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Chapter_05_Topic 76 to 88

The document discusses digital-to-analog conversion, detailing how characteristics of an analog signal can be altered to represent digital data. It covers various modulation techniques such as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK), along with their implementations and examples. Additionally, it touches on analog-to-analog conversion methods like Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Modulation (PM).

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5 views33 pages

Chapter_05_Topic 76 to 88

The document discusses digital-to-analog conversion, detailing how characteristics of an analog signal can be altered to represent digital data. It covers various modulation techniques such as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK), along with their implementations and examples. Additionally, it touches on analog-to-analog conversion methods like Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Modulation (PM).

Uploaded by

riazamna611
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital-to-Analog Conversion

• Process of changing one


of the characteristics of
analog signal based on
the information in digital
data

• A sine wave is defined by


3 characteristics:
 Amplitude
 Frequency
 Phase

• By changing one of these


characteristics, we can
use it to represent a
digital signal
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Types of Digital to Analog Conversion
Aspects of Digital to Analog Conversion
• Before we discuss
specific methods of
digital-to-analog
modulation, two basic
issues must be
reviewed:

 Bit and Baud rates


and
 The Carrier Signal
Aspects of Digital to Analog Conversion
• In Analog Transmission
of Digital Data, Baud
Rate is less than or
equal to the Bit Rate
 Data Element vs.
Signal Element
 Data Rate vs. Signal
Rate

• Bandwidth Required ∝
Signal Rate (except FSK)

• Carrier Signal
Aspects of Digital to Analog Conversion
• Before we discuss
specific methods of
digital-to-analog
modulation, two basic
issues must be
reviewed:

 Bit and Baud rates


and
 The Carrier Signal
Example
An analog signal carries 4
bits per signal element. If
1000 signal elements are
sent per second, find the bit
rate?
Example
An analog signal has a bit
rate of 8000 bps and a baud
rate of 1000 baud. How
many data elements are
carried by each signal
element? How many signal
elements do we need?
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• The amplitude of the
carrier signal is varied to
create signal elements

• Both frequency and


phase remain constant
while the amplitude
changes

• Binary ASK or On-Off


Keying (OOK)
Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (Binary ASK)
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• The amplitude of the
carrier signal is varied to
create signal elements

• Both frequency and


phase remain constant
while the amplitude
changes

• Binary ASK or On-Off


Keying (OOK)
Implementation of Binary ASK
Example
We have an available
bandwidth of 100 kHz which
spans from 200 to 300 kHz.
What are the carrier
frequency and the bit rate if
we modulated our data by
using ASK with d = 1?
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• The frequency of the
carrier signal is varied to
represent data
• The frequency of the
modulated signal is
constant for the duration
of one signal element,
but changes for the next
signal element if the
data element changes
• Both peak amplitude and
phase remain constant
Binary Frequency Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• The frequency of the
carrier signal is varied to
represent data

• Both peak amplitude and


phase remain constant
Example
We have an available
bandwidth of 100 kHz
which spans from 200 to
300 kHz. What should be
the carrier frequency and
the bit rate if we modulated
our data by using FSK with
d = 1?
Implementation of BFSK
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• The phase of the carrier
is varied to represent
two or more different
signal elements

• Both peak amplitude and


frequency remain
constant

• PSK is relatively common


than ASK or FSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying
Implementation of BPSK
QPSK and its Implementation
Example

Find the bandwidth for a


signal transmitting at 12
Mbps for QPSK. The value
of d = 0.
Constellation Diagram
• Helps us define the
phase and amplitude of
a signal element when
we are using two carriers
(one in phase and other
in quadrature)

• Signal element is
represented as a dot
Constellation Diagram
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
• PSK is limited by the
ability of the equipment
to distinguish small
differences in phase
which limits its potential
bit rate

• We have been altering


only one of the three
characteristics of a sine
wave at a time; but what
if we alter two?

• Why not combine ASK


and PSK?
Constellation diagrams for some QAMs
Analog-to-Analog Conversion
• Representation of
Analog information by
an Analog signal

• Amplitude Modulation
(AM)

• Frequency Modulation
(FM)

• Phase Modulation (PM)


Types of Analog-to-Analog Modulation
Amplitude modulation
Frequency Modulation
Analog-to-Analog Conversion
• Representation of
Analog information by
an Analog signal

• Amplitude Modulation
(AM)

• Frequency Modulation
(FM)

• Phase Modulation (PM)


Phase Modulation

VCO

d/dt

BPM = 2(1 + b )B

0
fc

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