Concept of space,
time and mass according to Newtonian mechanics. Michelson-Morley experiment and its
apparent negative result. Postulates of special theory of relativity, simple derivation of
Lorentz transformation formula, Lorentz transformation matrix and its commutation property,
length contraction, time dilation, addition/transformation of velocities (velocites along the
one direction), velocity addition formula using Lorentz trnsfaormation matrix. Definition of
four-vector, velocity and momentum four vector and their Lorentz invariance. Variation of
mass with velocity (deduction on the basis of head on collision), equivalence of mass and
energy. Energy-momentum relation, Doppler effect in light and comparison with that in
sound [NLP: 15Hour]

Suggested readings:
1) Classical Mechanics by H Goldstein, C.P. Poole, J. Safko, Pearson
2) Classical Mechanics by J. C. Upadhyaya, Himalaya Pub. House
3) Classical Mechanics by N C Rana & P C Joag, McGraw Hill
4) Classical Mechanics and General Properties of Mater by S N Maiti, New Age Int.
Private Ltd.
5) Classical Mechanics by G Aruldhas, PHI
6) Introduction Classical Mechanics, R Takwale and P Puranik, McGraw Hill
7) Introduction to Special Relativity, Robert Resnick, 2007, Wiley
 Fifth Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 302C
Group: A (Theory): [Statistical Mechanics]
Total Credit 2
Total Marks- 60 (IA-24+ EXE-36)
Total Number of lecture periods: 30 hours

Unit-I (NLP-15)

Systems and ensembles, microstates and macro-states, calculations of microstates and macro-
states in different cases, postulate of equal apriori probability, concept of chemical potential,
Micro-canonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles, few examples of different
ensembles from the physical world. [NLP-10 Hour]

Phase space and its features, dimension of elementary phase cell, thermodynamic probability
and its calculation in various cases, partition function and its significance, calculations of
partition functions in different cases.[NLP-5 Hour]

Unit-II (NLP-15)

Most probable distribution, derivation of distribution function for Maxwell-Boltzmann for a

system of non-interacting particles, equipartition of energy.
Spin angular momentum of identical and indistinguishable particles and their symmetry
requirements, calculations of macrostates, microstates and wave functions in case of
assemblies of identical and indistinguishable particles, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac
statistics for a system of non-interacting particle.
[NLP-15 Hour]

Paper Code: 302C

Group: B (Practical): Python programming-1
Credit 2
Total Marks- 40 (IA-16 + ESE-24)
Total Number of laboratory periods: 60 hours

Basic Elements of Python: The Python interpreter, the print statement, comments, Python as
simple calculator, objects and expressions, variables (numeric, character and sequence types)
and assignments, mathematical operators. Strings, Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries, type
conversions, input statement, list methods. List mutability, Formatting in the print statement.
Control Structures: Conditional operations, if, if-else, if-elif-else, while and for loops,
indentation, break and continue, List comprehension. Simple programs for practice like
solving quadratic equations, temperature conversion etc.
Functions: Inbuilt functions, user-defined functions, local and global variables, passing
functions, modules, importing modules, math module, making new modules. Writing
functions to perform simple operations like finding largest of three numbers, listing prime
numbers, etc., Generating pseudo random numbers.
Recommended List of Programs

1. Sum of a list of numbers

2. Average of a list of Numbers
2. largest of a given list of numbers and its location in the list,
3. Sorting of numbers in ascending descending order,
4. Write a program to display the result of one number raised to the power of another
5. Area of circle, area of square, volume of sphere,
6. value of pi (π)
7. Random number generation
8. Evaluation of trigonometric functions e.g. sin θ, cos θ, tan θ, etc
9. Write a program to find out whether the given number is even or odd.
10. Write a program to find out whether the given number is a prime number
11. Write a program to display the square root of a number
12. Write a program to find the roots of the quadratic equation
13. Write a program to find the average of marks obtained by a student in three subjects
14. Program to reads your age and prints a message whether you are eligible to vote or not???
15. Write a program to find the sum of digits of an integer.
16. Write a program to find out whether a given number is positive or negative
17. Program to check if a given year is a leap year
18. Program to find the factorial of a number.
19. Program that counts down from five and then says “Blastoff!”
20. Program to find the sum of all odd and even numbers up to a number specified by the
user.
21. Program to display the Fibonacci Sequences up to nth term where n is provided by the
user.
22. Program to find the sum of first n natural numbers using a while loop/ for loop
23. Write a program to print multiplication table of a given number (Using for loop/ while
loop)
24. Write a program to print a multiplication table of n using for loop in reversed order.
25. Program to calculate the factorial of a given number using for loop.
26. To print all numbers except few numbers from a series
27. Distance between two points (x1,y1,z1) & (x2,y2,z2)
28. Addition of two matrices
29. Multiplication of two matrices
30. Transpose of a matrices
31. Write a program to calculate the grade of a student from his marks from the following
scheme
90 - 100 Ex
80 – 90 A
70 – 80 B
60 – 70 C
50 - 60 D
< 50 F
32. Write a program to find out whether a student is pass or fail, if it requires total 40% and
at least 33% in each subject to pass. Assume three subjects and take marks as an input from
the user.
33. Write a program that finds outs whether a given name or number is present in a list or
not
34. write a program using the function to find the greatest of three numbers.
35. Write a program using the function to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit.
36. Factors of a number.
37. LCM and HCF of two numbers
 Fifth Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 303C
(Theory): [Quantum Mechanics – I]
Total Credit 4
Total Marks-100 (IA-40 + ESE-60)
Total Number of lecture periods: 60hours

Unit-I (NLP-15 hours)

Foundation of quantum mechanics:Black body radiation and discussion of the failure of
classical theory with special mentioning of Wien’s law, Rayleigh-Jeans law.Basic
assumptions and statement of Planck’s law, Planck’s energy distribution law (Deduction
required). Derivation of Wien’s law,Wien’s displacement law, Rayleigh-Jeans law, Stefan-
Boltzmann law from Planck’s law,Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect [NLP: 15hour]

Unit-II (NLP-15 hours)

Wave-Particle Duality: de Broglie’s hypothesis and matter wave, Wave packet and its
manifestation as particle, group velocity and phase velocity, Davisson-Germer’s experiment,
G. P. Thomson Experiment. [NLP: 6 hours]
The Uncertainty Principle and its Consequences: Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle.
Some Thought Experiments: The Single-Slit Diffraction Experiment,Double-Slit Experiment.
Consequences of the Uncertainty Principle :- Zero-Point Energy, The Size of an Atom, Non-
existence of the Electron inside the Nucleus, Bohr’s principle of Complementarity.
[NLP: 9 hour]
Unit-III (NLP-15 hours)
Schrodinger Equation and related concept: Wave function and its physical significance.
Schrodinger time dependent and time independent equation in one dimension, Solution of
Schrodinger time dependent equation using separation of variable method. Probability
Current Density and the Continuity Equation, Normalization of the wave function,
[NLP: 10 hour]
Quantum Mechanical Operators: Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues, Energy and momentum
operator,Hamiltonian operator.Properties of Operators, Hermitian Operators, Commuting and
Non-Commuting Operators, Angular Momentum operators, expression and their
commutation relations [NLP: 5 hour]

Unit-IV (NLP-15 hours)

Application of Quantum mechanics:
Expectation Values, Ehrenfest theorem, Degeneracy, Orthonormal Eigenfunctions.
Infinite potential well, wave functions and energy values, Free particle in a box (1D & 3 D),
Potential step and Barrier potential, Transmission and reflection coefficient in one dimension,
tunnelling effect [ NLP-15 hour]
Suggested readings:
1. Quantum Mechanics: Theory and applications by Ajoy Ghatak and S Loknathan,
Macmillan.
2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics by David J Griffith, Pearson
3. Quantum Mechanics by G.Aruldas, PHI learning P Ltd
4. Quantum Mechanics by Gupta, Kumar, Sharma, JaiprakashNath Publication
5. Concept of Modern Physics by Arthur Beisar, Tata McGrow Hill
6. Quantum Mechanics by E Merzbacher
 Fifth Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 304C
Group: A (Theory): [Analog Electronics]
Total Credit -2
Total Marks- 60 (IA-24+ EXE-36)
Total Number of lecture periods: 30 hours

