International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)

Vol. 16, No. 2, June 2025, pp. 1061~1069

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i2.pp1061-1069  1061

Hybrid MPPT technique using fuzzy logic and P&O of solar

power system

Karima Et-Torabi1, Souhail Barakat1, Badr N’hili1, Abdelouahed Mesbahi1, Ayoub Nouaiti2
1
Laboratory of Energy and Electrical Systems, ENSEM, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, EST, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper introduces an enhanced perturb and observe (P&O) technique
with a variable step size utilizing fuzzy logic to address the limitations of the
Received Jan 22, 2025 traditional P&O technique, particularly under rapidly fluctuating solar
Revised Apr 19, 2025 radiation conditions. The performance of the suggested variable step size
Accepted May 6, 2025 FLC-P&O maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and the constant step
size P&O techniques is simulated and evaluated under various operating
scenarios using MATLAB/Simulink software. The suggested technique was
Keywords: successfully validated using a boost converter connected to a Canadian Solar
CS6P-240P photovoltaic (PV) model. The results demonstrate that the FLC-
DC-DC boost converter P&O technique improves response accuracy and reduces steady-state
Fuzzy logic terminal voltage fluctuations. Moreover, the findings show that the
Maximum power point tracking suggested technique provides a faster response and higher MPPT efficiency
Perturb and observe compared to the traditional P&O technique, particularly during sudden
Photovoltaic variations in solar irradiance.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Karima Et-Torabi
Laboratory of Energy and Electrical Systems, ENSEM, Hassan II University of Casablanca
7 km El Jadida Road, 8118, Oasis, Casablanca, Morocco
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are a key component of photovoltaic systems,
enabling their efficiency and energy production to be optimized by adjusting the operating point of the solar
panels in real time. The main goal of using MPPT is to ensure optimal power extraction from photovoltaic
(PV) modules regardless of environmental factors, particularly variations in irradiance and temperature.
Previous studies have highlighted several MPPT strategies, including the incremental conductance method
[1], [2], and perturb and observe (P&O) [3], [4]. However, these methods have notable limitations. The
operation of PV modules requires nonlinear current-voltage characteristics when disconnected from
temperature influences. Additionally, works on fuzzy logic (FL) [5], [6], artificial neural networks (ANN)
[7], [8], genetic algorithms (GA) [9], [10], and hybrid models of these approaches are also available.
The traditional P&O method often shows inefficiencies under rapidly changing environmental
conditions like fluctuations in solar irradiance and temperature. By combining fuzzy logic with a variable
step size strategy, the FLC-P&O technique aims to increase accuracy and efficiency in optimizing electrical
power. strategy is a popular technique, valued for its fluidity and flexibility of integration. However, it often
fails under rapid environmental changes. To improve upon these shortcomings, we propose a modified P&O
technique with a changeable step size informed by the application of fuzzy logic. This approach enhances
MPPT accuracy and minimizes steady-state voltage oscillations, offering improved performance in varying
atmospheric conditions. Previous studies have suggested modified P&O MPPT techniques to address the

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

1062  ISSN: 2088-8694

limitations of the standard P&O technique [11], [12]. According to [13], the advanced P&O control
incorporates an FLC, which regulates the DC-DC converter by using power and current variations as inputs
and duty cycle adjustments as outputs. Yüksek and Mete [14] introduce a P&O-based MPPT technique
featuring an adaptive step size tailored for photovoltaic systems, where the step size is dynamically modified
in each cycle based on the power difference. A fuzzy MPPT controller is presented in [15] that uses two
inputs: the PV voltage's fixed perturbation step size and the real-time instantaneous slope of the PV power.
A fuzzy MPPT controller with error (E) and variation of error (∆E) as inputs and a single output that
represents the duty cycle change is examined in [16]-[18].
This paper introduces a modified P&O technique using a changing step size based on fuzzy logic for
tracking maximum power under diverse weather conditions. The fuzzy logic controller reduces oscillations
around the MPP using a two-input fuzzy logic controller based on (ΔPpv) and (ΔVpv) to search for a variable
voltage step size. Through a comparative analysis, this paper aims to demonstrate which technique, the
adjustable step size FLC-P&O MPPT controller or the constant step size P&O conventional MPPT
controller, performs better.
The study is organized as follows: i) Section 2 elucidates the principle P&O MPPT system technique
with presents a suggested hybrid FLC-P&O MPPT technique; ii) Section 3 details the modeling of the PV panel
and boost converter; iii) Sections 4 and 5 illustrate the simulation observations, discussions, and conclusions.

