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Chapter-1

Chapter 1 discusses the fundamental concepts of atoms and molecules, detailing the structure of atoms, including sub-atomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains the formation of ions, the significance of atomic and mass numbers, and introduces the periodic table for determining atomic properties. Additionally, the chapter covers isotopes and the electronic structure of atoms.

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3 views

Chapter-1

Chapter 1 discusses the fundamental concepts of atoms and molecules, detailing the structure of atoms, including sub-atomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains the formation of ions, the significance of atomic and mass numbers, and introduces the periodic table for determining atomic properties. Additionally, the chapter covers isotopes and the electronic structure of atoms.

Uploaded by

Shwesin Moe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter-1

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Notes

Atoms ---- the smallest par9cles of an element and consists of nucleus

---- consists of sub-atomic par9cles

---- make up of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Sub-atomic par9cles ---- the fundamental building blocks of maDer

much too small to see

smaller than atoms

composite or elementary

eg: protons, neutrons, electrons

nucleus ---- contains protons(+) and neutron

---- electron moves around the unclues at high speed in region known as electric shell

Molecules ---- two or more atoms chemically joined together

---- two types :

(1) Molecules of compounds (different types of atoms)


(2) Molecules of elements (same type of atoms)

Ions ---- lose or gain of electrons

---- two types:

(1) Nega9ve ions (gain electrons)


(2) Posi9ve ions (lose electrons)

Proper9es of sub-atomic par9cles

Sub-atomic par9cle Proton Neutron Electron


Rela9ve mass 1 1 1/1840
Rela9ve charge +1 0 -1
Descrip9on A posi9vely-charged A neutral (no charge) A nega9vely-charged
par9cle with a par9cle with a par9cle with
rela9ve-mass equal rela9ve mass equal negligible mass
to a neutron to a proton
Proton Number or atomic number --- number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass number --- total number of proton and electron in the nucleus of an atom

(number of protons + number of electrons)

*** An atom is electrically neutral. ***

Number of protons = number of electrons

*** Why are atoms electrically neutral? ***

- Protons and electrons carry equal opposite charges.


- In an atom, the number of protons and the number of electrons are equal, so the
charges balance each other out.
- An atom has no net charges and is electrically neutral

Chemical symbol with its mass number and proton number

A ------ mass number

X ------ chemical symbol of element

Z ------ proton number

Number of atomic par9cles Informa9on shown in the chemical symbol


Number of protons Z
Number of neutrons A-Z
Number of electrons Z

Periodic Table --- to determine no of protons, neutrons and electrons

Proton (atomic) number To determine the number of


protons in a nucleus
Atomic symbol

Name
To determine the mass number
Rela9ve atomic mass
of an atom

Eg: 9 Proton number = 9


F Mass number = 19
Fluorine
Number of protons = 9
19
Number of neutrons = 19 -9 = 10

Number of electrons = 9

**** Atom of different elements differ in size and mass due to different number of protons,
electrons and neutrons. ****

Revision 1

7. mass number = 19

Number of protons = 9

Number of neutrons = 19-9 = 10

8. 37

17

Mass number = 37

Number of protons = 17

Number of neutrons = 37-17 = 20

Number of electrons = 17

Isotopes --- atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number
of neutrons
Revision 2

2. Atoms 2 and 3

3. (a) F

(b) T

(c) F

(d) F
Electronic Structure of an atom
Figure : Electronic Structure of 1st 20 elements
How are they formed? ---- Atoms gains electrons

Why are they no longer electrically neutral? ---- By gaining electrons , the number of electrons
becomes greater than the number of protons. The ion has a net charge from the nega9vely-
charged electrons.

How to write the chemical symbols of ions?

n- -----> n = number of electrons gained, - = nega9ve sign to show the net charge

Y -----> chemical symbol of an element

- not necessary to indicate the number ‘1’ when one electron is gained
- forma9on of nega9ve ions can be expressed in equa9on :

Y + ne- -----> Yn-

N = number of electrons gained

e- = electrons

Eg : Chemical symbol of element Number of electrons gained Chemical symbol of ion


N 3 N3-

O 2 O2-

F 1 F-

Molecules
Chemical Formulae

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