Unit: I (NLP: 15 hours)

Applications of PN junction diode: Half wave and full wave rectifiers: calculation of ripple
factor and efficiency, load regulation and line regulation of power supply, , their significance
and mathematical definition , comparison of Centre-tapped and Bridge Rectifiers, Basic RC
filter, T and π filters and their working, Zener breakdown and avalanche break down, Zener
Diode , I-V characteristics of zener diode, break down region DC and AC resistance of zener
diode and use of zener diode as voltage regulator.
[NLP: 7 hours]
Bipolar Junction transistors: n-p-n and p-n-p Transistors. Physical Mechanism of Current
flow , Input, output and transfer characteristics of CB, CE and CC Configurations and their
comparison , Current gains α and β, Working of CE amplifier and calculation of AC voltage
gain, DC Load line and Q-point.Transistor biasing: Faithful amplification, Variation of
transistor parameters due to various reasons, instability of bias, definitions of stability factors,
significance of stability factor, Calculations of stability factors in the case of fixed biasing,
potential divider bias and self biasing and their comparisons
[NLP: 8 hours]
Unit: II (NLP: 15 hours)
Field effect transistor (FET): FET – structure and operation p-channel and n-channel FETs,
Definitions of Gate (G), Source (S) and Drain (D) symbols of FETs, Comparison with BJT,
Static output and transfer Characteristics , FET parameters and their relation, Dynamic output
characteristics of FET, FET as a voltage amplifier and calculation of voltage gain.
Introduction to MOSFET: Structures and Basic operations of enhancement and depletion
MOSFET, MOSFET symbols and characteristics, comparison of MOSFET and FET.
[NLP: 5 hours]
Feedback in Amplifiers: Principle of feedback, different components of feedback amplifier,
different feedback protocols of voltage feedback and current feedback with diagrams,
Positive and Negative Feedback. Gain with Feedback, Effect of negative feedback on input
impedance , output conductance, noise, bandwidth (qualitative explanations only). Simple
idea about sinusoidal oscillators, Barkhausen's Criterion for self-sustained oscillations, tuned
collector oscillator and its working using characteristic graph of CE configuration.
[NLP: 3 hour]
Operational Amplifiers (Black Box approach): Features of an Ideal and Practical OP-AMP.
(IC 741), concept of virtual ground. Open-loop and Closed-loop Gain. Frequency Response.
CMRR. Slew Rate, Use of OP-AMP as inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier,inverter,
phase shifter, adder, differentiator, integrator, Zero-crossing device&comparator.
[NLP: 7 hour]

Reference Books:
1. Principle of Electronics by V.K. Meheta and RohitMeheta, S. CHAND
2. Integrated Electronics, J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, 1991, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
3. Electronics: Fundamentals and Applications, J.D. Ryder, 2004, Prentice Hall.
4. OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice
Hall
5. Electronics Fundamentals and Applications, P.C. Chattopadhyay and D. Rakshit, New
Age International Private Ltd
6. Fundamental Principle of Electronics by Basudev Ghosh, Books and Allied Ltd.

Paper Code: 304C

Group: B (Practical)
Credit 2
Total Marks- 40 (IA-16 + ESE-24)
Total Number of laboratory periods: 60 hours

List of Experiment in Laboratory:

1. To study V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode.
2. To study the forward and reverse characteristics curves of a Zener diode and study its line
and load regulation.
3. To draw the input characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) amplifier in CE
configuration.
4. To draw the output characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor in (BJT) amplifier in
CE configuration.
5. To draw the static characteristics of a JFET and hence determine the FET parameters.
6. To study the operational amplifier (OPAMP-741) as an adder and subtractor.
7. To study the operational amplifier (OPAMP-741) as an integrator and differentiator.
8. To study the operational amplifier (OPAMP-741) as an inverting and non-inverting
amplifier.

Suggested Readings:
1) An Advanced Course in Practical Physics by D. Chattopadhyay, and P.C. Rakshit. New
Central Book Agency
2) Advanced Practical Physics Vol-I & Vol-II, B. Ghosh and K.G. Mazumder, Sreedhar
Publishers
3) Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1994, Mc-
Graw Hill.
4) OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice Hall.

List of Experiment based in Virtual Lab

1. Explain the function of Bridge Full Wave Rectification.
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/be/exp7/index.html
2. Explain the forward and reverse biased characteristics of a Silicon
diode.http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/be/exp5/index.html
3. Explain the operation of bipolar junction transistor and Common Emitter
characteristics of a BJT.
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/be/exp11/index.html
4. Explain the function of a Zener diode and Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator.
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/be/exp10/index.html
5. Familiarization with Oscilloscope and Function Generator.
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/psac/newlabs2020/vlabiitkgpAE/#
6. Experiment with OPAMP in virtual lab
A. Study of basic properties of Operational Amplifier: Inverting Amplifiers
B. Study of Differentiator using Operational Amplifier.
C. Study of Integrator using Operational Amplifier.
D. Study the Half Wave Rectification using P-N diode.
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/be/#
7. To Determine Energy Band Gap of Semiconductor
1. https://bop-iitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/energy-band-gap/
 Sixth Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 305C
(Theory): [Solid state Physics]
Total Credit 4
Total Marks-100 (IA-40 + ESE-60)
Total Number of lecture periods: 60 hours

Unit-I (NLP: 15 hours)

Crystal Structure: Solids: Amorphous and Crystalline Materials. Discussion on different

types of crystal: namely ionic crystal, metallic crystal, covalent crystal, molecular crystal.
Mention different forces responsible for the formation of crystal. [NLP: 4 hour]

Different crystal parameters: Crystallographic axis, Translation Lattice parameters and

Lattice Translation vectors, Angular Lattice parameters.Lattice, Basis,Unit Cell, Primitive
cell, [NLP: 2hour]

Types of Cubic Lattices: Different types of Cubic Lattice system namely Simple Cubic
(Primitive), F.C.C., B.C.C. Discuss their unit cells, Lattice point density in the unit cell.
Positions of Lattice points in Unit cell of SC, BCC and FCC lattices. Packing fractions.
Number of nearest neighbour and nearest neighbour distance. [NLP: 5hour]

Miller Indices:Step by Step explanation of the construction of Miller Index. Draw a set of
two Miller planes of the following Miller Indices [100], [010], [200], [111], [020].
Importance of Miller Index. [NLP: 2hour]

Reciprocal Lattice:Importance of Reciprocal Lattice, Construction of Reciprocal Lattice

Parameters for simple cubic lattice, properties of Reciprocal Lattice, simple conception of
Brillouin zone. [NLP: 2 hour]

Unit-II (NLP: 15 hours)

X-ray Diffraction:Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals. Bragg‟s Law.Laue Condition,Powder

diffraction method. [NLP: 4 hour]

Lattice Dynamics: Lattice Vibrations and Phonons: Linear Monoatomic and Diatomic
Chains. Acoustical and Optical Phonons.Qualitative Description of the Phonon Spectrum in
Solids. [NLP: 6hour]
Lattice Specific heat:Dulong and Petit‟s Law, Einstein and Debye theories of specific heat
of solids. T3 law. [NLP: 5hour]

Unit-III (NLP: 15 hours)

Classical Free Electron Theory:Electrons in metals- Drude model, Calculation of electrical

conductivity and thermal conductivity following classical Free Electron Theory. Wiedemann-
Franz law. [NLP: 3hour]
Band Theory of Solids:Elementary band theory:Kronig Penny model. Band Gap., Effective
mass, mobility, Hall Effect (Metal and Semiconductor). [NLP: 3hour]
Magnetic Properties of Matter: Discussions of important parameters of magnetism namely
Magnetisation, Susceptibility, Permeability. Discussion of permanent atomic magnetic dipole
moment and induced atomic magnetic dipole moment. Origin of atomic magnetic dipole
moments – Orbital Magnetic Moment, Spin Magnetic Moment, Total Magnetic Moment.
Arrangement of magnetic dipole moments in Dia-, Para-, Ferro-, Antiferro- and Ferri-
magnetic materials (qualitative discussions with picture).
Paramagnetic materials as paramagnetic gas: an analogy with ideal gaseous system
(qualitative discussion).
Classical Langevin Theory of Paramagnetism, Quantum Mechanical Treatment of
Paramagnetism., Curie’s law of Paramagnetism. Qualitative discussion of Weiss Theory of
Ferromagnetism and write the mathematical expression for Curie-Weiss law (no derivation).
Qualitative discussion on Curie temperature or Ferromagnetismphase Transition
temperature.Domain theory of Ferromagnetism, Hysteresis curve of Ferromagnetism.
[NLP: 9hour]
Unit-IV (NLP: 15 hours)

Dielectric Properties of Materials: Polarization. Local Electric Field at an Atom.