2. PROPOSED MPPT
2.1. P&O MPPT
The perturb and observe technique is employed in photovoltaic systems to identify the MPPT,
continuously adjusting the operating voltage to maximize power output. Periodically, the algorithm modifies
the voltage and tracks how it affects power output; if the new power surpasses the previous value, it keeps
going in that way; otherwise, it reverses. Although this method requires a constant step size, voltage
adjustment remains the core process. This is generally the most prevalent method used for MPPT. Figure 1
illustrates the schematic for P&O MPPT [5], [19].

Figure 1. Flowchart of the P&O MPPT technique

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1063

2.2. Suggested hybrid FLC-P&O MPPT

Some researchers have refined the P&O technique to mitigate specific shortcomings. The solution
adjusts the step size dynamically during MPPT operation based on the insolation level or temperature
coefficient. Thus, we propose a modified P&O technique with a changeable step size informed by the
application of fuzzy logic, as depicted in Figure 2. In the PV system, the FLC-based MPPT technique is
increasingly common. Typically, the FLC configuration includes three stages: Fuzzification, fuzzy inference
engine, and defuzzification. In the inference engine stage, the Mamdani fuzzy logic controller method uses
min-max fuzzy compositional rules to generate the output fuzzy set. We suggest FLC-P&O, a modified
algorithm, to enhance and overcome the limitations of the traditional P&O approach, which has a fixed step
size. A fuzzy logic approach is employed to determine the variable step size (ΔD), allowing for automatic
adjustment of PV array operating points. The fuzzy logic system uses two inputs based on power variance
(ΔPpv) and voltage variation (ΔVpv) to determine the changeable step size (ΔD), as depicted in Figure 3.
Figure 4 illustrates the five triangular MFs [6] that are used by both inputs and outputs: negative big (NB),
negative small (NS), zero (ZE), positive big (PB), and positive small (PS). The fuzzy rule base, inspired by
the P&O method, enables adaptive step-size adjustments for faster convergence. This improves tracking
performance while maintaining system stability. The choice of five membership functions provides an
optimal balance between precision and computational complexity, ensuring accurate MPPT control. Fewer
membership functions make control coarser, while increasing the number unnecessarily increases complexity
without a significant gain. This choice ensures sufficient granularity to differentiate between power and
voltage variations, while maintaining fast and efficient execution suitable for embedded systems. Table 1
displays the fuzzy regulation base, which consists of 25 variable controls.

Figure 2. Flowchart of suggested hybrid FLC-P&O MPPT technique

Figure 3. Block diagram of a FLC

Hybrid MPPT technique using fuzzy logic and P&O of solar power system (Karima Et-Torabi)
1064  ISSN: 2088-8694

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 4. Membership functions for suggested fuzzy controller: (a) ΔPpv, (b) ΔVpv, and (c) ∆D

Table 1. Rule base table with 25 rules

∆v ∆p NB NS ZE PS PB
NB NB NB NB NS ZE
NS NB NB NS ZE PS
ZE NB NS ZE PS PB
PS NS ZE PS PB PB
PB ZE PS PB PB PB

The fuzzy controller determines the changeable step size (∆D) using two input variables. The
differential voltage and differential power used by the FLC are calculated using (1) and (2).

Δ𝑃(𝐾) = 𝑃(𝐾) − 𝑃(𝑘 − 1) (1)

𝛥𝑉(𝐾) = 𝑉(𝐾) − 𝑉(𝑘 − 1) (2)

To perform inference, Mamdani’s Max-Min composition method is applied. Defuzzification is executed via
the center-of-gravity method, converting the fuzzy subset of the variable-step-size into real integers, as
demonstrated by (3) [20], [21].

∑𝑛
𝑗=1 𝜇(𝛥𝐷𝑗 )∗𝛥𝐷𝑗
𝛥𝐷 = ∑𝑛
(3)
𝑗=1 𝜇 (𝛥𝐷𝑗 )

3. MODELLING OF PV ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

3.1. Modelling of PV panel
The most widely used equivalent electrical circuit of a real solar cell is most likely the one-diode
model, which includes one diode (D), a current source (Iph), parallel resistance (Rp), and series resistance
(Rs). This equivalent model is illustrated in Figure 5. It is appropriate for simulations and performance
studies because it offers a good combination of accuracy and simplicity.

3.2. Modelling of DC-DC boost converter

To produce a greater output voltage, a boost converter is used to increase the input voltage. It is
frequently employed when the photovoltaic panel's voltage is less than what the load requires. As seen in
Figure 6, this converter interconnects the PV module with the load, making it an essential part of PV
systems [22], [23]. The following are the boost converter's essential parameters: an inductor (L) of 100 mH,
switching frequency (fs) of 20 kHz, and capacitors, C1 = 390 µF and C2 = 470 µF.