Depolarization Field. Electric Susceptibility. Polarizability. Clausius-Mosotti
Equation.Classical Theory of Electric Polarizability. Normal and Anomalous Dispersion.
Cauchy and Sellmeir relations. Langevin-Debye equation. Complex Dielectric Constant.
[NLP: 10hour]

Superconductivity: Experimental Results. Critical Temperature, Critical Magnetic Field.

Critical Current Density, Meissner effect. Type I and type II Superconductors. London’s
Equation and Penetration Depth. [NLP: 5 hour]
Reference Books:
Introduction to Solid State Physics, Charles Kittel, 8th Edn., 2004, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
Solid State Physics, A.J.Dekker, Macmillan India Pvt. Ltd.
-Hall of India.
-Graw Hill.

-state Physics, H.Ibach and H. Luth, 2009, Springer.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Sixth Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 306C
Group: A (Theory): [Atomic and Molecular Physics]
Total Credit -2
Total Marks- 60 (IA-24+ EXE-36)
Total Number of lecture periods: 30 hours

Unit-I (NLP: 15 hours)

Vector Atom Model

Stern and Gerlach experiment, Vector atom model, Various quantum numbers associated with
vector atom model, L-S and J-J couplings, application of spatial quantization, Pauli's exclusion
principle - magnetic dipole moment of electron due to orbital and spin motion - Spin-Orbit
coupling. [NLP: 7hrs]
Atomic Spectra

Optical spectra, Spectral terms and notations, selection rules, fine structure of sodium D lines,
hyperfine structure of alkali spectra, Zeeman effect, Larmor's theorem, quantum mechanical
explanation of normal Zeeman effect. Anomalous Zeeman effect, Paschen-Back effect, Stark
effect. [NLP: 8 hrs]

Unit-II (NLP: 15 hours)

X-rays
Soft and Hard X-rays, X-ray Spectra: continuous , Origin of continuous Spectrum and
characteristics X- ray spectrum, , Origin of characteristic X-ray spectra, Moseley’s law and its
explanations, X-ray energy level diagram. Absorption of X-rays-Applications of X-rays
[NLP: 3hrs]
Molecular Spectra
Cause and occurrence of different spectrum. Regions of Spectrum, Homonuclear and
heteronuclear diatomic molecule, Permanent and induced dipole moment, Production of Spectra
from periodic change in dipole moment. Representation of Spectra, Born Oppenheimer
approximation (general idea), Pure rotational spectra, rigid rotator (quantum mechanical solution
not required), Concept of reduced mass and moment of inertia, energy levels, frequency of
spectral line, selection rule (derivation not required) and the spectrum, non-rigid rotator
(qualitative idea only),Vibrating diatomic molecule as a harmonic oscillator, frequency, energy
levels, selection rules (derivation not required), applications of vibrational spectroscopy.

Raman effect and its quantum mechanical explanation, Rotational and vibrational Raman
spectra, comparison of infrared and microwave spectra with Raman spectra, Rule of mutual
exclusion. [NLP: 12hrs]

Paper Code: 306C

Group: B (Practical):Python programming-2
Credit 2
Total Marks- 40 (IA-16 + ESE-24)
Total Number of laboratory periods: 60 hours

NumPy Fundamentals: Importing Numpy, Difference between List and NumPyarray, Adding,
removing and sorting elements, creating arrays using ones, zeros, random, arange, linspace.
Basic array operations (sum, max, min, mean, variance), 2-d arrays, matrix operations, reshaping
and transposing arrays, savetxt and loadtxt.

Plotting with Matplotlib: matplotlib.pyplot functions, Plotting of functions given in closed form as well
as in the form of discrete data and making histograms.

1. Diagonalization of matrices
2. Inverse of a matrix,
3. Hooke’s law to calculate spring constant
4. Ohms law to calculate R,
5. Eigen vectors, eigen values problems
6. Roots of algebraic and transcendental equations – Bisection method, Regular-Falsi method,
Newton-Raphson method
7. Numerical Integration: Newton Cotes Integration methods (Trapezoidal and Simpson rules)
for definite integrals, derivation of composite formulae for these methods and discussion of error
estimation.
Recommended List of Programs (At least three)
(a) Given acceleration at equidistant time values, calculate position and velocity and plot them.
(b) Use integral definition of ln(x) to compute and plot ln(x) in a given range. Use trapezoidal,
Simpson and Gauss quadrature methods and compare the results.
8. Curve fitting, Least square fit, Goodness of fit, standard deviation
9. Schrodinger equation– plot of wave function for ground state and excited states.
10. Plot of eigenfunction of 1D harmonic oscillator
11. Solution of coupled spring mass systems (3 masses)
12. Damped Harmonic oscillator
13. Forced Harmonic oscillator - Transient and Steady state solution
14. Solution of mesh equations of electric circuits (3 meshes)
15. Simulating a half-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter
16. Fourier series analysis of square wave
 Sixth Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 307C
(Theory): [Nuclear Physics]
Total Credit 4
Total Marks-100 (IA-40 + ESE-60)
Total Number of lecture periods: 60 hours

Unit-I (NLP: 15 hours)

General Properties of Nuclei: Constituents of Nucleus and their intrinsic properties,
quantitative facts about mass, radii, charge density, binding energy, average binding energy
and its variation with mass number, features of binding energy curve, N/Z plot, angular
momentum, parity, magnetic moment, electric moments. [NLP: 7hour]

Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model approach, semi empirical mass formula and significance
of its various terms, condition of nuclear stability, evidence for nuclear shell structure and the
basic assumptions of shell model. [NLP: 8hour]

Unit-II (NLP: 15 hours)

Radioactivity:Fundamental laws, decay rate and equilibrium, Radioactive Series,
Radioactive branchingAlpha decay: basics of α-decay processes,Gamowtheory, Gamow
factor, Geiger Nuttall law. β- decay: β-spectrum, positron emission, electron capture, neutrino
hypothesis. Gamma decay: Gamma ray emission, excited states of nucleus, Concept of
internal conversion, internal pair production and nuclear Isomerism[NLP: 10 hour]
Nuclear Reactions: Types of Reactions, Conservation Laws, Q-value, Concept of compound
and direct reaction, resonance reaction.:, [NLP: 5 hour]
Unit-III (NLP: 15 hours)
Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with matter: Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with
matterEnergy loss of charged particle, ionization loss, relation between range and energy,
Cerenkov radiation. Gamma ray interaction with matter, pair production, attenuation of
gamma rays in matter [NLP: 8hour]
Detector for Nuclear Radiations: Gas filled ionization detectors: proportional counter and
GM Counter. Basic principle of Scintillation Detectors. [NLP :7hour ]

Unit-IV (NLP: 15 hours)

Particle Accelerators: Van-de Graaff generator (Tandem accelerator),Linear accelerator,
Cyclotron (including variable energy cyclotron),Betatron, Synchrotron[NLP:10hour]
Particle physics: Concept of different types of forces, types of elementary particles and its
families (Leptons, Mesons and Baryons). Basic concept of quark model [NLP: 5 hour].

Suggested readings:
1. Nuclear Physics by S. N. Ghosal, S.Chand
2. Nuclear Physics by Irving Kaplan, Narosa Publisher
3. Nuclear Physics by Satya Prakash, PragatiPrakashan
4. Nuclear Physics by D. C. Tayal, Himalaya Publishing House
5. Introductory Nuclear Physics by K. S. Krane, Wiley
6. Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics by A.B. Gupta, Books and Allied Ltd.
7. Fundamental of Nuclear Physics, Varma, Bhandhari and Somayajulu, CBS Publisher
and Distributer
8. Fundamental of Nuclear Physics, Jahan singh, Pragati Publications
 Sixth Semester: Physics Major
Paper Code: 308C
Group: A: [Digital Electronics]
Total Credit -2
Total Marks- 60 (IA-24+ EXE-36)
Total Number of lecture periods: 30 hours

Unit-I (NLP: 15 hours)

Arithmetic Circuits: Difference betweenAnalog and Digital circuits, concept of logic

levels,digital ICs and theirclassification, Binary number system, Counting in Binary, Binary
to decimal conversion and vice versa, binary addition and subtraction, 1’s and 2’s
complement methods.