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Figure 5. One-diode equivalent circuit Figure 6. Equivalent circuit of the boost converter

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This part supplies the simulation results for the suggested approach, implemented in the
MATLAB/Simulink environment, as depicted in Figure 7. The suggested hybrid FLC-P&O MPPT technique
is based on the classic P&O process, incorporating a variable step size dynamically calculated by the FLC,
contrasting with the traditional constant step size P&O MPPT technique. The electrical parameters for the
Canadian Solar CS6P-240P PV panel utilized in the simulations are presented in [18]. The PV cell's I-V and
P-V voltage characteristics for the Canadian Solar CS6P-240P are displayed in Figures 8 and 9 at different
irradiation intensities of 400, 300, 200, and 100 W/m 2.
We use tracking efficiency (η) statistics to assess how well MPPT approaches operate. Typically, it
is described as (4) [13], [24], [25].
∑ 𝑃𝑀𝑃𝑃𝑇 (𝑖)
𝜂 = ∑𝑛 ∗ 100 (4)
𝑗=1 𝑃𝑀𝑎𝑥 (𝑖)

Where PMPPT: output power of the photovoltaic system using the MPPT controller, and Pmax: maximum
possible output power of the PV system at MPP.
To evaluate the suggested FLC-P&O MPPT technique under a variable irradiance profile with
ramp-up and ramp-down conditions, a test was conducted at T = 25 °C, as depicted in Figure 10. The
irradiance begins at 400 W/m² and remains constant for the first 0.5 seconds. It then decreases to 150 W/m²
between 0.5 and 1.5 seconds. After 1.5 seconds, the irradiance rises to approximately 250 W/m² before
gradually declining to 200 W/m².

Figure 7. Simulink model of PV system with hybrid FLC-P&O MPPT controller

Figures 11 and 12 depict the PV output current for the suggested FLC-P&O MPPT and a P&O
MPPT with constant step size of value 0.04. The suggested MPPT controller has a quicker transient response
without oscillations. Figure 13 shows the output power of P&O and the suggested FLC-P&O when
irradiances change. In the first case (25 °C, 400 W/m2), the PV system achieved a maximum power output of
96.4 Watts, corresponding to the envisaged maximum power. Subsequently, at 25 °C and 200 W/m 2, The PV
system attained its planned optimal power of 48.6 Watts. Therefore, simulation results indicate that under
abrupt changes in solar radiation conditions, the PV system converges very accurately to its optimal power.
By integrating FLC and P&O techniques, the suggested approach benefits from the strengths of both
Hybrid MPPT technique using fuzzy logic and P&O of solar power system (Karima Et-Torabi)
1066  ISSN: 2088-8694

techniques. Table 2 summarizes the calculated efficiency, oscillation level, and response time during sudden
increase in irradiation. In contrast to conventional P&O, when fluctuations of 1.5 W peak-to-peak power are
maintained, the suggested MPPT shows reduced power oscillation, confirming the resolution of conflicts
between dynamic response and steady-state oscillation.

Figure 8. (I-V) Characteristics curves for PV with Figure 9. (P-V) Characteristic curves for PV
various Irradiations with various Irradiations

Figure 10. Solar radiation variation Figure 11. Waveform of output current for P&O and
FLC-P&O techniques

Figure 12. Waveform of the output voltage for P&O Figure 13. Waveform of the output power for P&O
and FLC-P&O techniques and FLC-P&O techniques

Table 2. Summarizes the comparison of the suggested FLC-P&O technique with the traditional P&O technique
Techniques Oscillation level Efficiency (%) Response time to sudden irradiation increases
Conventional P&O technique 3W 92.50 Medium
FLC technique [22] 8W 96.50 Slow
suggested FLC-P&O technique Neglected 98.99 fast

The results presented in Figure 14 reveal that the suggested MPPT is more precise than other MPPT
techniques in tracking the MPP in different weather conditions. The findings demonstrate that the FLC-P&O
MPPT achieves the fastest convergence time to reach a steady state. One of the significant challenges in solar
systems is the fluctuation of output power in unstable atmospheric conditions. The P&O technique exhibits

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greater fluctuations and instability in the waveform, indicating less efficient tracking of the MPP under
varying conditions, whereas the FLC-P&O technique displays more stable waveforms, suggesting more
accurate and efficient tracking with reduced fluctuations near the MPP.
Fuzzy logic can be implemented on advanced microcontrollers (e.g., STM32, Raspberry Pi), though
computational demands may require higher-performance processors. Sensor accuracy and calibration are
crucial for reliable operation. To ensure real-time processing, the fuzzy logic rules can be optimized by
reducing the complexity of calculations. This will enable efficient MPPT performance while maintaining
accuracy. Additionally, minimizing energy consumption, especially for embedded systems powered by
renewable sources. Additionally, scaling to larger systems (e.g., photovoltaic farms) introduces challenges
like system synchronization and multi-controller coordination. With these considerations, fuzzy logic proves
to be a practical, and efficient approach for MPPT implementation.