NLP: 7hour]
Logic gates: Positive and negative logic systems, truth table, realization of basic logic gates -
AND, OR and NOT gates using discrete components, NAND and NOR Gates as Universal
Gates. XOR and XNOR Gates, pulsed operation of logic gates
[NLP: 8hour]
Unit-II (NLP: 15 hours)

Boolean algebra: Logic operations, Postulates and laws of Boolean Algebra, De Morgan's
Theorems. Reducing Boolean expressions, Converting Boolean expressions to logic diagrams
and vice versa.
[NLP: 5hour]
Combinational circuits: Logic diagram of half adder, full adder, half subtractor and Full
subtractor and their realization, 4-bit parallel binary adder, multiplexer (4:1).
[NLP: 6 hour]
Sequential circuits: Difference between combinational and sequential circuits, working of
non-clocked SR flipflop using NOR/ NAND gates, D flipflop.
[NLP: 4hour]

Suggested readings:
1. Digital Principles and Applications by A.P.Malvino, D.P.Leach and G. Saha,, Tata
McGraw
2. Fundamentals of Digital Circuits by Anand Kumar, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
3. Digital Electronics by G K Kharate ,2010, Oxford University Press
 4. Modern Digital Electronics by R. P. Jain, McGraw Hill Education.
5. Digital Logic and Computer Design by Morris Mano, Pearson Education India

Paper Code: 308C

Group: B (Practical)
Credit 2
Total Marks- 40 (IA-16 + ESE-24)
Total Number of laboratory periods: 60 hours

List of Experiment in Laboratory:

1. Design a three input OR gate using discrete components and verification of truth
table.
2. Design a three input AND gate using discrete components and verification of truth
table.
3. Design a NOT gate using discrete components and verification of truth table.
4. Design a circuit to verify the Boolean expressions
5. Design aNOR gate and NAND gate using IC 74** series and verification of truth
table.
6. Design a XOR gate and XNOR gate using IC 74** series and verification of truth
table.
7. Design a half adder circuit using IC 74** series and verification of truth table
8. Design a half subtractor circuit using IC 74** series and verification of truth table
Suggested Readings:
1) An Advanced Course in Practical Physics by D. Chattopadhyay, and P.C. Rakshit. New
Central Book Agency
2) Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1994, Mc-
Graw Hill.
3) OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice Hall.

List of Experiment based in Virtual LabLink:

http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/dec/exp3/index.html
Study of simple Boolean expressions with basic gates using IC 74 series
Verify the Boolean expression
Verify the Boolean expression
Verify equivalence of AND-OR and NAND-NAND structure
Verify equivalence of OR-AND and NOR-NOR structure
 UG Physics (Minor Course Structure, Tripura University
(As per NEP-2020 guideline)

Course
Year Semester Paper Title Credits
Code
PH-101M Mathematical Physics and Mechanics Theo-3
I
(Theory + Practical) Prac-1
1st
PH-102M Thermal & Physical Properties and Theo-3
II
Oscillation & waves (Theory +Practical) Prac-1
Electricity and Magnetism Theo-3
III PH-201M
(Theory+Practical) Prac-1
2nd
Optics and Electromagnetic Theory Theo-3
IV PH-202M
(Theory+Practical) Prac-1
V PH-203M Modern Physics-I and Analog Theo-3
Electronics (Theory+Practical) Prac-1
3rd Modern Physics-II and Digital
PH-204M Theo-3
VI Electronics (Theory+Practical) Prac-1
 Semester-I: Physics Minor
Paper Code: 101M
Group: A (Theoretical):Mathematical Physics and Mechanics
Full marks-60 (Internal assessment-24 + End Sem. Exam.-36) Credit = 3
Total Number of lecture periods: 45 hours

Unit-I (NLP: 15 hours)

Vector Algebra and Vector Calculus

Scalars and vectors: Recapitulations: laws of vector algebra, scalar and vector product, Vector
triple products.Scalar and vector fields:Definitions and expressions or Gradient of a scalar,
divergence and curl vectors, their physical meanings and applications in Physic, Vector
identities, Line, surface and volume integration, Gauss’s divergence theorem(statement only),
Stoke’s theorem(statement only)and their simple applications. [NLP: 08 hours]
Matrices
Definition, different types of matrices, Unitary Matrix, Hermitian matrices, Eigen values and
eigen vector of a matrix [NLP:05 hours]
Beta and gamma functions
Beta function, Gamma function, their properties. [NLP:02hours]

Unit-II (NLP: 15 hours)

Ordinary Differential Equation:

Definition, Order, degree, Linearity, Homogeneous and inhomogeneous differential equation,
Examples of ordinary differential electric circuit, [NLP: 4 hours]
Rotational Dynamics
Velocity and acceleration of a particle in plane polar coordinate system (radial and transverse
component of velocity and acceleration), [NLP: 3 hours]
System of particles and rigid body: Kinetic energy of rotation, Angular momentum ,Torque,
Principle of conservation of angular momentum with examples., Moment of inertia and radius of
gyration, Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, Calculation of moments of inertia for disc,
sphere, cylinder and cone. Kinetic energy of rolling bodies:acceleration of rolling body along
inclined surface. [NLP:08 hours]
Unit-3
Fluid Dynamics
Streamline and turbulent motion: Equation of continuity in differential form (Statement only),
statement of Bernoulli’s theorem (simple derivation using work-energy principle): Application of
Bernoulli’s theorem to Venturimeter, Pitot tubes, Torricelli’s theorem and different phenomenon.
[NLP -07 hours]
Gravitation& Central Force
Gravitational field and potential due to homogeneous solid sphere, Thick and thin Spherical
shell,Central force, conservative force, central orbit, differential equation of motion of a particle
moving under central force in plane polar co-ordinate system (simple derivation), areal velocity,
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion and their applications, [NLP:08 hours]

Paper Code: 101M

Group: B (Practical)
Full marks-40 (Internal assessment-16 + End Sem. Exam.-24) Credit = 1
Laboratory periods: 30 hours
Part-1: Introductory Instruments Concepts and related activities:
• Use of Basic Instruments: Determination of least count/vernier constant and use of
instruments like slide calliper, screw gauge for measuring lengths, diameter, height ofa given
sample.

• Errors Analysis: Estimation of errors- Proportional error, systematic error, standard deviation
from given set of sample data, significant figures representation of data

• Graph Plotting: Pictorial visualisation of relation between two given physical quantities,
Plotting of graphs with sample data set, calculation of slope and other parameters from graph.

Part-2: List of Experiment through virtual lab/Assignment/Task:

1. Torque and angular acceleration of a fly wheel
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=74&sim=1517&cnt=1
2. Moment of inertia of flywheel
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=74&sim=1517&cnt=1
3. To find the acceleration of the cart in the simulator. To find the distance covered by the
cart in the simulator in the given time interval.
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=74&sim=207&cnt=1
4. Elastic and inelastic collision
 https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=74&sim=189&cnt=1
5. To verify the momentum and kinetic energy conservation using collision balls.
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=74&sim=197&cnt=1
6. Projectile motion
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=74&sim=191&cnt=1
7. To determine the rigidity modulus of the suspension wire using torsion pendulum.
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=280&sim=1518&cnt=1
 Semester-II: Physics Minor
Paper Code: 102M
Group: A (Theory): Thermal & Physical Properties and Oscillation & waves
Full marks-60 (Internal assessment-24 + End Sem. Exam.-36) Credit = 3
Total Number of lecture periods: 45 hours

Unit: I (NLP: 15 hours)

Introduction to Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics & Concept of Temperature, Concept of Work & Heat, Internal
Energy, State Functions, First Law of Thermodynamics and its differential form, First Law &
various processes, General Relation between CPand CV, Work Done during Isothermal and
Adiabatic Processes, [NLP: 05 Lectures]
Reversible and Irreversible process andSecond Law of Thermodynamics:
Reversible and Irreversible process with examples, Carnot’s Cycle, Carnot engine &its efficiency,
Second Law of Thermodynamics Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements, Carnot’s Theorem,
Significance of Second Law of Thermodynamics,.[NLP: 05 Lectures]
Entropy
Concept of Entropy, Clausius Theorem, Second Law of Thermodynamics in terms of Entropy,
Entropy of a perfect gas, Principle of Increase of Entropy, Entropy Changes in Reversible and
Irreversible processes, Entropy of the Universe. Temperature–Entropy diagrams for Carnot’s Cycle,
Third Law of Thermodynamics [NLP:05 Lectures]

Unit: II (NLP: 15 hours)

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Basic assumptions of kinetic theory, Distribution of Velocities, Mean, R. M. S. and Most Probable
Speeds,Degrees of Freedom. Law of Equipartition of Energy (Derivation is not required),
application to Cp and Cv. [ NLP:04 hours]

Elasticity
Elastic moduli and their inter-relations, torsion of a cylinder, torsional oscillations, Determination
of rigidity modulus, Bending Moment, Cantilever in case of loading at the middle only (neglecting
mass of cantilever), calculation of strain energy.
[NLP:04 hours]
Surface Tension
Surface Tension & Surface Energy, Calculation of excess pressure in a spherical drop and bubble,
Capillarity and derivation of height of Capillary rise, application to determination of surface
tension. , Jurin’s law [NLP -04 hours]
Viscosity:
Poiseuille’s equation for the flow of an incompressible fluid, statement of Stokes’ law, terminal
velocity. [NLP -03hours]

Unit: III (NLP: 15 hours)

Oscillations::
Idea of Simple harmonic motion, Kinetic energy, potential energy, total energy and their time-
averageand position-average values,Graphical Variation of energy of particlein SHM with time and
position,Lissajous figures with equal frequency, Damped and Forced vibrations (Qualitative
discussion only), Resonance and sharpness of resonance. [NLP -08 hours]

Waves:
Ideal plane wave and its equation presentation, Differential equation of wave motion, wave pressure
and energy distribution, Derivation of expression of intensity of wave, Velocity of transverse wave
in a stretched string, Differential wave equation in stretch string, Solution of differential equation of
wave in stretched string, Principle of superposition of waves, interference, stationary waves, Beats.
[NLP:07 hours]

Paper Code: 102M

Group: B (Practical)
Full marks-40 (Internal assessment-16 + End Sem. Exam.-24) Credit = 1 Total Number of
Laboratory periods: 30 hours

General Properties of Matter (Practicals)

1) To determine the modulus of rigidity of the material of the given wire by dynamical method.

2) To determine Coefficient of Viscosity of water by Capillary Flow Method (Poiseuille’s

method).

3) Determination of surface tension of liquid by Capillary rise method and to verify Jurin’s

law.

4) To determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) using Kater’s reversible Pendulum.
 5) Time period and spring constant of a spring mass oscillation system

Virtual Lab Experiment

1. Heat transfer by radiation

https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=194&sim=802&cnt=1
2. Heat transfer by conduction
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=194&sim=801&cnt=1
3. Heat transfer by natural convection
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=194&sim=791&cnt=1
4. The study of phase change
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=194&sim=709&cnt=1
Reference Books:
1) Thermal Physics, S. Garg, R. Bansal and Ghosh, 2nd Edition, 1993, Tata McGraw-Hill
2) Heat Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics, Brij Lal and Subramaniam, 1st Edn., 2008, S.
Chand.
 Semester-III: Physics-Minor
Paper Code: 201M
Group: A (Theory): Electricity and Magnetism
Full marks-60 (Internal assessment-24 + End Sem. Exam.-36) Credit = 3
Total Number of lecture periods: 45 hours

Unit: I (NLP: 15 hours)

Electric Field and : Potential

Divergence of electric field, Curl of electric field, electric field vector as negative gradient of
scalar potential, Integral forms of Gauss Law, Applications of Gauss’s Law to cylindrical,
spherical and planar symmetries of charge distributions,Coulomb’s theorem, Mechanical stress
on charged surface. [NLP:05 hours]

Thermoelectricity
Seebeck-effect, thermo-emf graph, neutral temperature and temperature of inversion of a
thermocouple, parabolic relation between thermoemf and temperature, laws of thermoelectricity,
Peltier effect and its comparison with Joule’s effect, Peltier coefficient, Thomson effect, positive
and negative metals, Thomson coefficient, expression for total emf developed in a
thermocouple, thermoelectric power thermoelectric diagram, [NLP: 05 hours]
Magnetic Field
Use of Biot-Savart’s law (i) magnetic fieldat a point on the axis of circular current carrying coil,
(ii) Magnetic field at a point on the axis of infinite solenoid, Ampere’s circuital law, application
of Ampere’s circuital law(i) cylindrical current, (ii) infinite solenoid (iii) Toroidal current.
[NLP: 05 hours]
Unit: II (NLP: 15 hours)
Magnetic Properties of Matter;
Magnetic intensity (intensity of magnetic field) (H),Magnetic permeability(), relative
permeability (r), Intensity if magnetization (I or M), Magnetic susceptibility(, )relations
among different magnetic physical quantities, Dia-, para- and Ferromagnetic material,magnetic
saturation, retentivity, coercivity,, , Curie’s law, Curie-Wies law, Hysteresis using B-H loop,
Idea of hysteresis loss (no calculation), Selection of magnetic material in various applications,
Magnetic intensity. [NLP:07 hours]

Electromagnetic induction
Self-inductance of a circular coil and solenoid, mutual inductance between two circular coils and
co-axial solenoids. Eddy current and its use. . [NLP :05hours]

Circuit Analysis
Ideal voltage source, real voltage source, current source, comparison between ideal and real
current and voltage sources. Kirchhoff’s current law, Kirchhoff‘s voltage law.
[NLP 3 hours]
 Unit: III (NLP: 15 hours)

Potentiometer
Basic principle, comparison of emfs, measurement of current,, measurement of internal
resistance, [NLP 3 hours]
DC Transient Analysis
Charging and discharging with initial charge in RC circuit, R-Lcircuit with initial current, time
constant. [NLP3 hours]
AC Circuit Analysis
Idea of root mean square and average values of current &emf, form factor and peak factor,
voltage-currentrelationship in resistor, inductor and capacitor,power in ACcircuits, sinusoidal
circuit analysis for RL, RC and RLC Circuits, resonance in series (Frequency Response,
Bandwidth, Quality Factor), Parallel resonant circuit and its use as rejecter circuit.
[NLP: 09 hours]
Paper Code: 201M
Group: B (Practical)
Full marks-40 (Internal assessment-16 + End Sem. Exam.-24) Credit = 1
Total Number of Laboratory periods: 30 hours

List of Experiment in Laboratory:

1. Determination of Horizontal component of earth magnetic field (H) of a bar magnet by
deflection magnetometer and vibration magnetometer.
2. Determination of magnetic moment of bar magnet (M) by deflection magnetometer and
vibration magnetometer.
3. Determination of resistance per unit length of the meter bridge wire by Carey-Foster’s
method and determination of unknown resistance.
4. To determine the current flowing in a circuit by using a potentiometer
5. Determination of temperature coefficient of resistance of a wire by meter bridge

List of Experiment in virtual lab:

1) To find the temperature coefficient of resistance of a given coil.
(https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=192&sim=346&cnt=1)
2) Magnetic Field Along The Axis of A Circular Coil Carrying Current
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=192&sim=972&cnt=1
3) To determine the magnetic dipole moment (m) of a bar magnet and horizontal intensity (BH)
of earth’s magnetic field using a deflection magnetometer.
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=192&sim=847&cnt=1
4) To determine the reduction factor of the given tangent galvanometer (K).
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=192&sim=1049&cnt=1
5) To find the resonant frequency of series LCR circuit,
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=75&sim=330&cnt=1

Suggested readings:
1) An Advanced Course in Practical Physics by D. Chattopadhyay, and P.C. Rakshit. New
Central Book Agency
2) Advanced Practical Physics Vol-I & Vol-II, B. Ghosh and K.G. Mazumder, Sreedhar
Publishers
 Semester-IV: Physics-Minor
Paper Code: 202M
Group: A (Theory): Optics and Electromagnetic Theory
Full marks-60 (Internal assessment-24 + End Sem. Exam.-36) Credit = 3
Total Number of lecture periods: 45 hours

Unit: I (NLP: 15 hours)

Ray Optics
Cardinal points of optical systems, Derivations of Positions of cardinal points for a combination
of two lenses, Qualitative discussions of aberrations, spherical aberration and chromatic
aberration, qualitative study of their remedies and expression for achromatism and condition for
remedy of spherical aberration.Construction and working of Ramsden and Huygen’s eyepieces,
[NLP: 09 hours]
Wave Optics

Huygen’s principle and Interference

Concept of wave front, Huygen’s principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s
principle.