Figure 14. Evaluation of the suggested technique versus the traditional technique under step-variation
irradiance conditions

5. CONCLUSION
The suggested FLC-P&O technique has been tested by simulation and evaluated using
MATLAB/Simulink, demonstrating considerable enhancements in response time, efficiency, and a decrease
in power oscillations surrounding the MPPT in contrast to the typical P&O approach. By incorporating fuzzy
logic with the P&O algorithm, the system can automatically adjust the step size, leading to quicker and more
precise MPPT. With the suggested FLC-P&O approach, the MPPT's tracking efficiency rises from 96.80% to
98.99%. and achieves minimal fluctuations around the operating point compared to the standard P&O
technique. The performance comparison indicates that the suggested technique offers adaptive and variable
step size operation, exceptional flexibility in design optimization, minimal output power fluctuations, and
faster tracking times relative to the conventional P&O technique.

FUNDING INFORMATION
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or
not-for-profit sectors.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS STATEMENT

This journal uses the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to recognize individual author
contributions, reduce authorship disputes, and facilitate collaboration.

Name of Author C M So Va Fo I R D O E Vi Su P Fu
Karima El-Torabi ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Souhail Barakat ✓ ✓ ✓
Badr N’hili ✓ ✓ ✓
Abdelouahed Mesbahi ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Ayoub Nouaiti ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

C : Conceptualization I : Investigation Vi : Visualization

M : Methodology R : Resources Su : Supervision
So : Software D : Data Curation P : Project administration
Va : Validation O : Writing - Original Draft Fu : Funding acquisition
Fo : Formal analysis E : Writing - Review & Editing

Hybrid MPPT technique using fuzzy logic and P&O of solar power system (Karima Et-Torabi)
1068  ISSN: 2088-8694

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper

DATA AVAILABILITY
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding
author, [KE]. The data, which contain information that could compromise the privacy of research
participants, are not publicly available due to certain restrictions.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Karima Et-Torabi was born in 1992 in Morocco. She obtained her bachelor's
degree in electronics in 2013 from Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco, and
her master’s degree in research on Materials and Radiation, Energy, and Environment in
2015 from the same university. In 2019, she joined the Hassan II University of Casablanca,
ENSEM, Morocco, as a Ph.D. candidate at the Laboratory of Energy and Electrical
Systems. Her research interests include renewable energy systems, intelligent algorithms,
and electronic engineering. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Souhail Barakat is an electrical engineer since 2015 graduated from Faculty

of Sciences and Technology at Hassan II University Mohammedia, Morocco. He received
an Aggregation diploma degree in electrical engineering in 2019. currently, he is an Ph.D.
student in Energy and Electrical Systems Laboratory (LESE) located in National Higher
School of Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM) University Hassan II Casablanca
Morocco. His research focuses on renewable energies, control of power converters,
intelligent algorithms, and energy quality. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Badr N’hili was born in Morocco in 1987. He is an electrical engineer

graduated from the National Higher School of Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM),
Casablanca, Morocco in 2020. He obtained his master’s degree in Automated Systems
Engineering from the École Centrale de Lyon, France in 2021. During 2020-2021, he was
part of the engineering team at General Electric's wind turbine manufacturing plant in Saint-
Nazaire, France. He is currently the Head of the Automotive Engineering Department at the
Royal School of Materiel in Benslimane, Morocco. His research interests include electrical
and electronic engineering, machine design, system modeling, control techniques,
optimization, fault diagnosis, as well as wind turbine and solar energy technologies. He can
be contacted at email: [email protected].

Dr. Abdelouahed Mesbahi received Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from

University Hassan 2 Casablanca Morocco in 2013. Currently, he is a full professor at
National Higher School of Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM), Morocco. His researches in
Energy and Electrical Systems Laboratory (LESE), are focused on photovoltaic/wind
energy conversion chain, power converters, motor control, optimization and management of
energy using artificial intelligence. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Ayoub Nouaiti is currently a qualified lecturer in the Department of Electrical

Engineering at the Higher School of Technology (EST), Moulay Ismail University of
Meknes, Morocco. He received his engineering degree in electrical engineering in 2011 and
his Ph.D. in electrical engineering in 2019. His current research interests include the
application of power electronics converters, motor drives, intelligent and digital control
using DSP implementations, and renewable energy integration. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected] or [email protected].

Hybrid MPPT technique using fuzzy logic and P&O of solar power system (Karima Et-Torabi)