Theory of interference, coherent sources, Conditions for sustained interference pattern ,Young’s
double slit experiment, derivation of expression for fringe width, Interference by Fresnel
Biprism-, Determination of wavelength of light using Fresnel Bi-prism.Interference by division
of amplitude, interference by a plane parallel film illuminated by a plane wave, Newton’s rings
(reflected light): theory and experiment. [NLP: 06 hours]

Unit: II (NLP: 15 hours)

Diffraction,
Diffraction of light, difference between diffraction and interference,
Fresnel diffraction, Fresnel’s Half period Zones for plane wave, explanation of rectilinear
propagation of light, theory of Zone plate, behavior of Zone plate as convergent lens. Difference
between zone plate and convergent lens. [NLP:05 hours]
Fraunhofer Diffraction: Simple theory: single slit, circular aperture, transmission grating
[NLP:05 hours]
Polarization
Idea of polarization, various kinds of polarized light, Polariser and analyser, Law of Malus,
Polarisation by scattering and reflection, Brewster’s law, Double refraction, ordinary ray and
extra ordinary ray, Nichol Prism and action of Nichol prism as polariser, optical activity, laws of
optical activity, Idea about circular and elliptical polarization.
[NLP:05 hours]
Unit: III (NLP: 15 hours)

Electromagnetic Waves

Maxwell’s equation, differential equation of electromagnetic wave in free space,

Propagation of plan electromagnetic waves in free space, transverse character, E/B ratio, relative
phase of electric and magnetic oscillation, Poynting vector and Poynting theorem (statement
only), Electromagnetic energy density, Hertz’s experiment. [NLP:06 hours]
Introduction to Fiber Optics
Basics of Optical Fibre, step index fiber, graded index fiber, light propagation through an optical
fiber, idea about single mode and multimode propagation, conception of acceptance angle
(derivation not required) and numerical aperture, qualitative discussion of fiber losses and
applications of optical fibers. [NLP: 04 hours]

Lasers
Idea of spontaneous emission, spontaneous absorption and stimulated emission, Einstein’s A-
and B- coefficients and their relations, Population inversion, Principle of Laser action in three
level system, Ruby Laser, Helium-Neon laser. [NLP:05 hours]

Paper Code: 202M

Group: B (Practical)
Full marks-40 (Internal assessment-16 + End Sem. Exam.-24) Credit = 1
Total Number of Laboratory periods: 30 hours

List of Experiment in Laboratory:

1. To determine the refractive index of the given liquid with the help of a plane mirror and a
convex lens (radius of curvature is to be determined with the help of Spherometer).
2. Determination of the refractive index of a liquid by traveling microscope
3. To determine the focal length of a concave lens by the combination of concave and
convex lens using optical bench.
4. To determine angle of prism and angle of deviation by using spectrometer
5. To determine the power of a convex lens by displacement method.
List of Experiment in virtual lab:
1. To find the resolving power of the prism.
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=281&sim=1524&cnt=1
2. To determine the refractive index of the material of a prism.
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=281&sim=1513&cnt=1
3. To determine the dispersive power of prism.
https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?sub=1&brch=281&sim=851&cnt=1
4. To determine the angle of the given prism
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=281&sim=1508&cnt=1

Suggested readings:
1. An advanced course in practical Physics by D. Chattopadhyay & P.C. Rakshit
2. Advanced Practical Physics by B. Ghosh & K.G. Majumder
Suggested Books:
1. OPTICS, A. K. Ghatak, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. A TEXT BOOK ON OPTICS, N. Subramaniam, Brijlal, S CHAND.
3. MODERN OPTICS, A. B. Gupta, Books and Allied.
4. A TEXTBOOK ON LIGHT, B. Ghosh & K. G. Majumder, Sreedhar Publishers.
 Semester-V: Physics-Minor
Paper Code: 203M
Group: A (Theory): Modern Physics-I and Analog Electronics
Full marks-60 (Internal assessment-24 + End Sem. Exam.-36) Credit = 3
Total Number of lecture periods: 45 hours

Unit: I (NLP: 15 hours)

Special Theory of Relativity

Michelson-Morley experiment (results only, no derivation required) and Discussion of the result,
Postulates of special theory of relativity, simple derivation of Lorentz transformation formula,
length contraction, time dilation, addition of velocities, variation of mass with velocity,
equivalence of mass and energy. [NLP: 10 hours]
Foundation of Quantum Mechanics
Spectral distribution of energy density of Black body radiation and discussion of the failure of
classical theory with special mentioning of Wien’s distribution law, Wien’s displacement law
and Rayleigh-Jeans distribution law, Planck’s energy distribution law(derivation not required)
and explanation of black body radiation characteristics. [NLP:05 hours]

Unit: II (NLP: 15 hours)

Wave-Particle Duality
Dual charater of ligt, de Broglie’s hypothesis, Expression for de Broglie wave length,
Davisson-Germer’s experiment, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and simple applications.
[NLP:03 hours]
Schrodinger Equation
Wave function, its properties and its physical significance, Probability density and normalization
wave function, Probability current density, equation of continuity (Mathematical statement only),
Schrodinger’s time dependent equation, Solution of Schrodinger time dependent equation and
separation of time independent part using separation of variable method., Normalization of the
Wave Function. [NLP: 6 hours]
Quantum Mechanical Operators
Linear operator, Eigen functions and Eigenvalues, Energy and momentum operator, Hamiltonian
operator or total Energy operator. The expectation values of position and momentum.
[NLP: 3 hours]
Application of Quantum Mechanics
Particle in one dimensional box with rigid walls, Energy eigenvalues, Normalization and
configuration of wave functions, Potential barrier and Quantum Mechanical tunnelling
(qualitative discussions). [NLP: 3 hours]

Unit: III (NLP: 15 hours)

Semiconductor Diodes
Half wave and full wave rectifiers,Centre-tapped and Bridge Full-wave Rectifiers, Calculation of
Ripple Factor, and Efficiency for rectifiers, Idea about voltage regulation, load regulation, and
line regulation, Zener Diode and its use as voltage Regulator. [NLP:05 hours]
Bipolar Junction transistors
Transistors, comparison of three regions, CB and CE Configurations and features of their output
and input characteristics (no explanations) , Current gains α, β and their relation, Working of CE
amplifier, DC Load line and Q-point, Active, Cut-off and Saturation Regions.
[NLP:06 hours]
Field Effect transistor
FET – structure and operation, Comparison with BJT, Static Characteristics, FET parameters and
their relations, FET as a voltage amplifier. [NLP: 4 hours]

Paper Code: 203M

Group: B (Practical)
Full marks-40 (Internal assessment-16 + End Sem. Exam.-24) Credit = 1
Total Number of Laboratory periods: 30 hours

List of Experiment in Laboratory:

1. To study V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode.
2. To study the forward and reverse characteristics curves of a Zener diode and study its dc& ac
resistance.
3. To study the forward and reverse characteristics curves of a Zener diode and study its line and
load regulation.
4. To draw the input characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) amplifier in CE
configuration and calculate input impedance.
5. To draw the output characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor in (BJT) amplifier in CE
configuration and calculate output admittance.
6. To draw the common source drain and transfer characteristics of a JFET and hence determine
the FET parameters.
List of Experiment based in Virtual Lab
1. Explain the function of Bridge Full Wave Rectification.
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/be/exp7/index.html
2. Explain the forward and reverse biased characteristics of a Silicon
diode.http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/be/exp5/index.html
3. Explain the operation of bipolar junction transistor and Common Emitter characteristics
of a BJT.
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/be/exp11/index.html
4. Explain the function of a Zener diode and Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator.
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/be/exp10/index.html
5. Familiarization with Oscilloscope and Function Generator.
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/psac/newlabs2020/vlabiitkgpAE/#

Suggested Readings:
1) An Advanced Course in Practical Physics by D. Chattopadhyay, and P.C. Rakshit. New
Central Book Agency
2) Advanced Practical Physics Vol-I & Vol-II, B. Ghosh and K.G. Mazumder, Sreedhar
Publishers
3) Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1994, Mc-Graw
Hill.
Suggested readings:
1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics by David J Griffith, Pearson
2. Quantum Mechanics by G Aruldhas, PHI learning Pvt. Ltd
3. Quantum Mechanics by Gupta, Kumar, Sharma, Jaiprakash Nath Publication
4. Concept of Modern Physics by Arthur Beisar, Tata McGraw Hill
5. Quantum Mechanics by E Merzbacher
Reference Books:
1. Principle of Electronics by V.K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta, S. CHAND
2. Electronics Fundamentals and Applications, P.C. Chattopadhyay and D. Rakshit, New
Age International Private Ltd
3. Fundamental Principle of Electronics by Basudev Ghosh, Books and Allied Ltd.
 Semester-VI: Physics-Minor
Paper Code: 204M
Group: A (Theory): Modern Physics-II and Digital Electronics
Full marks-60 (Internal assessment-24 + End Sem. Exam.-36) Credit = 3
Total Number of lecture periods: 45 hours

Unit: I (NLP: 15 hours)

SOLID STATE PHYSICS

Crystal Structure

Amorphous and Crystalline Materials. Unit Cell, Miller Indices. Draw a set of two Miller planes
of the following Miller Indices [100], [010], [200], [111], [020], Importance of Miller Indices,
Types of Lattices (Different types of Cubic Lattice system namely Simple Cubic (Primitive),
F.C.C., B.C.C., Lattice point density in the unit cell. Positions of Lattice in Unit cell of SC, BCC
and FCC lattices. Packing fraction, Number of nearest neighbour and nearest neighbour distance,
Bragg’s Law. [NLP: 10 hours]

Lattice Specific heat:Dulong and Petit‟s Law, Einstein and Debye theories of specific heat of
solids. T3 law. [NLP: 5 hour]

Unit: II (NLP: 15 hours)

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

General Properties of Nuclei

Quantitative facts about mass, radii, charge density, binding energy, average binding energy and
its variation with mass number, main features of binding energy versus mass number curve.

[NLP: 03 hours]

Radioactivity Decay
Decay rate and equilibrium (Secular and Transient)
(a) Alpha decay: basics of α-decay processes,theory of α-emission (Qualitative only), Geiger
Nuttall law,
(b) β- decay: β-spectrum, positron emission, electron capture, neutrino hypothesis.
(c) Gamma decay: Gamma rays emission from the excited state of the nucleus,
[NLP:04 hours]
Nuclear Reactions
Types of Reactions, Conservation Laws, Q-value, Concept of compound and direct reaction,.
Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with matter: energy loss of electrons.
[NLP: 4 hours]
Detector &Accelerators
Ionization chamber and GM Counter, Basic principle of Scintillation Detectors, Van-de Graff
generator, Linear accelerator, Cyclotron, [NLP: 4 hours]

Unit: III (NLP: 15 hours)

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Arithmetic Circuits

Difference between Analog and Digital Circuits, Binary number system, Counting in Binary,
Binary to decimal conversion and vice versa, binary addition and subtraction, 1’s and 2’s
complement methods. [NLP:03 hours]
Logic Gates
Logic gates: positive and negative logic systems, truth table, realization of AND, OR and NOT
Gates using discrete components, NAND and NOR Gates as Universal Gates. XOR and XNOR
gates. [NLP: 04 hours]
Boolean Algebra
De Morgan's Theorems. Boolean Laws. Simplification of Logic Circuit using Boolean Algebra.
Fundamental Products. [NLP:03 hours]
Combinational &Sequential circuits
Logic diagram of half adder, full adder, half subtractor and Full subtractor and their realization,
Difference between combinational and sequential circuits, Working of non-clocked SR flip-flop
using NOR or NAND gates. [NLP: 5 hours]
 Paper Code: 204M
Group: B (Practical)
Full marks-40 (Internal assessment-16 + End Sem. Exam.-24) Credit = 1
Total Number of Laboratory periods: 30 hours

List of Experiment in Laboratory:

1. Design of three input OR gate using discrete components and verification of truth table.
2. Design of three input AND gate using discrete components and verification of truth
table.
3. Design of NOT gate using discrete components and verification of truth table.
4. Design of NAND gate using discrete components and verification of truth table.
5. Design of NOR gate using discrete components and verification of truth table.
6. Design a circuit to verify the given Boolean expression using IC 74** series
7. Design of XOR gate using IC 74** series.
8. Design of XNOR gate using IC 74** series.

List of Experiment based in Virtual LabLink:

http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/dec/exp3/index.html
1. Study of simple Boolean expressions with basic gates using IC 74** series
2. Verify the Boolean expression
3. Verify the Boolean expression
4. Verify equivalence of AND-OR and NAND-NAND structure
5. Verify equivalence of OR-AND and NOR-NOR structure

Suggested Readings:
1) An Advanced Course in Practical Physics by D. Chattopadhyay, and P.C. Rakshit. New
Central Book Agency
2) Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1994, Mc-Graw
Hill.
3) OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice Hall.
Suggested readings:
1. Fundamentals of Digital Circuits by Anand Kumar, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 2. Digital Electronics by G K Kharate ,2010, Oxford University Press
3. Modern Digital Electronics by R. P. Jain, McGraw Hill Education.
4. Digital Logic and Computer Design by Morris Mano, Pearson Education India
Suggested readings:
1. Nuclear Physics by Satya Prakash Pragati Prakashani
2. Nuclear Physics by D. C. Tayal Himalaya Publishing House
3. Introductory Nuclear Physics by K. S. Krane, Wiley
4. Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics by A.B. Gupta, Books and Allied Ltd.
5. Solid State Physics – S P Kuila
6. Solid State Physics – Puri, Babbar (S Chand)
 UG Physics (SEC Course Structure, Tripura University
(As per NEP-2020 guideline)

Year Semester Course Code Paper Title Credits

SKILLS on training on basic

3
I II PH-101SKILL software applications in Physics
(TH+Pr)

PH-201SKILL
Skills on Basic Laboratory 3
II IV Instrumentations (TH+Pr)
 Skill Enhancement Course (SEC)
PH-101SKILL

Skills on Basic Laboratory Instrumentations

(3 Credit – 45 lectures)
Basics of Measurement: Instruments accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution, range

Errors in measurements– Estimation of errors- Proportional error, systematic error, standard

deviation from given set of sample data.
Mechanicaldevices: slide calliper, screw gauge,spherometer.Calculation of least count/vernier
constant and use of instrumentsfor measuring lengths, diameter, height.

Electrical Devices: Idea about Resistor,colour coding of resistor, capacitor, inductor, and their
field of applications-Resistor as a heating element in heaters and as a fuse element,inductor in
choke coil, capacitor in motors

Electric Circuits: Idea of DC & AC electric circuits, Kirchhoff’s law, Wheatstone bridge
principle, series & parallel combinations of resistance, capacitor and inductor.

Power sources: Characteristics of AC and DC signals, Constant Voltage source and Constant
Current Source-Applications of Current sources & Voltage sources, different kind of AC & DC
power sources& proper utilization, power loss. Battery eliminator, Different types of batteries,
Rechargeablebatteries –Lead acid batteries, Li-ion batteries, Series & Parallel & combination of
batteries.

Electrical Measuring Devices&Measurements: voltmeter, ammeter, pointer galvanometer,

suspended coil galvanometer and their uses.
Multimeter- Introduction to different kinds of multimeter and their uses.

Electronic devices: Idea about diode, transistor, FET, Integrated circuits (IC) and their fieldof
applications. Construction and working of simple electronic circuits- Rectifier, voltage
regulator,amplifier etc.

Hands-on Laboratory Exercises/Project/Assignments

1. Calculation of least count/vernier constant of slide callipers, screw gauge.
2. Calculation of proportional error, standard deviation from a given set of data
3. Identification of various components such as resistor, inductor, capacitor, diode etc. of
anelectric/electronic circuit
4. Colour coding of resistance and finding value of given resistors
5. Measurement of dc voltage and dc current using voltmeter and ammeter
6. Measurement of voltage,current, inductance, capacitance etc. using multimeter
7. Measurement of resistances using multimeter
8. Verification of series and parallel combination of resistances/inductors/capacitors
9. Construction of different kind of electrical circuits using simple components
10.Construction of different kind of electronic circuits using simple components

Suggested Books
1. Electronic measurements and instrumentation - R Sedha ( S Chand)
2. Electronic Instrumentation – H S Kalsi ( Mcgraw Hill)
3. Electrical and Electronics Measurements and Instrumentation – Purkait (Mcgraw Hill)
 Skill Enhancement Course (SEC)
PH-201SKILL

SKILLS on training on basic software applications in Physics

(3 Credit – 45 lectures)
PCB Design software: Basic training on design and drawing of circuits using Circuitmaker
[NLP 13 Hour]

Data analysis and graph plotting: Basic training on interactive scientific graphing and data
analysis using ORIGIN software.
[NLP 12 Hour]
Website design: Basic training on design and uploading of dynamic and interactive website.
[NLP 10 Hour]
Effective lecture preparation and slide designing using power point.
[NLP 10 Hour]

Hands-on Laboratory Exercises/Project/Assignments

All the topics will be discussed through both theory and practical as well as hands on training
 UG Physics (SEC Course Structure, Tripura University
(As per NEP-2020 guideline)

Interdisciplinary courses
Offered by Physics

Course Code Paper Title Credits

Interdisciplinary
Medical Physics 3 (TH)
course-I

Interdisciplinary
course: II 3 (TH)
Physics of Renewable Energy Systems

Interdisciplinary
course: III 3 (TH)
Nano Science and Thin Film
 Interdisciplinary course: I Offered by Physics

Medical Physics

Minor/ Elective (Second Year)

Credit=3 Full Marks = 100
(Distribution of marks: 70 (for final examination) + 30 (Internal Evaluation)
No. of Lectures required (NLP) = 50 hours

Unit-I: Human Anatomy and Physiology:

Overview of human anatomy - cells, cell structure, type of cells and their functions, tissues, organs,
and their functions. Different systems in the human body, their structure and function, physiological
properties of the circulatory system, digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive system,
excretory system, endocrine system and nervous system.

Unit-II: Physics of Medical Diagnostics:

Principle of production of X-rays. Use of X-rays in medical diagnosis, X-ray imaging systems.
Computed Tomography (CT): principle and generation of CT. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
basic principle and image characteristics. Ultrasound Imaging: Interaction of sound waves with body
tissues, production of ultrasound, transducers, acoustic coupling, image formation, modes of image
display and color Doppler.

Unit-III: Physics of Radiotherapy:

Clinical aspects of radiation therapy: Biological basis of radiotherapy, radiation sources, radiation
dose, time dose fractionation. External beam radiation therapy, radiation therapy modalities,
production of radioisotopes, use of radioisotopes in therapy, particle and ion beam radiotherapy.
Brachytherapy - principle of brachytherapy and classification of brachytherapy techniques.

Text and Reference Books

1|Page
1. C. H. Best and N. B. Taylor. A Test in Applied Physiology. Williams and Wilkins Company,
Baltimore, 1999.

2. C. K. Warrick. Anatomy and Physiology for Radiographers. Oxford University Press, 2001.

3. Jerrold T. Bushberg. The Essential Physics for Medical Imaging (2nd Edition). Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

4. D. Baltas. The physics of modern brachytherapy for oncology. Taylor and Francis, 2007.

5. J. R. Brobek. Physiological Basis of Medical Practice. Williams and Wilkins, London, 1995.

6. Edward Alcamo, Barbara Krumhardt. Barron's Anatomy and Physiology the Easy Way. Barron's
Educational Series, 2004.

7. Faiz M Khan. The Physics of Radiation Therapy (3rd edition). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
USA, 2003.

8. Jatinder R. Palta and T. Rockwell Mackie. Intensity Modulation Radiation Therapy. Medical
Physics publishing, Madison, Wisconsin, 2003.

9. Peter Hoskin, Catherine Coyle. Radiotherapy in Practice. Oxford University Press, 2011.

11. Steve Webb. The Physics of Three–Dimensional Radiotherapy. Institute of Physics Publishing,
Bristol and Philadelphia, 2002

2|Page
 Interdisciplinary course: III Offered by Physics

Physics of Renewable Energy Systems

Credit: 3
Unit-I: Hydro, Tidal and Geothermal System

i) Renewable and non-renewable energy sources, Classification of renewable energy sources,

ii) Introduction to Wind Energy, Continuity Equation and its applications, Betz Criteria for
extracting wind power, Wind turbines and their operation, Materials Aspects and future direction
iii) Introduction to Hydroelectric Power, Hydroelectric Power Station and Turbines, Wave power
and converters
v) Introduction to Tidal Power and Geothermal Energy

Unit-II: Solar Power

Solar energy: Solar Energy-Key features, its importance, Merits & demerits of solar energy,
Applications of solar energy. Solar water heater, flat plate collector, solar distillation, solar
cooker, solar green houses, solar cell -brief discussion of each. Need and characteristics of
photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV models and equivalent circuits, and sun tracking systems.
Basic idea of Dye sensitized solar cell, Basicidea of perovskite solar cell

Unit-III: Energy storage

i) Introduction to Energy Storage Systems, Types of energy storage,
ii) Chemical energy storage: Biological energy storage, Hydrogen energy storage
iii) Thermal energy storage,
iv) Mechanical energy storage: Pumped hydroelectric energy storage, Compressed air energy
storage, Flywheel energy storage
v) Electrical energy storage: From battery to supercapacitors ,Capacitors and super-capacitors,
Construction, development and classification of Supercapacitors, Superconducting magnetic
storage, Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs), Pseudocapacitors, Rechargeable batteries,
vi) Fuel cells: Principles, classifications and operations
vii) Distribution of electrical power
viii) Introduction to Li-ion battery, Characteristics and Parameters of Li-ion batteries, Cathode
Materials for Li-ion batteries, Anode Materials for Li-ion batteries, Electrolytes and Separators
for Li-batteries
Text and Reference Books
1. Physics of Energy Sources, GEORGE C. KING, School of Physics and Astronomy
Manchester
2. Physics and Technology of Sustainable Energy; E L Wolf
3. Advanced renewable Energy Systems, S C Bhatia
4. Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future, Godfrey Boyle
5. Electrochemical Supercapacitors, B. E. Conway
6. Renewable Energy Resources, John Twidell and Tony Weir
7. Sustainable Energy – without the hot air, David J. C. MacKay
8. Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications, Chetan Singh
Solanki
9. Handbook of Materials Characterization, Surender Kumar Sharma
 Interdisciplinary course: III Offered by Physics
Nano Science and Thin Film
(Credit-3)

UNIT: I (NLP: 15 hours)

Definition of nano, Scientific Revolution, Emergence and Challenges of nanoscience and

nanotechnology, Influence of nano over micro/macro dimension. Size effect. Large surface to
volume ratio, Delocalization of freee electrons, Optical effect. Surface effect on the properties.
(NLP-8 hours)

One dimensional, Two dimensional and Three dimensional nanostructured materials, Quantum
Dots. Metal oxide nano particles, semiconductor nano particles, composites nano particles,
mechanical-physical-chemical properties. (NLP-7 hours)

UNIT: II (NLP: 15 hours)

Application of nano particles: In electronics and opto electronics devices, in coating and paint
technology, biological and environmental technology and drug delivery system, polymer based
application. (NLP-15 hours)

UNIT: III (NLP: 15 hours)

What is Thin Film and why it is important, Two dimension nano structure. Different Thin Film
preparation techniques, Brief discussion on Langmuir Blodgett technique, layer-by-layer self
assembled technique, Spin coating technique, vacuum deposition technique. Different
characterization techniques (NLP-8 hours)

Brief discussions on the application of Thin Film in different technological fields- in preparation
of Light emitting diodes, in MOSFET, in Transistor and diodes, in various sensors, in gas sensor,
in biological sensors and others. (NLP-7 hours)